Bhutan

2019 ◽  
pp. 180-183
Author(s):  
Tandin Wangyal
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
First Century ◽  
Pentecostal Movement ◽  
Linguistic Barriers ◽  
Early Twenty ◽  
The New Testament ◽  
Leprosy Patients ◽  
Late Twentieth ◽  
National Life ◽  
The 1960S

Bhutan is the only surviving monarchy in the Himalayas, having resisted any foreign colonial power. It is a predominantly Buddhist nation; Buddhism permeates all facets of their lives. Bhutan’s first exposure to Christianity came in 1627, with the visit of two Portuguese Jesuits, who were stymied by linguistic barriers. However, in the second half of the twentieth century Bhutan slowly opened up to medical missions that treated leprosy patients. From the 1960s Christians from Darjeeling and Kalimpong in India came to the country to work, and through their influence some Bhutanese came to faith in Christ. Late twentieth century/early twenty-first century conversions via ‘power encounters’ has led to a Pentecostal movement in Bhutan. In 2004 the Bhutan Council of Churches’ Fellowship (BCCF) was formed, in response to a need for local institutionalized unity. Translation work in the Tsanglha language began in 1989 and the New Testament was completed in 2009. A significant challenge lying ahead is the contextualisation of theology in Bhutan in relation to Buddhist culture. Work in this area can help to demonstrate that Christian Bhutanese are loyal citizens, with a valuable contribution to make to national life.

The Revival of Quantification: Reflections on Old New Histories

2021 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-25
Author(s):  
Steven Ruggles
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Social History ◽  
Economic History ◽  
Historical Analysis ◽  
The United States ◽  
First Century ◽  
Third Wave ◽  
Late Twentieth ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Second Wave

AbstractQuantitative historical analysis in the United States surged in three distinct waves. The first quantitative wave occurred as part of the “New History” that blossomed in the early twentieth century and disappeared in the 1940s and 1950s with the rise of consensus history. The second wave thrived from the 1960s to the 1980s during the ascendance of the New Economic History, the New Political History, and the New Social History, and died out during the “cultural turn” of the late twentieth century. The third wave of historical quantification—which I call the revival of quantification—emerged in the second decade of the twenty-first century and is still underway. I describe characteristics of each wave and discuss the historiographical context of the ebb and flow of quantification in history.

scholarly journals Listening to Advisors: A Conversation About Readers’ Advisory Services, Practice, and Practicing

2019 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 2
Author(s):  
Neal Wyatt
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Public Library ◽  
First Century ◽  
The Public ◽  
Early Twenty ◽  
Late Twentieth ◽  
Book Group ◽  
Reference Tools ◽  
Second Wave ◽  
Late Twentieth Century

As RA service has moved from its second-wave renaissance during the late twentieth century/early twenty-first century (with a steady stream of reference tools, conference programming, and think pieces) into an often underpromoted but bedrock mainstay of the public library, what do advisors continue to discuss among themselves and see as areas of need? If you could gather a handful of advisors together, over a cup of coffee one rainy morning before book group began, what would they talk about? What would they ask each other? What do they know to be foundational about the service? As important, what might they suggest we all re-think? This column invites you to eavesdrop on such a conversation. It was conducted over email between six advisors: two at the start of their careers, two helping to define the field, and two who have lead the way for librarians, for a combined eight decades. These advisors share research, hard-won and lived-in lessons, showcase the luminous nature of RA work as well as its difficulties, propose a change for RA education, and, of course, each suggests a book to read.

scholarly journals A comparison of bioclimatic potential in two global regions during the late twentieth century and early twenty-first century

2017 ◽  
Vol 62 (4) ◽  
pp. 609-620 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria G. Lebedeva ◽  
Anthony R. Lupo ◽  
Chasity B. Henson ◽  
Alexandr B. Solovyov ◽  
Yury G. Chendev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
First Century ◽  
Early Twenty ◽  
Late Twentieth ◽  
Twenty First Century ◽  
Late Twentieth Century

scholarly journals Daniel Call’s Schocker: German Knittelvers in the late twentieth century

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 7-30
Author(s):  
David Chisholm
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
First Century ◽  
Early Twenty ◽  
Late Twentieth ◽  
Verse Form ◽  
Verse Forms ◽  
Late Twentieth Century

