Performance of birdsfoot trefoil, white clover, and other legume-grass mixtures under irrigation in the Intermountain West USA

2006 ◽  
pp. 355-359 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.W. Macadam ◽  
T.C. Griggs
Keyword(s):  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Poa Pratensis ◽  
Dactylis Glomerata ◽  
Kentucky Bluegrass ◽  
Birdsfoot Trefoil ◽  
Intermountain West ◽  
Bromus Riparius

Two trials were designed to provide baseline data on the productivity and quality of irrigated pastures in the Intermountain West USA. An initial clipping trial (1997- 1999) screened a number of temperate grass-legume mixtures well-adapted to the soils and climate of the Intermountain West, and a successive grazing trial (2001- 2003) evaluated a subset of these mixtures under rotational grazing. The most productive and best utilised grass in mixtures was meadow brome (Bromus riparius), followed by tall fescue (Lolium arundinaceum) and cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata). Perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) and Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis) mixtures tended to become legume-dominated (up to 44% under grazing), and were therefore high in quality but a potential bloat threat. The bloat-safe legume birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus) proved to be productive, well-utilised, and as persistent as other legumes in mixtures under grazing. Keywords: grass, grazing, Intermountain West USA, legume, mixtures, pasture

Susceptibility of Several Grasses to Glyphosate

Weed Science ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 28 (5) ◽  
pp. 579-585 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. W. Bingham ◽  
J. Segura ◽  
C. L. Foy
Keyword(s):  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Poa Pratensis ◽  
Dactylis Glomerata ◽  
Kentucky Bluegrass ◽  
Festuca Rubra ◽  
Red Fescue ◽  
Agrostis Tenuis ◽  
Moderately Resistant

The susceptibility of 2- and 4-month-old perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenneL.), orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerataL.), Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensisL.), red fescue (Festuca rubraL.) and highland bentgrass (Agrostis tenuisSibth.) to glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine] was studied in the greenhouse. All 2-month-old grasses were killed by 0.28 kg/ha and higher rates of glyphosate. At 0.14 kg/ha, red fescue was moderately resistant, and bluegrass, orchardgrass, and perennial ryegrass were moderately susceptible. Bent-grass was very susceptible. When 4-month-old grasses were treated, bluegrass was as tolerant to 0.28 kg/ha of glyphosate as was red fescue. At this same rate, orchardgrass and perennial ryegrass were moderately susceptible, whereas bentgrass remained the most susceptible. Dosages lower than 0.28 kg/ha had little effect; whereas higher doages injured all five species.14C-glyphosate was absorbed and translocated via both apoplast and symplast in 1-month-old red fescue, orchardgrass and perennial ryegrass seedlings. Comparatively, less radioactivity was transported to the untreated areas in red fescue than in orchardgrass and perennial ryegrass. Thus, the differential tolerances of these species to low rates of glyphosate may be explained, in part, by differential translocation of glyphosate.

scholarly journals Optimizing Pre-germination Techniques for Kentucky Bluegrass and Perennial Ryegrass1

2019 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-23
Author(s):  
Julie H. Campbell ◽  
Jason J. Henderson ◽  
John C. Inguagiato ◽  
Victoria H. Wallace ◽  
Anthony Minniti
Keyword(s):  
Water Temperature ◽  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Untreated Control ◽  
Poa Pratensis ◽  
Kentucky Bluegrass ◽  
Germination Percentage ◽  
Lolium Perenne L ◽  
Seed Soaking ◽  
Significant Difference

