scholarly journals The impact of widely spaced soil conservation trees on hill pastoral systems

1997 ◽  
pp. 171-177 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.J. Wall ◽  
A.D. Mackay ◽  
P.D. Kemp ◽  
A.G. Gillingham ◽  
W.R.N. Edwards
Keyword(s):  
Soil Conservation ◽  
Erosion Control ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Soil Stability ◽  
Pastoral Systems ◽  
The North ◽  
Hardwood Trees ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Soil Conservation Measures ◽  
Soil And Water

An estimated 3.7 million ha or 33% of the North Island requires the application of significant soil conservation measures to be able to physically sustain pastoral enterprises. Traditionally, erosion control measures on hill farmland have centred on the planting of hardwood trees, such as poplars and willows, at wide spacings. Research and experience has confirmed that where hardwood trees are adequately planted and tended, they significantly reduce the magnitude of soil erosion and maintain soil stability. However, the effects that such erosion-control plantings have on pasture and animal production owing to changes in the farm microclimate, soil and water resources remains relatively unresearched in New Zealand. Keywords: hardwood trees, physical sustainability, silvipastoral systems, soil conservation

Study of Urban Flood Control Planning in Taiyuan

2013 ◽  
Vol 838-841 ◽  
pp. 1709-1714
Author(s):  
Xiu Yong Yi ◽  
Yang Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Soil Conservation ◽  
Flood Control ◽  
River System ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
River Channels ◽  
Mountainous Areas ◽  
Urban Flood ◽  
Existing Problems ◽  
Downstream Area ◽  
Soil Conservation Measures

Considering topography, climate, river system, and existing problems in Taiyuan, the urban flood control planning in Taiyuan boils down to the following points: determine the flood control standard according to the size of city; study the flood alleviating measures in the upstream area; provide adequate water and soil conservation measures in the mountainous areas reduce flash floods; divert flood from mountainous areas to the downstream area instead of to the urban; improve the river channels in the urban area; provide flood detention and retarding area in the downstream area; study non-engineering flood control measures.

scholarly journals Hydrological Response of Precipitation and Human Activities—A Case Study in the Zuli River Basin, China

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chenlu Huang ◽  
Qinke Yang ◽  
Weidong Huang ◽  
Junlong Zhang ◽  
Yuru Li
Keyword(s):  
River Basin ◽  
Human Activities ◽  
Soil Conservation ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
Sediment Discharge ◽  
Contribution Rate ◽  
Conservation Measures ◽  
Reduction Effect ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Soil Conservation Measures

Precipitation and human activities are two essential forcing dynamics that influence hydrological processes. To investigate those impacts, the Zuli River Basin (ZRB, a typical tributary basin of the Yellow River in China) was chosen to identify the impact of precipitation and human activities on runoff and sediment discharge. A double mass curve (DMC) analysis and the test methods, including accumulated variance analysis, sequential cluster, Lee-Heghnian, and moving t-test methods was utilized to determine the abrupt change point based on data from 1956 to 2015. Correlation formulas and multiple regression methods were used to calculate the runoff and sediment discharge reduction effects of soil conservation measures and to estimate the contribution rate of precipitation and soil conservation measures to runoff and sediment discharge. Our results show that the runoff reduction effect of soil conservation measures (45%) is greater than the sediment discharge reduction effect (32%). Soil conservation measures were the main factor controlling the 74.5% and 75.0% decrease in runoff and sediment discharge, respectively. Additionally, the contribution rate of vegetation measures was higher than that of engineering measures. This study provides scientific strategies for water resource management and soil conservation planning at catchment scale to face future hydrological variability.

scholarly journals Estimating soil erosion risk and evaluating erosion control measures for soil conservation planning at Koga watershed in the highlands of Ethiopia

Solid Earth ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tegegne Molla ◽  
Biniam Sisheber
Keyword(s):  
Soil Erosion ◽  
Water Conservation ◽  
Soil Conservation ◽  
Soil Loss ◽  
Erosion Control ◽  
Conservation Practices ◽  
Land Uses ◽  
Existing Structures ◽  
Erosion Rates ◽  
Soil And Water

