Illustrations of the anatomical wax model collection in the “La Specola” Zoology Museum, Florence

2006 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 232-240 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Lotti ◽  
A. Altobelli ◽  
S. Bambi ◽  
M. Poggesi
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Analytical Model ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Comparative Anatomy ◽  
Composite Model ◽  
Human Anatomy ◽  
Model Description ◽  
Anatomical Illustration ◽  
High Level ◽  
Wax Models

Anatomical illustration has evolved through the centuries, first having artistic and educational purposes and later more strictly medical objectives. Between the eleventh and fifteenth centuries, the analytical model (representation of individual parts, organs and systems) gave way to the composite model (description of the human body as a whole). Between the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, there was a reversal of tendency: initially the anatomist requested the help of artists, but later the artist asked anatomists to check the accuracy of his work. In this way, anatomical illustration reached a high level of precision. This period also saw the creation of the “La Specola” Zoology Museum's collection of anatomical wax models. Initiated in the eighteenth century, it also included a series of contemporary colour illustrations executed by various artists. Most of the illustrations concern human anatomy, while a small number deal with comparative anatomy. These illustrations, each accompanied by one or more explanatory sheets, were produced to help explain the corresponding wax models. The anatomical wax model collection has been well preserved through the centuries, maintaining its ancient splendour, and it is the object of continuing research and restoration interventions.

scholarly journals Cadaver Imitations used in Anatomical Demonstrations: Wax Modelling in the 18th Century

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (21) ◽  
pp. 11-24
Author(s):  
Réka Krizbai ◽  
Judit Forrai
Keyword(s):  
Human Body ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Valuable Insight ◽  
Anatomical Models ◽  
General Rules ◽  
Comprehensive Manner ◽  
High Level ◽  
Wax Models ◽  
Gender Features

The use of wax models has a long history associated with various connotations and practices. For centuries, models were predominantly of votive and devotional nature until the birth of anatomical wax modelling of the 18th century, when wax gained pre-eminently scientific connotations, parallel with all earlier practices. In this period, wax was found very suitable for scientific demonstrations by its plasticity through high level of naturalistic imitation. This is why it was chosen for manufacturing anatomical models, which showed contemporary knowledge about the human body in a comprehensive manner. The first centres of anatomical wax model production were established in Bologna, and then in Florence. Although such models were produced in other European countries, these two studios, especially the Florentine one, preserved its dominance, and exported models outside of Italy too. Yet there were general rules and manufactural techniques in some principles the studios showed different approaches in modelling. The Anatomical Venus, a specific genre of anatomical wax models, offered a valuable insight of reflections about contemporary ideas of female body, gender features and various connotations in a single wax object.

scholarly journals Johann Gottlieb Walter (1734. – 1818.) i tehničko prepariranje kostiju u kabinetu anatomije u kasnom XVIII. i XIX. stoljeću

2017 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 253-260
Author(s):  
Francesca Monza ◽  
Paolo Badino
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Royal Academy ◽  
Human Anatomy ◽  
Physician Training ◽  
Fundamental Knowledge ◽  
Academy Of Sciences ◽  
German Physician

This study aims to analyze Johann Gottlieb Walter’s biography (1734-1818), a German physician that specialized in human anatomy, who received an award of the Göttingen Royal Academy of Sciences. Here, we describe his technique of preparing bones for educational purposes through the comparison of other widely used techniques. The article also focuses on the great historical, scientific and didactic values of the anatomical preparations. In Europe during the eighteenth century the activity of some anatomists and physiologists, who were dedicated to the realization of anatomical preparations, testified the progress of medicine in the study of the human body, fundamental knowledge for physician training.

Maiden Voyage

Nuncius ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-49
Author(s):  
Dario De Santis
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Scientific Community ◽  
Microscopic Investigation ◽  
The Body ◽  
Natural Phenomena ◽  
Scientific Debate

AbstractThe scientific debate which developed during the eighteenth century, proposed and diffused new theories on the generation not only within the scientific community. Microscopic investigation and various experimental campaigns fostered daring models attempting to unveil the natural phenomena from which life originates. Besides the famous scientific and philosophical works that marked the age, in the second part of the century two pamphlets appeared that well represent the importance of the querelle about embryological systems defining the concept of generation as a voyage within the human body. Lucina sine concubitu and Juno abortans, respectively published in England and in Germany between 1750 and 1760, narrate the odd and imaginary adventures of two doctors who are trying to interrupt and modify the embryos' journey towards the body of the mother.

scholarly journals I. The Croonian Lecture. On the structure and uses of the membrana tympani of the ear

1800 ◽  
Vol 90 ◽  
pp. 1-21 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Human Body ◽  
Comparative Anatomy ◽  
Large Field ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Muscular Action ◽  
Satisfactory Manner

The subject of inquiry appointed by the Croonian Institution, has been greatly elucidated at different times by ingenious members of this learned Society. A large field, however, still remains open; and, respecting future investigations, I shall have occasion to offer a fresh proof of the aid to be derived from comparative anatomy, in ascertaining the structure of parts which, from their minuteness and situation in the human body, admit with much difficulty of being explored. The principal object of the present lecture is to communicate a discovery of the structure of the membrana tympani; which, in some respects, affords a new and very curious instance of the application of muscular action, and may conduce to account for certain phaenomena in the sense of hearing, in a more satisfactory manner than has hitherto been proposed.