Abstract Many intensively trafficked areas such as athletic fields and golf courses require constant overseeding to maintain suitable turfgrass cover. Rapid seed germination and development are critical to managing these high wear areas. The objectives of this research were to determine the effect of water aeration, seed soaking duration, and water temperature on mean germination time (MGT) and final germination percentage (FGP) of Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L., KBG) and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L., PRG). Two separate controlled environment studies were conducted. PRG soaked in aerated water from 8 to 48 h had a 20% decrease in MGT compared to an untreated control, while treated KBG decreased MGT by only 10% compared to an untreated control. Soaking duration and water temperature had significant effects on KBG. KBG MGT was optimized at 20 C (68 F) water temperature with a soaking duration of 24 h. MGT of PRG was optimized when soaked for 8 h while water was aerated. There was no significant difference in FGP for any of the treatments tested. Index words: turfgrass, aeration, seed soaking. Species used in this study: Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.); perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.).

scholarly journals Additional Host Plants of Four Species of Billbug Found on New Jersey Turfgrasses

1990 ◽  
Vol 115 (4) ◽  
pp. 608-611 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer M. Johnson-Cicalese ◽  
C.R. Funk
Keyword(s):  
New Jersey ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Cynodon Dactylon ◽  
Poa Pratensis ◽  
Kentucky Bluegrass ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Red Fescue

Studies were conducted on the host plants of four billbug species (Coleoptera:Curculionidae: Sphenophorus parvulus Gyllenhal, S. venatus Chitt., S. inaequalis Say, and S. minimus Hart) found on New Jersey turfgrasses. A collection of 4803 adults from pure stands of various turfgrasses revealed all four billbugs on Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.), tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.), and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), and S. parvulus, S. venatus, and S. minimus on Chewings fescue (F. rubra L. ssp. commutata Gaud.). Since the presence of larvae, pupae, or teneral adults more accurately indicates the host status of a grass species, immature billbugs were collected from plugs of the various grass species and reared to adults for identification. All four species were reared from immature billbugs found in Kentucky bluegrass turf; immatures of S. venatus, S. inaequalis, and S. minimus were found in tall fescue; S. venatus and S. minimus in perennial ryegrass; and S. inaequalis in strong creeping red fescue (F. rubra L. ssp. rubra). A laboratory experiment was also conducted in which billbug adults were confined in petri dishes with either Kentucky bluegrass, perennial ryegrass, tall fescue, or bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon Pers.). Only minor differences were found between the four grasses in billbug survival, number of eggs laid, and amount of feeding. In general, bermudagrass was the least favored host and the other grasses were equally adequate hosts. The results of this study indicate a need for updating host-plant lists of these four billbug species.

scholarly journals Can pasture persistence be improved through the use of nonryegrass species?

2011 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
pp. 157-162
Author(s):  
G.D. Milne
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Water Temperature ◽  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Dactylis Glomerata ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Nutrient Deficiencies ◽  
Recent Discussion

Recent discussion about pasture persistence concentrates on pastures based on perennial ryegrass, the most commonly used grass species. This paper raises the question as to whether some of the causes of poor pasture persistence are due to perennial ryegrass being used in environments to which it is not suited. The adaptation to environmental stresses, particularly water, temperature and nutrient deficiencies, in different regions of New Zealand of tall fescue, cocksfoot, phalaris, and lucerne are discussed, and how this impacts on persistence advantages over perennial ryegrass. Keywords: persistence, pasture, Dactylis glomerata, Festuca arundinacea, Lolium perenne, Medicago sativa, Phalaris aquatica

Production and forage quality of prairie grass (Bromus willdenowii) in comparison to perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) and tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) in subtropical dairy pastures

2000 ◽  
Vol 40 (8) ◽  
pp. 1059 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. J. Fulkerson ◽  
J. F. M. Fennell ◽  
K. Slack
Keyword(s):  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Seedling Recruitment ◽  
Forage Quality ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Tiller Stage ◽  
Prairie Grass

