scholarly journals Trends in the Analysis of Static Balance

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vilma Juodžbalienė ◽  
Kazimieras Muckus
Keyword(s):  
Postural Control ◽  
Physiological Parameters ◽  
Quiet Standing ◽  
Static Balance ◽  
Foot Pressure ◽  
Postural Control System ◽  
Balance Disorders ◽  
Dependent Variables ◽  
Center Of Foot Pressure ◽  
Anterior Posterior

The aim of the paper was to discuss the trends in the analysis of static balance and relation between physiological parameters and characteristics of posturograms. Static balance is ability to keep steady posture in certain stance [2, 3]. Posturography is one of most popular research methods of static balance [10, 11]. During the last decade it was maintained that the most informative dependent variables defining postural stability were the amplitude of the center of foot pressure (COP) sway in anterior-posterior and mediolateral directions, the length of the COP pathway and the area of the COP sway [9, 15]. The output of the posturograms registered during quiet standing is irregular and erratic [14]. Therefore, methods analyzing the structure of the posturograms are very topical for physiology and Rehabilitation science. The scientists attempt to determine certain noise and oscillation patterns in the posturogram [20]. According to researchers [14], the structure and roughness or smoothness of the posturogram could reflect the changes in postural control system. It is still questionable which of the methods analyzing the posturogram outcomes could be the most informative and useful for the diagnostics of postural control disorders. It is important to be able to repeat the scientific study, but it is still complicated to solve tasks related to postural control disorders diagnostics and the evaluation of the treatment means effectiveness. It is important to define the relation between physiological parameters and characteristics of posturograms in order to apply the posturography for balance disorders diagnostics. We suppose that methods of posturogram structure analysis could improve the differential balance disorders diagnostics essentially.Keywords: static balance, static posturography, center of foot pressure.

scholarly journals Attentional demands associated with augmented visual feedback during quiet standing

PeerJ ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. e5101 ◽  
Author(s):  
Krzysztof Kręcisz ◽  
Michał Kuczyński
Keyword(s):  
Postural Control ◽  
Visual Feedback ◽  
Center Of Pressure ◽  
Quiet Standing ◽  
Mean Power ◽  
Mean Power Frequency ◽  
Postural Control System ◽  
Power Frequency ◽  
Auditory Reaction Time ◽  
Anterior Posterior

To investigate how additional visual feedback (VFB) affects postural stability we compared 20-sec center-of-pressure (COP) recordings in two conditions: without and with the VFB. Seven healthy adult subjects performed 10 trials lasting 20 seconds in each condition. Simultaneously, during all trials the simple auditory reaction time (RT) was measured. Based on the COP data, the following sway parameters were computed: standard deviation (SD), mean speed (MV), sample entropy (SE), and mean power frequency (MPF). The RT was higher in the VFB condition (p < 0.001) indicating that this condition was attention demanding. The VFB resulted in decreased SD and increased SE in both the medial-lateral (ML) and anterior-posterior (AP) planes (p < .001). These results account for the efficacy of the VFB in stabilizing posture and in producing more irregular COP signals which may be interpreted as higher automaticity and/or larger level of noise in postural control. The MPF was higher during VFB in both planes as was the MV in the AP plane only (p < 0.001). The latter data demonstrate higher activity of postural control system that was caused by the availability of the set-point on the screen and the resulting control error which facilitated and sped up postural control.

scholarly journals Characteristics of Functional Stability in Young Adolescent Female Artistic Gymnasts

2021 ◽  
Vol 77 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-59
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Opala-Berdzik ◽  
Magdalena Głowacka ◽  
Kajetan J. Słomka
Keyword(s):  
Postural Control ◽  
Center Of Pressure ◽  
National Level ◽  
Stability Limit ◽  
Young Adolescent ◽  
Quiet Standing ◽  
Adolescent Female ◽  
Functional Stability ◽  
Postural Control System ◽  
Stability Limits