Abstract. Soil erosion is one of the major factors affecting sustainability of agricultural production in Ethiopia. The objective of this paper is to estimate soil erosion using the universal soil loss equation (RUSLE) model and to evaluate soil conservation practices in a data-scarce watershed region. For this purpose, soil data, rainfall, erosion control practices, satellite images and topographic maps were collected to determine the RUSLE factors. In addition, measurements of randomly selected soil and water conservation structures were done at three sub-watersheds (Asanat, Debreyakob and Rim). This study was conducted in Koga watershed at upper part of the Blue Nile basin which is affected by high soil erosion rates. The area is characterized by undulating topography caused by intensive agricultural practices with poor soil conservation practices. The soil loss rates were determined and conservation strategies have been evaluated under different slope classes and land uses. The results showed that the watershed is affected by high soil erosion rates (on average 42 t ha−1 yr−1), greater than the maximum tolerable soil loss (18 t ha−1 yr−1). The highest soil loss (456 t ha−1 yr−1) estimated from the upper watershed occurred on cultivated lands of steep slopes. As a result, soil erosion is mainly aggravated by land-use conflicts and topographic factors and the rugged topographic land forms of the area. The study also demonstrated that the contribution of existing soil conservation structures to erosion control is very small due to incorrect design and poor management. About 35 % out of the existing structures can reduce soil loss significantly since they were constructed correctly. Most of the existing structures were demolished due to the sediment overload, vulnerability to livestock damage and intense rainfall. Therefore, appropriate and standardized soil and water conservation measures for different erosion-prone land uses and land forms need to be implemented in Koga watershed.

scholarly journals Ecological Restoration Modes of Soil and Water Conservation on the Mining Wasteland in Northern Grassland

2020 ◽  
Vol 194 ◽  
pp. 04008
Author(s):  
Rong Hao ◽  
Shan Dan ◽  
He Jingli
Keyword(s):  
Soil Erosion ◽  
Ecological Restoration ◽  
Water Conservation ◽  
Soil Conservation ◽  
Soil And Water Conservation ◽  
Plant Coverage ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Natural Climate ◽  
Soil Conservation Measures ◽  
Soil And Water

Taking the mining wasteland formed in Xilinguole grassland as the research object, the ecological restoration mode of the soil and water conservation on mining wasteland was studied in the grassland. A test of water and soil conservation measures was conducted according to the characteristics of soil erosion, natural climate and etc., with the purpose of quickly restoring the damaged vegetation in mining wasteland and reducing soil erosion. The results showed four ecological restoration modes were used for the restoration on the mining wasteland, including “shrub”, “shrub + grass”, “ecological bag + grass” and “sand barriers + grass”. Two ecological restoration modes which was “shrub + grass” and “sand barriers + grass”, made the plant coverage reach more than 60%, the amount of wind erosion was less than 8.0 t/hm2, the amount of water erosion was less than 3900 t/km2•a, the effect of soil and water conservation and ecological restoration was better, and the cost of economic input was lower.

scholarly journals The Effect of Soil Conservation Measures on Runoff, Soil Erosion, TN, and TP Losses Based on Experimental Runoff Plots in Northern China

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (17) ◽  
pp. 2334
Author(s):  
Haiyan Fang
Keyword(s):  
Soil Erosion ◽  
Soil Conservation ◽  
Soil Loss ◽  
Northern China ◽  
Nutrient Losses ◽  
Study Region ◽  
Conservation Measures ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Soil Conservation Measures ◽  
Runoff Plots

Total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorous (TP) are the main pollutants affecting the water quality of the Miyun Reservoir, Beijing. However, few studies have been conducted on their responses to implemented soil conservation measures at a slope scale in northern China. To explore the impact of soil conservation measures on TN and TP losses, field monitored data from 18 runoff plots under natural rainfalls were used to analyze the changing characteristics of runoff, soil loss, and nutrient losses during 2014–2019. The results indicated that runoff, soil erosion, as well a TN and TP losses from the plots varied significantly, depending on land use and soil conservation measures. Bare plots suffered the highest soil, TN, and TP losses, followed by cultivated plots without soil conservation measures, cultivated plots with contour tillage, and other plots. Event-averaged runoff and soil loss rates ranged from 0 to 7.9 mm and from 0 to 444.4 t km−2 yr−1, and event-averaged TN and TP losses from cultivated plots were the highest, with values of 39.8 and 3.0 kg km−2, respectively. Bare and cultivated plots were the main sediment and nutrient sources. Among the cultivated plots, the terraced plot had the lowest soil and nutrient losses. The vegetated plots had insignificantly lower soil and nutrient losses. Most TN and TP were lost in particulate status from the plots, especially from the plots with soil conservation measures. Soil conservation measures can effectively prevent TN and TP losses. To guarantee water resource use, contour tillage is preferred for the bare and cultivated lands in the study region.

scholarly journals Micro-Watershed Management for Erosion Control Using Soil and Water Conservation Structures and SWAT Modeling

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 1439 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ghulam Nabi ◽  
Fiaz Hussain ◽  
Ray-Shyan Wu ◽  
Vinay Nangia ◽  
Riffat Bibi
Keyword(s):  
Watershed Management ◽  
Sediment Yield ◽  
Water Conservation ◽  
Soil Conservation ◽  
Swat Model ◽  
Erosion Control ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Fallow Land ◽  
Soil And Water ◽  
Stone Structures