scholarly journals STUDY OF GIT RELATED KOSHTHANGA W.S.R. TO PAKWASHAYA

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 1466-1468
Author(s):  
Pallavi Gupta ◽  
Divya Nidhi
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Large Intestine ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Alimentary Canal ◽  
Intestinal Tract ◽  
Human Anatomy ◽  
Specific Function ◽  
Partial Digestion ◽  
Complete Digestion ◽  
Absolute Knowledge

Human anatomy is the science where human body structures are designed to enable complete physiological action thus establishing homeostasis of the human body. Acharya Sushruta had a keen observation about the human body reflecting that without the absolute knowledge of Rachana Sharir. Chikitsak cannot be considered an expert. In Ayurveda, the part of G.I.T. is mentioned in Koshthanga by various Acharya. These Koshthanga are Aamashaya, Pakwashaya, Purishdhara, Uttarguda, Adharguda, Kshudrantra etc. which are situated within the koshtha. In modern anatomy, G.I.T. or Alimentary canal includes all the structures between the mouth and anus, forming a continuous passageway that includes the main organ of digestion, namely the stomach small intestine and large intestine, each part of the Gastric intestinal tract is adapted to its specific function. The 'oesophagus' function primarily to conduct food rapidly from the pharynx to the stomach mixing along with the digestive juic- es, carrying out partial digestion and then propelling the food into the duodenum is the function of the stomach small intestine is designed for complete digestion and absorption of nutrients. Absorption of water and electrolyte from the chyme to form solid faeces is the function of the large intestine. Pakwashaya is the main organ related to the site of Vata Dosha, Purishvaha srotas, Purishdhara kala, Koshthanga and Aashaya. Pakwashaya plays an important role in formation of urine and digestion of food. Keywords: Pakwashaya, Purish

Taxonomies of Yellow

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Keevak
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Homo Sapiens ◽  
Comparative Anatomy ◽  
Far East ◽  
East Asians ◽  
The Earth ◽  
The Far East ◽  
The People ◽  
Carl Linnaeus ◽  
French Physician

This chapter focuses on the emergence of new sorts of human taxonomies as well as new claims about the color of all human groups, including East Asians, during the course of the eighteenth century, as well as their racial implications. It first considers the theory advanced in 1684 by the French physician and traveler François Bernier, who proposed a “new division of the Earth, according to the different species or races of man which inhabit it.” One of these races, he suggested, was yellow. Then in 1735, the Swedish botanist Carl Linnaeus published Systema naturae, in which he categorized homo sapiens into four different skin colors. Finally, at the end of the eighteenth century, Johann Friedrich Blumenbach, also a physician and the founder of comparative anatomy, declared that the people of the Far East were a yellow race, as distinct from the white “Caucasian” one.

Validation and optimization of a compact push-pull rubber actuator energized by an outer coil of shape memory wire

2020 ◽  
pp. 146442072097441
Author(s):  
Eugenio Dragoni ◽  
Giovanni Scirè Mammano
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element ◽  
Optimal Design ◽  
Shape Memory ◽  
Analytical Model ◽  
Axial Elongation ◽  
Present Concept ◽  
The Wire ◽  
High Level ◽  
Heating Up ◽  
Rubber Block

The authors have formerly published the analytical model and finite element validation of a push-pull actuator made by winding a thin shape memory wire on a solid rubber cylinder. The cylinder provides elastic backup for the wire upon cooling down and transforms its circumferential contraction into a magnified axial elongation upon heating up. Building on that study, this paper accomplishes three tasks: (1) build prototype actuators and perform simple tests to validate the theory; (2) develop simple procedures for the optimal design of the actuator starting from high-level engineering specifications; (3) envision how the present concept could be improved by replacing the rubber block with a compliant lattice-like or shell-like scaffold with designed properties to further enhance the axial stroke.

scholarly journals A Wearable and Deformable Graphene-Based Affinity Nanosensor for Monitoring of Cytokines in Biofluids

Nanomaterials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 1503 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ziran Wang ◽  
Zhuang Hao ◽  
Shifeng Yu ◽  
Cong Huang ◽  
Yunlu Pan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Body ◽  
Large Deformations ◽  
Time Resolved ◽  
Cytokine Detection ◽  
Planar Surfaces ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Mechanical Durability ◽  
Ifn Γ ◽  
High Level ◽  
Modified Graphene

A wearable and deformable graphene-based field-effect transistor biosensor is presented that uses aptamer-modified graphene as the conducting channel, which is capable of the sensitive, consistent and time-resolved detection of cytokines in human biofluids. Based on an ultrathin substrate, the biosensor offers a high level of mechanical durability and consistent sensing responses, while conforming to non-planar surfaces such as the human body and withstanding large deformations (e.g., bending and stretching). Moreover, a nonionic surfactant is employed to minimize the nonspecific adsorption of the biosensor, hence enabling cytokine detection (TNF-α and IFN-γ, significant inflammatory cytokines, are used as representatives) in artificial tears (used as a biofluid representative). The experimental results demonstrate that the biosensor very consistently and sensitively detects TNF-α and IFN-γ, with limits of detection down to 2.75 and 2.89 pM, respectively. The biosensor, which undergoes large deformations, can thus potentially provide a consistent and sensitive detection of cytokines in the human body.

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