Abstract The aim of this study was to determine whether young adolescent female artistic gymnasts demonstrate better functional stability than age- and sex-matched non-athletes. Different characteristics of the gymnasts’ postural control were expected to be observed. Twenty-two 10- to 13-year-old healthy females (ten national-level artistic gymnasts and twelve non-athletes) participated in the study. To assess their forward functional stability, the 30-s limit of stability test was performed on a force plate. The test consisted of three phases: quiet standing, transition to maximal forward leaning, and standing in the maximal forward leaning position. Between-group comparisons of the directional subcomponents of the root mean squares and mean velocities of the center of pressure and rambling-trembling displacements in two phases (quiet standing and standing in maximal leaning) were conducted. Moreover, anterior stability limits were compared. During standing in maximal forward leaning, there were no differences in the center of pressure and rambling measures between gymnasts and non-athletes (p > 0.05). The values of trembling measures in both anterior-posterior and medial-lateral directions were significantly lower in gymnasts (p < 0.05). Both groups presented similar values for anterior stability limits (p > 0.05). The comparisons of rambling components may suggest a similar supraspinal control of standing in the maximal leaning position between gymnasts and healthy non-athletes. However, decreased trembling in gymnasts may indicate reduced noise in their postural control system possibly due to superior control processes at the spinal level. The anterior stability limit was not influenced by gymnastics training in female adolescents.

Prolonged Standing Task Affects Adaptability of Postural Control in People With Parkinson’s Disease

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 58-67
Author(s):  
Gabriel Felipe Moretto ◽  
Felipe Balistieri Santinelli ◽  
Tiago Penedo ◽  
Luis Mochizuki ◽  
Natalia Madalena Rinaldi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Control System ◽  
Postural Control ◽  
The Body ◽  
Quiet Standing ◽  
Body Sway ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Postural Control System ◽  
Prolonged Standing

Background Studies on short-term upright quiet standing tasks have presented contradictory findings about postural control in people with Parkinson’s disease (pwPD). Prolonged trial durations might better depict body sway and discriminate pwPD and controls. Objective The aim of this study was to investigate postural control in pwPD during a prolonged standing task. Methods A total of 26 pwPD and 25 neurologically healthy individuals performed 3 quiet standing trials (60 s) before completing a constrained prolonged standing task for 15 minutes. Motion capture was used to record body sway (Vicon, 100 Hz). To investigate the body sway behavior during the 15 minutes of standing, the analysis was divided into three 5-minute-long phases: early, middle, and late. The following body sway parameters were calculated for the anterior-posterior (AP) and medial-lateral (ML) directions: velocity, root-mean-square, and detrended fluctuations analysis (DFA). The body sway area was also calculated. Two-way ANOVAs (group and phases) and 1-way ANOVA (group) were used to compare these parameters for the prolonged standing and quiet standing, respectively. Results pwPD presented smaller sway area ( P < .001), less complexity (DFA; AP: P < .009; ML: P < .01), and faster velocity (AP: P < .002; ML: P < .001) of body sway compared with the control group during the prolonged standing task. Although the groups swayed similarly (no difference for sway area) during quiet standing, they presented differences in sway area during the prolonged standing task ( P < .001). Conclusions Prolonged standing task reduced adaptability of the postural control system in pwPD. In addition, the prolonged standing task may better analyze the adaptability of the postural control system in pwPD.

Comparison of Postural Control of Children with down Syndrome and Those with other Forms of Mental Retardation

1997 ◽  
Vol 84 (2) ◽  
pp. 499-504 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mitsuru Kokubun ◽  
Takashi Shinmyo ◽  
Mizue Ogita ◽  
Keiichi Morita ◽  
Masaki Furuta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Down Syndrome ◽  
Mental Retardation ◽  
Postural Control ◽  
Foot Pressure ◽  
Children With Down Syndrome ◽  
Center Of Foot Pressure ◽  
The Mean

To confirm the 1994 findings of Okuzumi, Haishi, and Kokubun, the displacement of the center of foot pressure, one-foot balance and bead sway were measured in children with Down syndrome ( n = 11) compared to those with other types of mental retardation ( n = 17). The magnitudes of the displacement of the center of foot pressure and head sway were not significantly different between the Down group and other forms of mental retardation, whereas the performance of one-foot balance was significantly lower in the Down group. The mean frequencies of sway waves were generally higher in the Down group, and the differences between the two groups were significant except for sagittal head sway. The results generally supported the prior findings. We proposed that it was not the magnitude of the displacement of the center of foot pressure but rather the manner of the whole body's sway which might be related to postural control.

