scholarly journals Milksolids production from different combinations of perennial ryegrass and white clover cultivars: I Trial design and pasture performance

2001 ◽  
pp. 91-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.P.J. Eerens ◽  
J.R. Crush ◽  
S.L. Woodward ◽  
K.A. Macdonald ◽  
W.A. Carter
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
First Year ◽  
Endophyte Infection ◽  
Commercial Sources ◽  
Tiller Density ◽  
Clover Content

A whole-farm systems comparison of combinations of perennial ryegrass and white clover cultivars rotationally grazed by dairy cows over two complete seasons evaluated improvements in perennial ryegrass and white clover cultivars resulting from plant breeding efforts. There were four treatments comprised of two ryegrass mixtures and two clover mixtures in a 2 x 2 factorial design, each replicated three times in a randomised block design giving 12, self-contained 4-ha farmlets each stocked at three multiparous Friesian cows/ ha. All pastures were sown in April 1998, using seed obtained through commercial sources, with a high endophyte (>70% endophyte infection) specification for the ryegrass cultivars. A grow out test, carried out after sowing, showed that two of the ryegrass cultivars used in the mix of older cultivars (80R) had less than 70% endophyte infection (Ellett 50%, Nui 62%, Yatsyn 94%) resulting in an average endophyte infection of 69% for that mix. The mix of newer ryegrass (98R) cultivars had an average endophyte infection of 92% (Aries HD 91%, Bronsyn 98%, Samson 87%). While seedling densities (ryegrass and clover) were similar for all mixtures at the start, from late summer of the first year onward, tiller densities were around 30% lower (due to predation of endophyte-free plants and tillers by the Argentine stem weevil) in the 80R treatment. The lower tiller density opened up the sward at an opportune time for clover expansion, which the newer clover cultivars (98C) Sustain and Challenge converted into a higher clover production than from the older clover cultivars (60C) Huia and Pitau. The 80R treatment had a greater spring surplus requiring more conservation than the 98R treatment, which had a more even growth distribution over the year. Differences in endophyte infection levels had a major impact on pasture composition, especially clover content; reducing the endophyte level of seed sown from 90% to 70% may create an opportunity to increase the clover content and quality of young pastures in the Waikato. Keywords: cultivars, dairying, endophyte, perennial ryegrass, tiller density, white clover

scholarly journals Milksolids production from different combinations of perennial ryegrass and white clover cultivars: II Milksolids production and farm profitability

2001 ◽  
pp. 97-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.L. Woodward ◽  
K.A. Macdonald ◽  
W.A. Carter ◽  
J.P.J. Eerens ◽  
J.R. Crush
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Previous Season ◽  
Farm Profitability ◽  
Dry Conditions ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Clover Content ◽  
Friesian Cows

1999/2000 and 2000/2001 were the first two complete seasons of a replicated farm systems trial designed to measure the effects on whole farm profitability (Economic Farm Surplus (EFS) of mixtures of ryegrasses and white clovers released on to the market recently, or at least 15 years ago, and rotationally grazed by dairy cows. All the pastures were sown in late autumn 1998. There were four treatments with all combinations of 1980s (80R), and late 1990s (98R) ryegrasses, and 1960s (60C)and late 1990s (98C) white clovers, each replicated 3.0 times in a randomised block design giving twelve 4-ha, self-contained farmlets stocked with three Friesian cows/ha. Milksolids production was unaffected by either ryegrass or clover cultivar age, but there was a significant ryegrass x clover cultivar interaction reflected as higher milksolids production on the 80R/98C treatment than the 98R/98C treatment in 1999/2000. This was a result of a higher clover content in the 80R/98C pastures compared with other treatments. Although the difference in clover content was still present in 2000/2001, the wetter summerÂ-autumn meant the ryegrass maintained a higher nutritive value than in the previous season under dry conditions, so clover content did not affect milksolids production in 2000/2001. There were no main treatment effects on EFS in either season, but there was a significant ryegrass x clover interaction in 1999/2000 shown as a higher EFS on the 80R/98C treatment than on the 98R/98C treatment. Keywords: cultivars, dairying, Economic Farm Surplus, milksolids, perennial ryegrass, white clover

Effects of initial sowing rate and subsequent grazing management on the growth and clover content of irrigated white clover - perennial ryegrass swards in northern Victoria