A grazing study was conducted, over a 3-year period (1997–99), on the subtropical north coast of New South Wales, Australia, to compare the yield of prairie grass (Bromus willdenowii cv. Matua), tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea cv. Vulcan) and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne cv. Yatsyn), on a well-drained red krasnozem soil at Wollongbar Agricultural Research Institute (WAI) and on a heavy clay soil at Casino. The effect of grazing interval (equivalent to the time taken to regrow 1.5, 2.5 or 4 leaves/tiller) in spring, and forage quality of prairie grass in winter and spring was also assessed. At both sites, the dry matter (DM) yields of prairie grass over the establishment year and in year 2 were significantly (P<0.001) higher than for the other 2 grass species (mean for 2 years over the 2 sites was 23.8, 8.9 and 7.7 t DM/ha for prairie grass, ryegrass and tall fescue, respectively). In year 3, there was no production of tall fescue or ryegrass at the WAI site while prairie grass produced 11.3 t DM/ha although this was obtained from natural seedling recruitment after the sward was sprayed with a herbicide in February of that year. At the Casino site, ryegrass and tall fescue still made substantial growth in year 3 (3.1 and 2.1 t DM/ha for ryegrass and tall fescue, respectively) but this was significantly below the yields of prairie grass (5.5 t DM/ha). More frequent grazing of prairie grass in spring (equivalent to 1.5 leaves/tiller of regrowth) led to significantly (P<0.05) less plants surviving summer and less seedling recruitment in the following autumn. The annual yield of the 1.5 leaf treatment was significantly (P<0.05) lower than the remaining treatments but only in the third year of the study. Analysis of prairie grass forage samples, taken in June (vegetative sward) and November (reproductive sward), gave magnesium values of less than 0.2% DM which is below the concentration found in ryegrass and that recommended for dairy cattle. The Ca : P and K : (Ca + Mg) ratios in prairie grass improved, as a forage for dairy cows, with regrowth time up to 5 leaves/tiller. Metabolisable energy remained constant with regrowth time in June at 10.8 MJ/kg DM but fell significantly in November from 10.7 MJ/kg DM, immediately post-grazing, to 9.2 MJ/kg DM at the 4.5 leaves/tiller stage of regrowth. In contrast to observations in ryegrass, the water-soluble carbohydrate content of forage samples of prairie grass taken in November showed a substantial increase with regrowth time to over 12% DM at the 3 leaves/tiller stage of regrowth. The high productivity and forage quality of prairie grass obtained over a 3-year period suggests this grass species could be a suitable temperate perennial grass for subtropical dairy pastures. An appropriately long grazing interval in spring seems critical to optimise plant survival over summer and for adequate seed set for seedling recruitment the following autumn. If summer weeds and/or grasses invade to a significant extent, the large seedbank of prairie grass provides the opportunity to spray out the pasture in summer and rely on seedling recruitment to establish a new sward in autumn. The forage quality of prairie grass in winter and spring is similar to perennial ryegrass but the magnesium levels are substantially lower and stock grazing this type of pasture for extended periods would need to be supplemented with this mineral.

A comparison of the performance and growth of a range of turfgrass species under shade

2004 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 353 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. S. Tegg ◽  
P. A. Lane
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Shade Tolerance ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Poa Pratensis ◽  
Shoot Elongation ◽  
Kentucky Bluegrass ◽  
Ambient Conditions ◽  
Rate Of Increase

The increased use of semi and fully enclosed sports stadiums necessitates the ongoing selection, development and assessment of shade-tolerance in turfgrass species. Vertical shoot growth rate is a simple biological measure that may supplement visual turfgrass assessment and provide a useful measure of shade adaptation. Cool-season temperate turfgrasses; Kentucky bluegrass–perennial ryegrass (Poa pratensis L.–Lolium perenne L.), creeping bentgrass (Agrostis palustris Huds.), supina bluegrass (Poa supina Schrad.) and tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.), and a warm season species, Bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon L.), were established in pot and field experiments and subjected to 4 shade treatments (0, 26, 56 or 65% shade) under ambient conditions. Average light readings taken near the winter and summer solstice in full sunlight at midday, were 790 and 1980�μmol/m2.s, respectively. Field and pot trials confirmed supina bluegrass and tall fescue to have the greatest shade tolerance, producing high turf quality under 56 and 65% shade. However, all turfgrass species declined in quality under high shade levels as indicated by an increase in thin, succulent vertical growth, and a less-dense turf sward. Vertical shoot growth rates of all species increased linearly with increasing shade levels. Kentucky bluegrass–perennial ryegrass had the highest rate of increase in vertical shoot elongation under shade, approximately 3.5 times greater than supina bluegrass, which had the lowest. Low rates of increase in vertical shoot elongation under shade indicated shade tolerance whereas high rates inferred shade intolerance.

