The Talkies Triumphant: Scottish Cinema and the Coming of Sound

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Trevor Griffiths
Keyword(s):  
Small Town ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Early Period ◽  
Trade Press ◽  
Silent Era

A concluding chapter by Trevor Griffiths considers the end of the ‘early period’ and the effects on cinema production and cinema-going of the arrival of sound. The emergence of sound cinema raised fundamental questions about how film was presented to audiences, exposing to view many practices in the silent era, which more often than not pass without comment. The factors, both supply- and demand-driven, promoting the adoption of sound by Scottish exhibitors are considered through analysis of the trade press and associated business records and the chapter examines the pace and extent of the diffusion of sound exhibition from the end of the 1920s, tracing its spread across both metropolitan and small-town Scotland, consolidating the emphasis of preceding chapters.

The reception of dubbing in France 1931–3: The case of Paramount

2019 ◽  
pp. 221-238
Author(s):  
Martin Barnier
Keyword(s):  
Popular Press ◽  
Popular Film ◽  
Original Language ◽  
English Speaking ◽  
Trade Press ◽  
Silent Era

The international film trade changed dramatically with the generalisation of sound films. It became more difficult for Hollywood to export English-speaking films than during the silent era. One solution was multiple-language films, which helped French stars to become even more popular in France. The Hollywood studios quickly opted for dubbing as the best solution. The first two Paramount films dubbed into French were Derelict (as Désemparé) and Morocco (as Cœurs brûlés) in 1931. How were these dubbed versions received by critics and the trade press in France? Popular film magazines did not object to dubbed versions so much, while cinephile magazines considered they were rushed jobs. This chapter studies the evolution of the reception of dubbed films in France in 1931–3, using evidence from the trade and popular press. It traces the beginning of the opposition between original-language versions for upmarket movie theatres, and dubbed versions aimed at popular neighbourhoods.

scholarly journals WATER GOVERNANCE IN RAPIDLY URBANISING SMALL TOWN: A CASE OF DHULIKHEL IN NEPAL

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kamal Devkota ◽  
Kaustuv Raj Neupane
Keyword(s):  
Small Town ◽  
Water Governance ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Water Security ◽  
Small Towns ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Governance Practices ◽  
Decision Making Processes

Small towns in the mid-hills of Nepal rely on springs, streams and rivers in surrounding catchments for drinking water. The rapidly growing population in these towns has put increasing stresses on limited water resources. The inverse relationship between supply and demand of water has created challenges to the water security in these towns. In the absence of elected local government, decision making processes, including the management and governance of water at local level were directly affected. There were some unanswered questions – who are the leaders? who sets agendas? How do they formulate and implement strategies and make decisions? This paper aims to analyse the context of water governance in rapidly urbanising small town in Nepal, focusing on actors and institutions. Primary data were collected through semi-structured interviews, focused group discussions and key informant surveys from Dhulikhel municipality and its upstream communities. This paper argues that the local level water governance practices in rapidly urbanising small towns in Nepal are still evolving. During the political transition and vacuumed local jurisdictions, the real decisions to manage and govern water were made in an informal way. The formal course of making decisions by authorised actors and institutions has been curtailed significantly.

Making a Living at the Cinema: Scottish Cinema Staff in the Silent Era

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Trevor Griffiths
Keyword(s):  
Trade Union ◽  
First World War ◽  
World War ◽  
The People ◽  
The First World War ◽  
Employment Experience ◽  
The Impact ◽  
First World ◽  
Trade Press ◽  
Silent Era

In this chapter, Trevor Griffiths focuses on the people who ran and staffed cinemas and who shaped the experience of going to the cinema. These were not simply the entrepreneurs who owned the cinema or the distribution companies but also the more publicly visible employees of the cinema such as the manager, the ushers and usherettes, the musicians and the projectionists who were central to the experience of going to a show. The chapter charts, through reference to the trade press and trade union records, developments in the employment experience of cinema staffs, and in particular traces the impact of growing levels of unionization and labour militancy from the First World War onwards.