2005 ◽  
Vol 45 (12) ◽  
pp. 1595 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. B. Kelly ◽  
C. R. Stockdale ◽  
W. K. Mason
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Net Photosynthesis ◽  
Grazing Management ◽  
First Year ◽  
General Decline ◽  
Clover Content ◽  
Pure White

Two experiments were conducted over 3 years. One was of factorial design involving 2 sowing rates of white clover (Trifolium repens L. cv. Haifa; sown at 8 or 3 kg/ha) and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L. cv. Grasslands Nui; sown at 5 or 15 kg/ha) grazed by dairy cows at 2 frequencies [frequent (2–3 weeks in spring/autumn) and infrequent (4–6 weeks in spring/autumn)] and 2 intensities [hard (residual rising plate meter heights of less than 4 cm) and lax (residual rising plate meter heights of more than 5 cm)]; and the second was a regression design involving 5 sowing rates of white clover and ryegrass ranging from pure clover to pure ryegrass (sown at 10/0 through to 0/20 kg/ha), all grazed frequently and at a hard intensity. The hypotheses tested were that (1) pure white clover swards would be at least as productive as those that contained ryegrass, and (2) more frequent grazing would result in greater quantities of DM removed, while hard grazing would maintain a higher clover content. In general, the hypotheses were confirmed. Over the 3 years of the experiments, pure white clover swards were at least as productive as mixed swards in a situation where no nitrogen fertiliser was applied. In the first year, the amount of DM removed declined (P<0.05) as the ryegrass sowing rate increased, but by year 3, the pure clover treatment out-yielded the other treatments. Except for the first year, frequent grazing resulted in more (P<0.05) DM removed than did infrequent grazing. Frequently grazed swards also had higher daily net photosynthesis after grazing than did the swards in infrequently grazed treatments, and achieved maximum levels of photosynthesis more quickly. There was no difference in photosynthesis rate, despite significant differences in clover content, between sowing rate treatments, regardless of grazing management. Initial sowing rate had a large effect on clover content in year 1, but by year 3, most of this had disappeared as clover contents rapidly converged. Frequency of grazing had its greatest effect on clover content in year 1, with infrequent grazing resulting (P<0.05) in the greatest clover contents. Grazing intensity was an important determinant of clover content in years 2 and 3, where hard grazing resulted (P<0.05) in higher clover content. Digestibility of the herbage on offer ranged from 65 to 80%, and crude protein concentrations varied from 12 to 26%. In general, frequent grazing resulted in a digestibility of 2–4 percentage units higher than infrequent grazing, with hard grazing also tending to increase digestibility. Hard grazed treatments always had high crude protein concentrations in the herbage present before grazing, and there was a slightly higher concentration in frequently grazed herbage compared with herbage that was grazed less frequently. The white clover–perennial ryegrass swards generally responded best to a combination of frequent and hard grazing. However, neither white clover nor perennial ryegrass appears to be well adapted to the combination of soils, climate, irrigation and grazing by dairy cows that occurs in the northern irrigation region of Victoria, as evidenced by a rapid influx of weeds and the general decline in productivity over the duration of the experiment.

Effects of cutting height on the productivity and composition of perennial ryegrass–white clover swards

1993 ◽  
Vol 121 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. H. P. Acuña ◽  
D. Wilman
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
White Clover ◽  
P Application ◽  
Irrigation Treatments ◽  
Harvest Year ◽  
Cutting Height ◽  
Tiller Density ◽  
Field Plots ◽  
Clover Content

SUMMARYAll combinations of five cutting heights (2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 cm), two rates of P application (0 and 100 kg P/ha per year) and two irrigation treatments (0 and maximum soil water deficit 35 mm) were compared on field plots sown with a mixture of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) and white clover (Trifolium repens L.) in Wales. The cutting and P treatments were applied for 4½ years (1986–90) and the irrigation treatments for 2 years (1987 and 1988). The plots were cut at 4-week intervals from April to October each year.Applied P and irrigation had only a small effect on the productivity and composition of the swards. The proportion of white clover in the sward was inversely related to the height of cutting, so that clover was almost eliminated by 3 years of 10 cm cutting. This reduction in clover content led to a 50% reduction in herbage yield. Close cutting increased the tiller density of ryegrass in May and June of the first harvest year, but this effect was subsequently reversed as clover competed more strongly with ryegrass under close cutting. The proportion of unsown species, predominantly Agrostis tenuis, was much higher in the third and fourth than in the first and second harvest years and was positively related to the height of cutting. Close cutting depleted soil K and soil water.