scholarly journals Date of Seeding Affects Establishment of Cool-season Turfgrasses

2001 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 152a
Author(s):  
Zachary J. Reicher ◽  
Clark S. Throssell ◽  
Daniel V. Weisenberger
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Poa Pratensis ◽  
Kentucky Bluegrass ◽  
Cool Season ◽  
Fertilizer Rate ◽  
Starter Fertilizer ◽  
Seeding Date ◽  
P Fertilizer

Little documentation exists on the success of seeding cool-season turf-grasses in the late fall, winter and spring. The objectives of these two studies were to document the success of seeding Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.), perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), and tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) at less-than-optimum times of the year, and to determine if N and P fertilizer requirements vary with seeding date of Kentucky bluegrass. `Ram I' Kentucky bluegrass, `Fiesta' perennial ryegrass, and `Mustang' tall fescue were seeded on 1 Sept., 1 Oct., 1 Nov., 1 Dec., 1 Mar., 1 Apr., and 1 May ± 2 days beginning in 1989 and 1990. As expected, the September seeding date produced the best establishment, regardless of species. Dormant-seeding Kentucky bluegrass and tall fescue in November, December, or March reduced the establishment time compared with seeding in April or May. Seeding perennial ryegrass in November, December, or March may not be justified because of winterkill potential. To determine the effect of starter fertilizer on seedings made at different times of the year, `Ram 1' Kentucky bluegrass was seeded 1 Sept., 1 Nov., 1 Mar., and 1 May ± 2 days in 1989 and 1990, and the seedbed was fertilized with all combinations of rates of N (0, 24, and 48 kg·ha-1) and P (0, 21, and 42 kg·ha-1). Fertilizer rate had no effect on establishment regardless of seeding date, possibly because of the fertile soil on the experimental site.

scholarly journals Variation within Poa Germplasm for Salinity Tolerance

HortScience ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 44 (6) ◽  
pp. 1517-1521 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph G. Robins ◽  
B. Shaun Bushman ◽  
Blair L. Waldron ◽  
Paul G. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Salinity Tolerance ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Poa Pratensis ◽  
Kentucky Bluegrass ◽  
The United States ◽  
Human Populations ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Potential Part

As competition for water resources in areas of western North America intensify as a result of increasing human populations, the sustainability of turfgrass irrigation with limited water resources is questionable. A potential part of the solution is the use of recycled wastewater for landscape irrigation. However, as a result of high levels of salt, successful irrigation with recycled wastewater will likely need to be coupled with selection for increased salinity tolerance in turfgrass species. Additionally, salinity-tolerant turfgrass will allow production on soils with inherently high salt levels. The study described here characterized the relative salinity tolerance of 93 accessions of Poa germplasm from the USDA National Plant Germplasm System (NPGS). Control cultivars of tall fescue [Lolium arundinaceum (Schreb.) S.J. Darbyshire], perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), and kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) were also evaluated for comparison. Kentucky bluegrass accessions exhibited a wide range of LD50 (salinity dosage necessary to kill 50% of plants) values from 811 ECdays (PI 369296 from Russia) to 1922 ECdays (PI 371768 from the United States). Five kentucky bluegrass accessions exhibited salinity tolerance equal to or better than that of the tall fescue (LD50 = 1815 ECdays) and perennial ryegrass (LD50 = 1754 ECdays) checks. Thus, there is sufficient variation within this species to develop bluegrass with substantially higher salinity tolerance.