Control of sway using vibrotactile feedback of body tilt in patients with moderate and severe postural control deficits

2005 ◽  
Vol 15 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 313-325
Author(s):  
C. Wall ◽  
E. Kentala
Keyword(s):  
Postural Control ◽  
Postural Stability ◽  
Body Motion ◽  
Body Tilt ◽  
Joint Movement ◽  
Foot Pressure ◽  
Eyes Closed ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Anterior Posterior ◽  
Vibrotactile Display

We evaluated the effect of the vibrotactile display of body tilt upon the postural stability of vestibulopathic subjects during standing. Two groups were studied: those with moderate and with severe deficits as defined by postural stability test scores. They were studied under conditions of distorted sensory input, and during anterior-posterior perturbations. Seventeen subjects, with uni- or bilateral vestibular deficits, as determined by electronystagmography and vertical axis rotation, were tested using Equitest® computerized dynamic posturography (CDP). Based on their performance on the CDP they were divided into two groups having either moderate (nine subjects) or severe (eight subjects) postural control deficits. Their anterior-posterior (A/P) body motion at the waist was measured with a micromechanical rate gyroscope and a linear accelerometer. The resulting tilt estimate was displayed by a vibrotactile array attached to the torso. The vibration served as a tilt feedback to the subject. The subject's performance was evaluated using the root-mean-square (RMS) of both the A/P body motion and center-of-pressure (CoP) estimates. Sensory distortions were introduced using the Equitest® Sensory Organization Tests (SOT). These tests are designed to distort A/P sensory inputs while standing. The SOT 5 distorts proprioceptive information about ankle joint movement, while the subject stands eyes-closed on a moving support platform that measures foot pressure. The SOT 6 adds distorted visual information about body movement instead of testing with eyes closed. Perturbations were introduced using the Equitest® Motor Control Tests (MCT). These move the support platform forward or backward with small, medium and large displacements in the horizontal plane while measuring subjects' foot pressure responses. We used the medium and large backward tests. Vibrotactile display of body tilt reduced the subjects' A/P sway and improved their balance. The finding was more evident for those subjects with severe deficits than those moderate ones. This trend was found for both SOT 5 and 6, as well as the medium and large MCT. Additionally, during the MCT, the peak deflection and mean recovery time also decreased significantly.

scholarly journals Balance control enhancement using sub-sensory stimulation and visual-auditory biofeedback strategies for amputee subjects

2007 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 342-352 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ming-Yih Lee ◽  
Chih-Feng Lin ◽  
Kok-Soon Soon
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Balance Control ◽  
Sensory Stimulation ◽  
Quiet Standing ◽  
Static Balance ◽  
Balance Performance ◽  
Foot Pressure ◽  
Gait Performance ◽  
Sound Side ◽  
Dynamic Gait

Sub-sensory electrical or mechanical stimulation can enhance the sensitivity of the human somatosensory system to improve the balance control capabilities of elderly. In addition, clinical studies suggest that visual-auditory biofeedback can improve sensory compensation for the elderly. This study hypothesizes that the static balance and gait performance of single leg quiet standing and treadmill walking could be improved for providing proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation using sub-sensory stimulation and visual-auditory biofeedback in amputee subjects. To test this, a computerized foot pressure biofeedback sensory compensation system using sub-threshold low-level electrical stimulation combined with visual-auditory biofeedback was developed. Seven unilateral trans-tibial amputees who wore prostheses over 2 years were recruited. The subjects performed multiple single leg quiet standing trials with sub-sensory electrical stimulation applied at the quadriceps muscle during half of the trials. Static balance performance was characterized by using a Zebris motion analysis system to measure the sway distance and duration of the centre of mass on the second sacral (S2) of the subjects. In addition, multiple treadmill ambulatory trials with or without visual-auditory biofeedback was performed. Dynamic gait performance was characterized with a Zebris instrumented insole to measure the temporal responses of foot pressure sensors. Experimental results showed an improvement in three balance performance indices (Holding Time Index, HTI, Maximum Sway Distance Index, MSDI, and Average Sway Distance Index, ASDI) during single leg quiet standing by applying sub-sensory stimulation. The improvement ratio of these balance performance indices across subjects for single leg quiet standing tests resulted in 132.34% in HTI, 44.61% in MSDI, and 61.45% in ASDI. With visual-auditory biofeedback as a cue for heel contact and toe push-off condition during treadmill ambulation, the improvement of four dynamic gait performance measures (Double Support Period, DSP, Constant Time Cadence, CTC, Single Support Period, SSP, and Stance/Swing Ratio, SSR) in amputees was verified. This resulted in 7.89% in DSP (affected side), 5.09% in CTC, 16.67% in SSP (sound side), 45.30% in SSR (sound side), and 40.30% in SSR (affected side) respectively. These findings suggest that sub-threshold electrical stimulation and visual-auditory biofeedback rehabilitation strategies may be effective in compensating sensory loss and improving static balance and dynamic ambulation performance for amputees.

