scholarly journals ASYMMETRICAL THREATS AND THE IMPACT OF HYBRID WAR ON GLOBAL SECURITY AND ROLE OF NATO IN ENSURING PEACE

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alika Guchua
Keyword(s):  
Cyber Attacks ◽  
First Century ◽  
Global Security ◽  
Security Issues ◽  
Asymmetric Warfare ◽  
Asymmetric Conflicts ◽  
New Type ◽  
Hybrid War ◽  
The Impact

Abstract: The article deals with new type of asymmetric warfare and hybrid war. The potential threats in international politics and global security issues, Euro-Atlantic Alliance policy of fighting against terrorism. A serious challenge to modern security creates many problems around the world. The beginning of the twenty-first century was marked by proliferation of hybrid wars, held between flexible and sophisticated adversaries engaged in asymmetric conflicts using various forms. The hybrid war is caused by a hybrid threat, a blend of military and non-military assets and operations, terrorism, guerrilla tactics, criminality and cyber attacks. The use of hybrid type tactics can ensure the achievement of the main objectives of an international actor, with a minimum of effort, usually without using the force, and can deny to the target/victim the possibility to take any defensive actions. The complexity, diversity, the nature and dynamics of contemporary conflicts represent challenges that should be widely studied. The war, be it ancient or modern, hybrid or not, is always complex and cannot be described by a single adjective. The work focuses on the role of NATO in ensuring peace worldwide in the context of new asymmetric threats. The aim of the research topic: analyzing global challenges, which pose a serious threat to international security.

Transnationality in the XXI century. Concept and indicators

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Grazia Ietto-Gillies
Keyword(s):  
Structural Changes ◽  
Transnational Corporation ◽  
First Century ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Low Degree ◽  
Fixed Assets ◽  
Inclusive Concept ◽  
The Impact

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to analyse the impact of major structural changes on the conceptualization of the transnational corporation (TNC) based on foreign direct investment (FDI) and on indicators of transnationality. Design/methodology/approach Analysis of three major structural changes which impact the current conception of transnationality. They are: the rise of digital companies; the increased role of finance in the economy; externalization of activities via non-equity modalities (NEMs) with an impact on FDI and on the labour market. Findings The paper finds that the current concept of transnationality needs widening to take account of companies with a low degree of fixed assets abroad such as the digital and the financial companies and those internationalizing via NEMs, as well as to take account of the evolving relationship between TNCs and labour. Research limitations/implications Future research along the lines proposed should consider: working explicitly with the new, inclusive concept of transnationality and arrive at an empirical estimate of the proposed indices of transnationality which modify and amplify the current United Nations Conference on Trade and Development indices. Social implications Useful for understanding the nature of transnationality in the twenty-first century and for developing policies. Originality/value The paper proposes a new concept of transnationality and of the TNC, one that allows for new ways of organizing direct business activities abroad. It also proposes broadening the list of indicators of transnationality.

scholarly journals Pakistan-French Relations in the 21st Century

2020 ◽  
pp. 137-142
Author(s):  
Ruslan Prohorov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Public Diplomacy ◽  
The United States ◽  
First Century ◽  
Public Organization ◽  
Economic Potential ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Security Issues ◽  
Traditional Area ◽  
Political Economic

The article discusses the political, economic and cultural cooperation of Pakistan with France in the twenty-first century. Attention is drawn to a peculiar bias towards France in the frequency of political and diplomatic visits by representatives of Pakistan. Due to the fact that France is a traditional donor of the Pakistani economy, attention is drawn to the desire of the parties to increase the role of public diplomacy in the development of trade and economic relations. Meanwhile, France is Pakistan’s long-standing export partner, one of the top ten countries in which Pakistan exports its goods. The importance of developing such areas of cooperation as energy and transport is emphasized. Military-technical cooperation is singled out as a traditional area of cooperation between Pakistan and France. The role of France in the creation and development of the naval forces of Pakistan is indicated. The complicated relations between countries on the issue of nuclear cooperation are shown. The article also discusses security issues, namely, current bilateral documents, joint efforts to combat terrorism, and there gime of non-proliferation of nuclear weapons are presented. Interaction in the field of culture is presented on the example of the work of the three centers of the French public organization Alliance de Frances. Separately, attention is drawn to the interaction of state structures of the two countries regarding the return of relics illegally exported from Pakistan. In conclusion, it is concluded that Pakistan’s orientation towards France is quite justified, since this European state has always been friendly to it, is powerful in its economic potential and resources, and the development of relations with this country does not conflict with the orientation towards the United States.