scholarly journals The Chronology of the Subotiv Settlement

Radiocarbon ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 667-673 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victor I. Klochko ◽  
Nikolai N. Kovaliukh ◽  
Vadim V. Skripkin ◽  
Ingo Motzenbecker
Keyword(s):  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Small Town ◽  
Early Period ◽  
Western Kazakhstan ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Western Eurasia ◽  
The Military ◽  
The Village ◽  
Culture Site

Samples collected at the Chornoliska culture site near the village of Subotiv, Cherkasy region during the 1994–1995 Ukrainian-German expedition were radiocarbon dated in Kiev. The foundation of the Subotiv settlement dates to 1300–1200 cal BC. A skeleton found in one of the buildings at this site is dated at the end of the early period (between 1120 and 1040 cal BC). In the youngest part (a small town) of the Subotiv settlement, we found the remains of a “building sacrifice"—the skeleton of a teenager. The average calibrated date for this skeleton is 834–807 cal BC, whereas the timber from the rampart dates between 902–810 cal BC. Thus, the rampart was apparently built between 834–807 cal BC. Among the objects found on the site were Arzhan-type bone arrowheads. Such arrowheads, when found in Eastern Europe, are believed to indicate the military expansion of Proto-Scythian nomads. The Sargary settlement in western Kazakhstan dates to 960–820 cal BC, the Arzhan arrow in Siberia to 960–850 cal BC. We assume that the Chornogorivka complexes in eastern Eurasia date to the earlier time period (960–820) than those in western Eurasia (834–807). The time of the Chornogorivka expansion on the territory of Ukraine is therefore within the range 834 to 820 BC.

Neuron-glia relationship during the early postembryonic development of the nervous system in some oligochaetes

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 600-601
Author(s):  
Wiktor Djaczenko ◽  
Carmen Calenda Cimmino
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Glial Cells ◽  
Early Period ◽  
Postembryonic Development ◽  
Ruthenium Red ◽  
The Body ◽  
Tubifex Tubifex ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Cell Processes ◽  
Cytoplasmic Processes

The simplicity of the developing nervous system of oligochaetes makes of it an excellent model for the study of the relationships between glia and neurons. In the present communication we describe the relationships between glia and neurons in the early periods of post-embryonic development in some species of oligochaetes.Tubifex tubifex (Mull. ) and Octolasium complanatum (Dugès) specimens starting from 0. 3 mm of body length were collected from laboratory cultures divided into three groups each group fixed separately by one of the following methods: (a) 4% glutaraldehyde and 1% acrolein fixation followed by osmium tetroxide, (b) TAPO technique, (c) ruthenium red method.Our observations concern the early period of the postembryonic development of the nervous system in oligochaetes. During this period neurons occupy fixed positions in the body the only observable change being the increase in volume of their perikaryons. Perikaryons of glial cells were located at some distance from neurons. Long cytoplasmic processes of glial cells tended to approach the neurons. The superimposed contours of glial cell processes designed from electron micrographs, taken at the same magnification, typical for five successive growth stages of the nervous system of Octolasium complanatum are shown in Fig. 1. Neuron is designed symbolically to facilitate the understanding of the kinetics of the growth process.

Image quality vs data obtainment in biological electron microscopy

1986 ◽  
Vol 44 ◽  
pp. 42-43
Author(s):  
J. E. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Electron Beam ◽  
Image Quality ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Early Period ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Fluorescent Screen ◽  
Embedding Medium

In the early years of biological electron microscopy, scientists had their hands full attempting to describe the cellular microcosm that was suddenly before them on the fluorescent screen. Mitochondria, Golgi, endoplasmic reticulum, and other myriad organelles were being examined, micrographed, and documented in the literature. A major problem of that early period was the development of methods to cut sections thin enough to study under the electron beam. A microtome designed in 1943 moved the specimen toward a rotary “Cyclone” knife revolving at 12,500 RPM, or 1000 times as fast as an ordinary microtome. It was claimed that no embedding medium was necessary or that soft embedding media could be used. Collecting the sections thus cut sounded a little precarious: “The 0.1 micron sections cut with the high speed knife fly out at a tangent and are dispersed in the air. They may be collected... on... screens held near the knife“.

Small Town, Big Fire

2007 ◽  
Vol 32 (12) ◽  
pp. 90-96
Author(s):  
Eric Dickinson
Keyword(s):  
Small Town
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