scholarly journals Milksolids production and farm profitability from different combinations of perennial ryegrass and white clover cultivars: Progress report 2001-2003

2003 ◽  
pp. 91-98
Author(s):  
S.L. Woodward ◽  
J.R. Crush ◽  
K.A. Macdonald ◽  
J. P.J. Eerens
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Dairy Farm ◽  
Farm Productivity ◽  
Major Benefit ◽  
Breeding Programmes ◽  
Clover Content ◽  
Small Advantage ◽  
Friesian Cows

2001/2002 and 2002/2003 were the final two seasons of a replicated dairy farm systems trial designed to evaluate the effects of progress in perennial ryegrass and white clover breeding programmes on whole farm productivity and profitability (Economic Farm Surplus, EFS). All the pastures were sown in late autumn 1998. There were four treatments with all combinations of 1980's (80R), and late 1990's (98R) ryegrasses, and 1960's (60C) and late 1990's (98C) white c lover s, each replicated two times in a randomised block design giving eight 4 ha, self-contained farmlets stocked with three Friesian cows/ha and rotationally grazed. In agreement with the first two years of the trial, the last two seasons have demonstrated no major benefit in terms of either milksolids (MS) production or EFS to sowing different combinations of perennial ryegrass and only a small advantage in one season (2001/2002) to sowing new (98C) white clover cultivars. There were no effects of ryegrass or clover cultivar type on total dry matter (DM) production during the last two seasons but, as observed during the first two seasons of the trial, there were differences in the distribution of pasture growth through the year with old ryegrass (80R) treatments having more pasture growth during spring. During 2001/2002 and 2002/2003 the clover content of the swards was determined more strongly by clover type than by the type of companion ryegrass, in contrast to events during the first two seasons of the trial. Thus clover type, rather than a ryegrass x clover interaction, had a small effect on MS production and EFS during 2001/2002, but not 2002/2003, due to significantly higher clover content in both the new clover (98C) treatments than the old clover (60C) treatments. Any differences between ryegrass or white clover cultivars in terms of lower DM production at certain times of the year, and consequent small differences in total DM production and pasture quality caused only minor differences in EFS between treatments because effective farm management decisions compensated for these effects. Keywords: cultivars, dairying, economic farm surplus, milksolids, perennial ryegrass, white clover

scholarly journals Pastures and forages for deer growth

2003 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 25-40
Author(s):  
A.M. Nicol ◽  
T.N. Barry
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Red Deer ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Seasonal Effects ◽  
Forage Species ◽  
Clover Pasture ◽  
Deer Grazing

Pasture is the primary feed source for NZ deer production with the greatest proportion grazed in situ. The quantity and quality of the pastures available to grazing deer varies markedly as a result of environmental factors and feed planning decisions by deer farmers. The grazing behaviour of deer responds to changes in pasture height and mass and the effect of pasture variables (height, pre -and post-grazing pasture mass and pasture allowance) on deer productivity are presented. These show that maximum levels of deer production from pasture will be achieved at a pasture height of around 8 cm (continuously stocked or post-grazing) although there is some evidence that for large genotypes, higher pasture availability is required. The relationship of liveweight gain of young deer with pasture availability shows marked seasonal effects. At the same level of pasture availability liveweight gain in spring is about twice that in winter, with autumn and summer intermediate. Increasing pasture availability cannot compensate for seasonal differences in liveweight gain. Furthermore, liveweight gain increases at a greater rate in spring than winter to increasing pasture availability, thus it is more important that appropriate pasture allowances are provided in spring than in winter. There is more variability in liveweight gain at a similar pasture availability in summer than in other seasons because of the greater variation in pasture quality in summer with the potential accumulation of seedheads and dead material. Alternative forage species are used in deer production for times of the year when quantity and quality of perennial ryegrass-based pastures limit productivity. Relative to weaner red deer grazed on perennial ryegrass/ white clover pasture, grazing on pure swards of red clover or chicory increased growth during autumn by 26-47% and during spring by 10-14%. The proportion of stags attaining target slaughter liveweight at 12 months of age increased from 75 to 94%. Pre-weaning growth during lactation was increased by approximately 20%. Red clover and chicory produce a greater proportion of their total DM during late summer and autumn than does perennial ryegrass/white clover pasture, and are therefore better aligned with deer feed requirements, particularly those of lactating hinds. Grazing on sulla in autumn and spring increased the growth of weaner deer by 33 and 10%, relative to pasture fed deer. Indoor studies showed that relative to perennial ryegrass, chicory was of higher organic matter digestibility, disintegrated more rapidly in the rumen with a low rumination time and had shorter mean retention time of material in the rumen. This explains differences in voluntary feed intake which were 56, 26 and 15% higher for deer grazing chicory than perennial ryegrass/white clover pastures during summer, autumn and spring respectively. Similar r esults have been found for the digestion of red clover versus perennial ryegrass by red deer. Plant density in stands of both chicory and red clover declines with time, with their lifetime under deer grazing being approximately 4 years. A mixture of both plants offers a food option as specialist forage for increasing deer growth and also fixing nitrogen. To ensure good persistence such forages should not be grazed in periods of prolonged wet weather. Best persistence is obtained when these are managed as specialist forages for increasing deer growth on a small area of the farm, (10- 20% total area), rather than being sown as a mixture with grasses over large areas of the farm. There is no specific comparison of deer production under different stocking systems and both continuous grazing and rotational grazing are used. Based on evidence and practices with other species, choice of stocking system has more to do with pasture/forage species, feed budgeting, pasture management and animal behaviour than with productivity. At high stocking densities (150 deer/ha), the grazing time of subordinate animals is reduced. Where possible, without inducing undue stress (e.g. at weaning), young deer should be grouped for grazing by liveweight. Deer production systems have a seasonal pattern of energy demand that does not match that of pasture growth in most NZ environments. This calls for manipulation of the feed demand by integration of livestock systems and/ or modification of the feed supply through conservation and supplementation. The most commonly used supplements are pasture and lucerne silage/baleage and grain. The quality (ME/kg DM) has a significant impact on the resulting liveweight gain.