The word “Knittelvers” has been used since the eighteenth century to describe four-stress rhyming couplets which seem to be rather simply and awkwardly constructed, and whose content is frequently comical, course, vulgar or obscene. Today German Knittelvers is perhaps best known from the works of Goethe and Schiller, as well as other late eighteenth and early nineteenth century writers.Well-known examples occur together with other verse forms in Goethe’s Faust and Schiller’s Wallensteins Lager, as well as in ballads and occasional poems by both poets. While literary critics have shown considerable interest in Knittelvers written from the fifteenth to the eighteenth century, there has been almost no discussion of the further use and development of this verse form from the nineteenth century to the present, despite the fact that it continues to appear in both humorous and serious works by many contemporary German writers. This article focuses on an example of dramatic Knittelvers in a late twentieth century play, namely Daniel Call’s comedy Schocker, a modern parody of Goethe’s Faust. Among other things, Call’s play, as well as other examples of Knittelvers in works by twentieth and early twenty-first century poets, demonstrates that while this verse form has undergone some changes and variations, it still retains metrical characteristics which have remained constant since the fifteenth century. Today these four-stress couplets continue to function as a means of depicting comic, mock-heroic and tragicomic situations by means of parody, farce and burlesque satire.

scholarly journals Weakened Eastern Pacific El Niño Predictability in the Early Twenty-First Century

2016 ◽  
Vol 29 (18) ◽  
pp. 6805-6822 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mei Zhao ◽  
Harry H. Hendon ◽  
Oscar Alves ◽  
Guoqiang Liu ◽  
Guomin Wang
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
El Niño ◽  
El Nino ◽  
First Century ◽  
Eastern Pacific ◽  
Eastern Pacific El Niño ◽  
Early Twenty ◽  
Late Twentieth ◽  
Background Climate ◽  
Late Twentieth Century

Abstract Predictive skill for El Niño in the equatorial eastern Pacific across a range of forecast models declined sharply in the early twenty-first century relative to what was achieved in the late twentieth century despite ongoing improvements of forecast systems. This decline coincided with a shift in Pacific climate to an enhanced east–west surface temperature gradient across the Pacific and a stronger Walker circulation at the end of the twentieth century. Using seasonal forecast sensitivity experiments with the Australian Bureau of Meteorology coupled model POAMA2.4, the authors show that this shift in background climate acted to weaken key ocean–atmosphere feedbacks that amplify eastern Pacific El Niño, thus resulting in weaker variability that is less predictable. These results indicate that extreme El Niños, such as those that occurred in 1982/83 and 1997/98, were conditioned by the background climate and so were favored to occur in the late twentieth century. However, anticipating future changes in El Niño variability and predictability is an outstanding challenge because causes and prediction of low-frequency variations of Pacific climate have not yet been demonstrated.

scholarly journals The Three Kings Celebration in Vilnius: Its Origin and Evolution in the Twentieth and the Early Twenty-first Centuries

Lituanistica ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonas Mardosa
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Religious Culture ◽  
Ethnic Composition ◽  
First Century ◽  
Soviet Period ◽  
Origin And Evolution ◽  
Christmas Trees ◽  
Early Twenty ◽  
The New Testament ◽  
The City

The article sets out to analyse the feast of Epiphany (Three Kings’ Day) held on 6 January in Vilnius in the twentieth century and the early twenty-first century. In many parts of the world, the first holiday after the celebration of the New Year is Epiphany celebrated on 6 January. The Catholics call this celebration the Feast of the Three Kings, and it goes back to the roots of the New Testament texts. The solemn commemoration of the celebration of Epiphany in Lithuania came from medieval European cities. The mummers of the first decades of the twentieth century were present in the context of Polish religious culture in Vilnius. Due to the ethnic composition of the urban population, Lithuanian groups were rare. According to Maria Znamierowska-Prüfferowa, groups of young people dressed as Kings moved from the suburbs of Vilnius to the centre on the eve of the Feast of the Three Kings. During the Soviet period of 1940 to 1990, church activities outside the territories of churches were banned. The reborn processions of the Three Kings in the city represent a new turn in the development of this feast in post-Soviet times. After the collapse of the Soviet system, the procession of the Three Kings was organised by the actors of the Old Town Theatre in Vilnius, whose activities were linked to the Old Town. The renewed Three Kings’ Day concentrates on an afternoon walk of the Kings in the central street of the former historic Old Town from the Gates of Dawn to Vilnius Cathedral. In the procession, the Three Kings are accompanied by an angel carrying the star at the front of the procession, other angels, and mummers of livestock walking along. Thus, the procession itself preserves the Biblical image of the characters and the content of the rites. At the end of twentieth century, transformations of the Christmas season customs took place so the sense of undressing Christmas trees and the symbolic farewell to them became part of the Feast of the Three Kings as the end of the Christmas season. Thus, city processions as a symbol of the end of the Christmas season in modern-day Vilnius life were revived during post-Soviet times.