Data Security for Connected Governments and Organisations

2021 ◽  
pp. 229-251
Author(s):  
Heru Susanto ◽  
Leu Fang Yie ◽  
Didi Rosiyadi ◽  
Akbari Indra Basuki ◽  
Desi Setiana
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Early Warning ◽  
Data Security ◽  
Data Privacy ◽  
Government Agencies ◽  
Security Measures ◽  
Security Issues ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Distributed Technologies

Digital ecosystems have grown rapidly over the years, and governments are investing in digital provision for their processes and services. Despite the advantages of distributed technologies, there are many security issues as well that result in breaches of data privacy with serious impact including legal and reputational implications. To deal with such threats, government agencies need to thoughtfully improve their security defences to protect data and systems by using automation and artificial intelligence (AI), as well as easing the data security measures including early warning of threats and detection. This study provides a comprehensive view of AI and automaton to highlight challenges and issues concerning data security and suggests steps to combat the issues. The authors demonstrate the role of AI-driven security tools and automation to mitigate the impact of data breaches to also propose recommendations for government agencies to enhance their data security protection.

scholarly journals The Purnawirawan and Party Development in Post-Authoritarian Indonesia, 1998–2014

2017 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 3-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Faishal Aminuddin
Keyword(s):  
Political Party ◽  
Military Officers ◽  
Critical Research ◽  
Military Reform ◽  
Party Development ◽  
New Type ◽  
Research Gap ◽  
Military Relations ◽  
The Impact

This study examines the role played by purnawirawan (retired military officers) in political party development in post-authoritarian Indonesia from 1998 to 2014. The role of purnawirawan remains a critical research gap in the literature on democratisation in post-authoritarian Indonesia, particularly in studies which focus on civilian–military relations. The article finds that purnawirawan have had a significant impact on the creation of a new type of party – one which combines military-centred leadership and civilian-controlled management. This new arrangement has enabled these former military officers to protect their interests. This study contributes to the existing literature on the impact of military reform on the increasing numbers of purnawirawan turning to civilian politics in order to maintain influence via electoral political contestation in the context of democratic transition.

THE STRATEGY OF WAGING HYBRID WARFARE IN THE 21ST CENTURY

2020 ◽  
Vol XIV ◽  
pp. 0-1
Author(s):  
Adrian Mitręga
Keyword(s):  
21St Century ◽  
Global Community ◽  
Hybrid Warfare ◽  
Security Issues ◽  
Hybrid Threats ◽  
Hybrid War

Over the last decade, the concept of hybrid warfare has aroused great in-terest among the global community dealing with security issues, both military, and non-military. The specificity of hybrid warfare is that the fight is not for territories, but for the minds, and attitudes of citizens of other countries, and the means of combat are very sophisticated. Any hybrid war is based on a strategy that involves achievement victory by setting goals, overall plan and systematic impact on ene-my's vulnerabilities using a hybrid threat complex. In connection with the above, the aim of the article is to present the role of the strategy in waging hybrid war-fare, as well as in developing mechanisms to counteract hybrid threats.

scholarly journals The Effect of Countermeasure Readability on Security Intentions

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 675-704
Author(s):  
Tim Smit ◽  
Max van Haastrecht ◽  
Marco Spruit
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Protection Motivation Theory ◽  
Cyber Attacks ◽  
Protection Motivation ◽  
Motivation Theory ◽  
Human Failure ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Countermeasures Research