scholarly journals Buğdaygil ve Baklagil -Buğdaygil Karışımı Meraların Süt İneklerinin Verim Performansı ve Sütün Bileşimine Etkileri

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 7
Author(s):  
Numan Kılıçalp ◽  
Mustafa Avcı ◽  
Hatice Hızlı ◽  
Rüştü Hatipoğlu
Keyword(s):  
Milk Yield ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Protein Yield ◽  
First Year ◽  
Lactation Period ◽  
Grazing Period

This research was conducted to determine forage yield, chemical composition, milk yield and milk composition in dairy cattle grazing on pasture established with species and mixtures of Perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne, Bastion,PR), Orchardgrass(Dactylis glometata, Pizza,OG) and White clover(Trifolium repens, Huia,WC). In this research conducted for two years, the grazing experiment was carried out according to a change over trial design. For this purpose, a total of 6 Holstein Friesian cows (at the 2nd lactation and with an average of 520 ± 26 kg live weight) were used for two periods, each of which consisted of 30 days (8 days of adaptation and 22 days of the basis period). The milk nutritional composition of the animals (dry matter, fat and protein content) was determined in the last three days in the last five consecutive days of each lactation period. The acid detergent fiber (ADF) content of pasture obtained from Perennial ryegrass + White clover mixture (PRWC) was found to be lower than that obtained from the other two (PR and OG) pasture and Net Energy Lactation (NEL) content was found higher in the first grazing period in the first year. However, the effect of the investigated pastures on milk yield was not significant, but it was found that the effects on milk protein yield in the first year and dry matter of milk in the second year were significant. In the first year of grazing period, milk yield, milk fat yield and protein yield were found to be significant. The results of this study showed that under these operating conditions, the botanical composition of the pasture had no effect on the amount and composition of the milk, but the milk yield decreased as the vegetation period advanced.

Use of water by six grass species. 1. Dry-matter yields and response to irrigation

1979 ◽  
Vol 93 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. A. Garwood ◽  
K. C. Tyson ◽  
J. Sinclair
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Italian Ryegrass ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
First Year ◽  
Full Irrigation ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Second Year