This study evaluated the effectiveness of soil and water conservation structures for soil erosion control by applying a semi-distributed Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model in various small watersheds of the Chakwal and Attock districts of Pothwar, Pakistan. The validated model without soil conservation structures was applied to various ungauged small watershed sites with soil conservation stone structures. The stone bund-type structure intervention was used in the model through the modification of the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) to support the practice factor (P-factor), the curve number, and the average slope length for the sub-basin (SLSUBBSN). The structures had significant effects, and the average sediment yield reduction caused by the soil conservation stone structures at these sites varied from 40% to 90%. The sediment yield and erosion reductions were also compared under conditions involving vegetation cover change. Agricultural land with winter wheat crops had a higher sediment yield than fallow land with crop residue. The fallow land facilitated sediment yield reduction, along with soil conservation structures. The slope classification analysis indicated that 60% of the agricultural area of the Chakwal and Attock districts lie in a slope range of 0–4%, where considerable potential exists for implementing soil conservation measures by installing soil conservation stone structures. The slope analysis measured the suitability of conservation structures in the semi-mountainous Pothwar area in accordance with agriculture practice on land having a slope of less than 5%. The SWAT model provides reliable performance for erosion control and watershed management in soil erosion-prone areas with steep slopes and heavy rainfall. These findings can serve as references for policymakers and planners.

scholarly journals Land Degradation and Soil Conservation Measures in the Moldavian Plateau, Eastern Romania: A Case Study from the Racova Catchment

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (20) ◽  
pp. 2877
Author(s):  
Lilian Niacsu ◽  
Ion Ionita ◽  
Claudia Samoila ◽  
Georgel Grigoras ◽  
Ana Maria Blebea-Apostu
Keyword(s):  
Land Degradation ◽  
Soil Conservation ◽  
Field Measurements ◽  
Farming System ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Sediment Delivery ◽  
Water Storage Capacity ◽  
Conservation Measures ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Soil Conservation Measures

Land degradation by soil erosion, gullying and landslides and reservoir sedimentation is a major environmental threat in the Moldavian Plateau of eastern Romania. The widespread development of these processes in the last two centuries was favored mainly by traditional agriculture focused on ‘up-and-down slope’ farming on small plots. However, soil conservation measures were actively undertaken between 1970 and 1989. More recent legislation (No. 18/1991 Agricultural Real Estate Act) includes two provisions that discourage maintaining and extending soil conservation practices. Hence, the former contour farming system has been abandoned in favor of the traditional, inadequate farming methods. Thus, this paper reviews the impact of land degradation and soil conservation measures in a representative 32,908 ha catchment located in the Central Moldavian Plateau. Based on field measurements, the results show that the estimated mean long-term (1973–2017) sedimentation rate reaches 4.7 cm y−1 in the Puscasi Reservoir at the catchment outlet, resulting in an associated sediment delivery ratio of 0.28. The initial area of the Puscasi Reservoir at normal retention level has decreased by 32% and the water storage capacity has decreased by 39%. Consequently, land degradation remains a serious problem in the study area and effective soil conservation is urgently needed.

scholarly journals Hydrological Response to Precipitation and Human Activities—A Case Study in the Zuli River Basin, China

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (12) ◽  
pp. 2780 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chenlu Huang ◽  
Qinke Yang ◽  
Weidong Huang ◽  
Junlong Zhang ◽  
Yuru Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
River Basin ◽  
Human Activities ◽  
Soil Conservation ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
Sediment Discharge ◽  
Contribution Rate ◽  
Conservation Measures ◽  
Reduction Effect ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Soil Conservation Measures

Precipitation and human activities are two essential forcing dynamics that influence hydrological processes. Previous research has paid more attention to either climate and streamflow or vegetation cover and streamflow, but rarely do studies focus on the impact of climate and human activities on streamflow and sediment. To investigate those impacts, the Zuli River Basin (ZRB), a typical tributary basin of the Yellow River in China, was chosen to identify the impact of precipitation and human activities on runoff and sediment discharge. A double mass curve (DMC) analysis and test methods, including accumulated variance analysis, sequential cluster, Lee-Heghnian, and moving t-test methods, were utilized to determine the abrupt change points based on data from 1956 to 2015. Correlation formulas and multiple regression methods were used to calculate the runoff and sediment discharge reduction effects of soil conservation measures and to estimate the contribution rate of precipitation and soil conservation measures to runoff and sediment discharge. Our results show that the runoff reduction effect of soil conservation measures (45%) is greater than the sediment discharge reduction effect (32%). Soil conservation measures were the main factor controlling the 74.5% and 75.0% decrease in runoff and sediment discharge, respectively. Additionally, the contribution rate of vegetation measures was higher than that of engineering measures. This study provides scientific strategies for water resource management and soil conservation planning at catchment scale to face future hydrological variability.

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