scholarly journals Effects of Limb Dominance on Postural Balance in Sportsmen Practicing Symmetric and Asymmetric Sports: A Pilot Study

Symmetry ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 2199
Author(s):  
Mohamed Abdelhafid Kadri ◽  
Frédéric Noé ◽  
Julien Maitre ◽  
Nicola Maffulli ◽  
Thierry Paillard
Keyword(s):  
Postural Control ◽  
Physiological State ◽  
Frontal Plane ◽  
Relative Increase ◽  
Foot Pressure ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Center Of Foot Pressure ◽  
Fatiguing Exercise ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
The Difference

The current literature shows no consensus regarding the difference between the dominant leg (D-Leg) and the non-dominant leg (ND-Leg) in terms of postural control. This lack of consensus could stem from motor experience (i.e., symmetric or asymmetric motricity) and/or the physiological state induced by physical exercise. This study aimed to investigate the acute effects of fatiguing exercise on postural control when standing on the D-Leg and the ND-Leg, in athletes practicing symmetric (SYM) and asymmetric (ASYM) sports. Thirty healthy male participants were recruited and divided into two groups, (SYM n = 15) and (ASYM n = 15, on the basis of the motricity induced by the sport they practice. Monopedal postural control was assessed for the D-Leg and the ND-Leg before and after the fatigue period (which consisted of repeating squats until exhaustion). A force platform was used to calculate the spatio-temporal characteristics of the displacements of the center of foot pressure (COP). A significant fatigue effect was observed in both groups on the D-Leg and the ND-Leg for all the COP parameters. There was a tendency (p = 0.06) between the ASYM and SYM groups on the D-Leg, concerning the relative increase in the COP velocity in the frontal plane after the fatigue period. The fatigue condition disturbed postural control in both the SYM and ASYM groups on the D-Leg and ND-Leg. This disturbing effect related to fatigue tends to be more marked in athletes practicing asymmetric sports than in athletes practicing symmetric sports on the D-Leg.

Postural control in children: Effect of discrete manipulation of visual information

1970 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Diana R. Toledo ◽  
Natália M. Rinaldi ◽  
José A. Barela
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Postural Control ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Sensory Information ◽  
Body Sway ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Dependent Variables ◽  
Trunk Sway ◽  
Posterior Direction ◽  
Anterior Posterior

Postural control developmental changes are observed throughout the first decade of life. Despite all the efforts to uncover the mechanisms and processes underlying these changes, it is not clear yet when children integrate sensory information related to postural control similarly to adults. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine the effects of visual manipulation on body oscillation in children. Ten eight-year old, ten twelve-year old children and eight adults were asked to maintain the upright stance inside a moving room that oscillated discretely back or forward. Participant trunk sway and moving room displacement, in the anterior-posterior, direction were obtained through IRED markers. Dependent variables were mean sway amplitude and body displacement due to the movement of the moving room. Results revealed that young children oscillated more than older children and adults. Similar results were observed as a consequence of visual manipulation; with young children being more affected and displaying larger body sway than older children and adults. These findings suggest that postural control is not fully developed even at age of eight years and that children at this age still may have difficulties in solving sensory conflicting situations.  

Study of the human postural control system during quiet standing using detrended fluctuation analysis

2009 ◽  
Vol 388 (9) ◽  
pp. 1857-1866 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Teresa Blázquez ◽  
Marta Anguiano ◽  
Fernando Arias de Saavedra ◽  
Antonio M. Lallena ◽  
Pedro Carpena
Keyword(s):  
Control System ◽  
Postural Control ◽  
Detrended Fluctuation Analysis ◽  
Quiet Standing ◽  
Fluctuation Analysis ◽  
Postural Control System ◽  
Detrended Fluctuation
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