SUMMARYThe yield and quality of herbage produced by six grasses (perennial ryegrass, cocksfoot, timothy, rough-stalked meadow grass, tall fescue and Italian ryegrass) were examined both without irrigation and under two irrigation regimes. Water was applied according to the potential soil water deficit (potential SWD): the soil was either partially returned to field capacity (FC) after each cut or fully returned to FC whenever the potential SWD reached 25 mm. The swards were cut either at 3 (C3) or 6 (C6) week intervals over a 2 year period.Partial irrigation increased yields by 12–14% in the first year and by 36–58% in the second. Full irrigation produced little more growth than partial irrigation in the first year (maximum SWD, 188 mm) but increased yield by 78–93% in the second, very dry, year (maximum SWD, 311 mm). Under treatment C3 response per unit of water applied was similar with both partial and full irrigation, but under C6 the response was greater with partial (2·86 kg D.M./m3) than with full irrigation (1·79 kg D.M./m3).There were marked differences between the species in their ability to grow under drought conditions in the second year of the experiment. Without irrigation, roughstalked meadow grass and Italian ryegrass did not survive the drought. The performance of tall fescue was markedly superior to both perennial ryegrass and cocksfoot in these conditions. Of the surviving grasses timothy made least growth.

Effect of surface applied glycine betaine on herbage production and quality of perennial ryegrass - white clover pastures

2008 ◽  
Vol 48 (5) ◽  
pp. 687 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Lee ◽  
K. Elborough ◽  
W. D. Catto ◽  
D. J. Donaghy ◽  
J. R. Roche
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Glycine Betaine ◽  
Moisture Stress ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Plant Tolerance ◽  
Cold Temperatures ◽  
Herbage Quality ◽  
Effect Of Surface

Osmoprotectants have been reported to reduce the detrimental effects of various environmental stresses in many different plant species. However, there is little research available concerning pasture species. Two experiments were undertaken with the aim of quantifying the effect of surface applications of exogenous glycine betaine (GB) on herbage production and quality of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.)–white clover (Trifolium repens L.) pastures during periods of moisture stress and cold temperatures over 2 years. Pastures fertilised with GB were compared with unfertilised pastures and pastures fertilised with nitrogen (N). Rates of 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 kg GB/ha.defoliation were applied in experiment 1 and 5 kg GB/ha.defoliation was applied in experiment 2. Surface applications of GB did not significantly affect herbage production relative to unfertilised pastures; herbage yields averaged 12 248 and 12 693 kg DM/ha over 11 months in experiment 1, and 7253 and 7177 kg DM/ha over 6 months during summer and autumn in experiment 2, for the unfertilised control and GB, respectively. During both experiments, herbage quality parameters were not affected by GB application, although the proportion of white clover in the sward between summer and winter during experiment 1 was greater (P < 0.01) in plots treated with GB than in untreated plots. Application of N fertiliser increased (P < 0.001) herbage production, but did not consistently affect herbage quality. The failure of surface applications of exogenous GB to improve the herbage production or quality of perennial ryegrass–white clover pastures suggests that it is not an appropriate method to enhance plant tolerance to environmental stress at the concentrations applied in these studies.

scholarly journals RESPON PERTUMBUHAN TANAMAN JATI PLUS PERHUTANI UMUR 11 TAHUN TERHADAP INTENSITAS PENJARANGAN DAN TUMPANG SARI (STUDI KASUS DI BKPH BEGAL KPH NGAWI, PERHUTANI JAWA TIMUR)

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-23
Author(s):  
Muhammad Fadhil Amiruddin Sudomo ◽  
◽  
Suryo Hadiwinoto ◽  
Sapto Indrioko ◽  
Budiadi Budiadi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Response ◽  
Block Design ◽  
First Year ◽  
Annual Increment ◽  
Thinning Intensity ◽  
Management Actions ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Main Plot ◽  
One Year

Thinning is one of silvicultural management actions in maintaining and increasing growth and quality of standing stands. This study aims to determine growth response of selected teak clone to several intensities of thinning and intercropping. The method was a factorial completely randomized block design (RCBD) with thinning intensity (4 levels): 0% (control = A1), 25% (A2), 50% (A3) and 75% (A4) as the main plot, whileintercropping (2 levels), as the sub plot. The results showed that the Current Annual Increment (CAI) of diameter at breast height (CAI DBH), volume/tree (CAI vol/tree) and volume/hectare (CAI vol/ha) of stands gave a significant positive response to thinning intensity treatment. CAI DBH one year after thinning were 0.79 cm, 1.47 cm, and 2.46 cm; increased by 32%, 145% and 310% at the thinning intensity of 25%, 50% and 75% when they compared with the control (0.59 cm). CAI vol/ha of stand in the first year, namely 11.88 m3/ha, 14.04 m3/ha, and 16.78 m3/ha or with an increase of 9%, 29% and 54% respectively at an intensity of 25 %, 50% and 75% compared to the control.

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