scholarly journals Change over Time in Quality and Cover of Various Turfgrass Species and Cultivars Maintained in Shade

2002 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 465-469 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.S. Gardner ◽  
J.A. Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Poa Pratensis ◽  
Kentucky Bluegrass ◽  
Quality Data ◽  
Percentage Cover ◽  
Supplemental Irrigation ◽  
Red Fescue

In 1992, a cultivar trial was initiated in Columbus, Ohio to evaluate differences in establishment and long-term performance of cultivars of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea), creeping red fescue (F. rubra), chewings fescue (F. rubra ssp. fallax), hard fescue (F. brevipila), kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis), rough bluegrass (P. trivialis), and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) under low maintenance conditions in a shaded environment. Fertilizer and supplemental irrigation were applied until 1994 to establish the grasses, after which no supplemental irrigation, or pesticides were applied and fertilizer rates were reduced to 48.8 kg·ha-1 (1 lb/1000 ft2) of N per year. Percentage cover and overall quality data were collected in 2000 and compared with data collected in 1994. Initial establishment success does not appear to be a good predictor of long-term success of a cultivar in a shaded environment. There was some variability in cultivar performance under shade within a given turfgrass species. The tall fescue cultivars, as a group, had the highest overall quality and percentage cover under shade, followed by the fine fescues, kentucky bluegrass, rough bluegrass, and perennial ryegrass cultivars.

scholarly journals Cool-season Turfgrass Response to Bispyribac-Sodium

HortScience ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 40 (5) ◽  
pp. 1552-1555 ◽  
Author(s):  
Darren W. Lycan ◽  
Stephen E. Hart
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Poa Pratensis ◽  
Creeping Bentgrass ◽  
Kentucky Bluegrass ◽  
Cool Season ◽  
Severe Stunting ◽  
Annual Bluegrass ◽  
Fine Fescue

Previous research has demonstrated that bispyribac-sodium can selectively control established annual bluegrass (Poa annua L.) in creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera L.). Annual bluegrass is also a problematic weed in other cool-season turfgrass species. However, the relative tolerance of other cool-season turfgrass species to bispyribac is not known. Field experiments were conducted at Adelphia, N.J., in 2002 and 2003 to gain understanding of the phytotoxic effects that bispyribac may have on kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.), perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea (L.) Schreb.), and chewings fine fescue (Festuca rubra L. subsp. commutata Gaud.). Single applications of bispyribac at 37 to 296 g·ha–1 were applied to mature stands of each species on 11 June, 2002 and 10 June, 2003. Visual injury was evaluated and clippings were collected 35 and 70 days after treatment (DAT). Visual injury at 35 DAT increased as bispyribac rate increased. Kentucky bluegrass was least tolerant to bispyribac with up to 28% injury when applied at 296 g·ha–1. Injury on other species did not exceed 20%. Initial injury on perennial ryegrass, tall fescue, and chewings fine fescue was primarily in the form of chlorosis, while kentucky bluegrass exhibited more severe stunting and thinning symptoms. Bispyribac at rates from 74 to 296 g·ha–1 reduced kentucky bluegrass clipping weights by 19% to 35%, respectively, as compared to the untreated control at 35 DAT in 2002. Initial visual injury on perennial ryegrass, tall fescue, and chewings fine fescue dissipated to ≤5% by 70 DAT. However, recovery of kentucky bluegrass was less complete. These studies suggest that bispyribac-sodium has potential to severely injure kentucky bluegrass. Injury on perennial ryegrass, tall fescue, and chewings fine fescue appears to be less severe and persistent; therefore, bispyribac can be used for weed control in these species. Chemical names used: 2,6-bis[(4,6-dimethoxy-2-pyrimidinyl)oxy]benzoic acid (bispyribac-sodium).

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