scholarly journals Sounds Real and Imagined:

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-110
Author(s):  
Denise Ruth Von Glahn
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Natural World ◽  
First Century ◽  
Aesthetic Responses ◽  
Early Twenty ◽  
Libby Larsen ◽  
Late Twentieth ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Late Twentieth Century

In a career spanning more than four decades, American composer Libby Larsen has turned to the natural world for inspiration on dozens of occasions: her piece Up Where the Air Gets Thin is just one of the results. Unlike many of her nature-based works which provide primarily aesthetic responses to the sights, sounds, feel, and smells of the natural environment, this 1985 duet for contrabass and cello comments on the limits of non-verbal communication and the impact of climate change. It is simultaneously reflective and didactic. “Sounds Real and Imagined” considers the ways Larsen marshals minimal musical materials and a sonic vocabulary that she associates with stillness and cold, in combination with her commitment to environmental awareness and advocacy. It situates the historic 1953 ascent of Mt. Everest by Sir Edmund Hillary and Tensing Norgay within the context of late-twentieth-century artistic responses and an early twenty-first century musicologist-listener’s consciousness.

Science, Play, and the Material Culture of Twentieth-Century American Boyhood

2020 ◽  
pp. 235-252
Author(s):  
Rebecca Onion
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Material Culture ◽  
Home Environment ◽  
The United States ◽  
First Century ◽  
Parental Supervision ◽  
Acceptable Risk ◽  
Early Twenty ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
The 1960S

This chapter uses the example of the child’s chemistry set to explore the way that American children’s material culture has shaped, and been shaped by, changing perceptions of acceptable risk in the home environment in the twentieth century. Chemistry sets, first sold in the United States in the 1910s, changed over the twentieth century, as companies worried about lawsuits have excluded potentially dangerous elements and presumed less initiative on the part of the child chemist, while calling for enhanced parental supervision. These alterations were first welcomed by parents in the 1960s and 1970s; now, for some, the defanged chemistry set embodies the undesirable unexpected consequences of the quest for new levels of safety in children’s material environments. This chapter follows the potent symbol of the chemistry set through the century to ask how the American movement to keep children safe in the home came about and to identify key cultural explanations for the early-twenty-first-century backlash against these efforts.

scholarly journals Gedagtes oor die begin van die kerk - 'n geskiedenis van versoenende verskeidenheid

1987 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
A. G. Van Aarde
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
New Testament ◽  
First Century ◽  
Jesus Movement ◽  
Church Unity ◽  
The New Testament ◽  
History Of ◽  
Late Twentieth ◽  
Late Twentieth Century ◽  
The Church

Thoughts on the beginnings of the church as a history of reconciliating diversity Against the backdrop of the beginnings of the church, the article makes a plea for modem believers to take the humanity of the church more seriously in their forming of ecclesiastical structures. The development of the concept 'church unity' in the New Testament was part of the attempt to establish firstly continuation in the Jesus-movement and secondly mutual fellowship among the conflicting Jewish and Hellenistic Christians during the very beginnings of the church in the first century. Thoughts on the beginnings of the church, therefore, should not be from the perspective of institutional unity but from reconciliating diversities. Modem ideas regarding the unity of the church originated from the late-twentieth century philosophy of holism and shouldn't be anachronistically seen as the concretisation of a Biblical idea.

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