Human failure is a primary contributor to successful cyber attacks. For any cybersecurity initiative, it is therefore vital to motivate individuals to implement secure behavior. Research using protection motivation theory (PMT) has given insights into what motivates people to safeguard themselves in cyberspace. Recent PMT results have highlighted the central role of the coping appraisal in the cybersecurity context. In cybersecurity, we cope with threats using countermeasures. Research has shown that countermeasure awareness is a significant antecedent to all coping appraisal elements. Yet, although awareness plays a key role within the PMT framework, it is generally challenging to influence. A factor that is easy to influence is countermeasure readability. Earlier work has shown the impact of readability on understanding and that readability metrics make measuring and improving readability simple. Therefore, our research aims to clarify the relationship between countermeasure readability and security intentions. We propose an extended theoretical framework and investigate its implications using a survey. In line with related studies, results indicate that people are more likely to have favorable security intentions if they are aware of countermeasures and are confident in their ability to implement them. Crucially, the data show that countermeasure readability influences security intentions. Our results imply that cybersecurity professionals can utilize readability metrics to assess and improve the readability of countermeasure texts, providing an actionable avenue towards influencing security intentions.

scholarly journals CYBER TERRORISM AS A WEAPON IN A HYBRID WAR

2020 ◽  
pp. 46-52
Author(s):  
V.A. Mazurov ◽  
M.A. Starodubtseva
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Space ◽  
Information Space ◽  
High Tech ◽  
Cyber Terrorism ◽  
New Type ◽  
Hybrid War ◽  
The Impact

The article discusses a new kind of terrorism operating in the virtual space. The thesis is advanced thattoday high-tech crime can be considered as a new type of weapon. The authors analyze the possibilitiesand directions of the impact of cyber terrorism on the most important infrastructure objects and thepsychophysiological state of citizens. It is concluded that under modern conditions cyber terrorism is actuallybecoming the global weapon of the so-called hybrid war in the information space.

scholarly journals Trends in the use of high technology solutions for cybersecurity of critical infrastructure

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 37-44
Author(s):  
Yoana Ivanova
Keyword(s):  
Simulation Study ◽  
Critical Infrastructure ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
High Technology ◽  
Simulation Modelling ◽  
Cyber Attacks ◽  
High Tech ◽  
Dos Attack ◽  
The Impact

The aim of the paper is to present innovative technologies that contribute to strengthening cybersecurity of critical infrastructure. It focuses on trends in the use of high-tech solutions for cybersecurity of critical infrastructure. They are analyzed the capabilities of the next-generation cybersecurity model, as well as the role of the simulation modelling and expert systems in the process of identifying and preventing cyber attacks. The main result of the study is the description of the overall sequence of steps to be completed in a model in order to a simulation study of the impact of a DoS – attack to it. The applied conributions are expressed in developing the algorithms in the form of block diagrams because of the comparative clarity and accessibility of this approach. Therefore, they are suitable for implementation in professional simulation environments. Тhe types of algorithms and their properties, as well as the symbolism of the geometric blocks used are explained in detail and supported by examples of author's empirical studies conducted in the selected simulation products

On the role of transnational corporations in modern integration and globalization processes

2019 ◽  
pp. 97-106
Author(s):  
P.Yu. Baryshnikov
Keyword(s):  
World Economy ◽  
Transnational Corporations ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Host Countries ◽  
The World ◽  
New Type ◽  
The One ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

The subject of the author's research is the development of transnational corporations (TNCs) as an organic component of modern international economic integration and globalization processes. The concept and features of TNCs are characterized. A brief historical overview of the formation and development of corporate transnationalism is proposed. Statistics on the largest TNCs are presented and analyzed. On the one hand, positive aspects of the impact of TNCs on the development of the world economy and its national components were identified, and on the other hand, the negative consequences of the expansion of these corporations for both host countries and home countries of TNCs. The relationship between TNCs and sovereign States is considered in many aspects. Thus, based on the analysis of the instruments of influence of the companies under consideration on the normative activities of the States, a shift from the interstate to the corporate legal field was recorded. One of the subjects of the article is mega regional trade agreements of a new type as a factor of increasing the contradictory impact of TNCs on the development of the world economy and its national components.

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