Reliability Engineering Techniques Applied to the Human Failure Analysis Process

Human reliability and human error are factors that are present in all areas: industrial, economic, social, etc. All these areas require to a greater or lesser extent a physical and mental effort to satisfy their own needs, those of others, or established requirements that, depending on the circumstances and the nature of the person, can lead to errors. Certainly, it is not possible to find a single human reliability method that can meet all the expectations and technical demands related to the analysis of human errors. However, it is important to note that the orientation of all human reliability methods is focused on the study and analysis of the risk factor (frequency by consequences). In other words, as can be observed throughout this chapter, all human reliability methodologies seek to help us reduce the uncertainty in the process of evaluating the frequencies of unforeseen events (human errors) and the consequences that such human errors can bring to safety, the environment, and the operations within the framework of an industrial production process.

Examining Relationship Between Safety Culture Maturity and Safety Performance in Oil and Gas Company

Studies show that 80-90% of losses are caused by human failure, both as individuals and organizations. Yet, only 3.4% of organizations have mature processes in place to actively identify, evaluate, and manage their risks. Safety culture, which has been introduced for more than two decades, has been considered as an effective approach to improve safety performance. Having a positive safety culture is now seen as a prerequisite for, and the basis for, good safety performance. Thus, good safety culture is considered a predictor of good safety performance. However, there are only a limited number of studies that examine the relationship between safety culture and safety performance. This study used a safety culture maturity framework and the level of injury as the variables measured at five sites of PT. X. Data for both variables were secondary data obtained directly from PT.X. The five sites were found to have a statistically significant difference between their injury rates but no statistically significant difference was observed between their safety culture maturity scores. The figure for the safety culture maturity in each site can be considered similar, considering that they have implemented a safety management system for more than two decades. At PT. X, the safety culture maturity alone cannot be considered to have a direct correlation with safety performance. There may be several other factors that contribute to safety performance. However, in sites with a high injury rate, a lower SCM score was identified in twelve elements of safety culture maturity when compared to the sites with low injury rates.

The Effect of Countermeasure Readability on Security Intentions

Human failure is a primary contributor to successful cyber attacks. For any cybersecurity initiative, it is therefore vital to motivate individuals to implement secure behavior. Research using protection motivation theory (PMT) has given insights into what motivates people to safeguard themselves in cyberspace. Recent PMT results have highlighted the central role of the coping appraisal in the cybersecurity context. In cybersecurity, we cope with threats using countermeasures. Research has shown that countermeasure awareness is a significant antecedent to all coping appraisal elements. Yet, although awareness plays a key role within the PMT framework, it is generally challenging to influence. A factor that is easy to influence is countermeasure readability. Earlier work has shown the impact of readability on understanding and that readability metrics make measuring and improving readability simple. Therefore, our research aims to clarify the relationship between countermeasure readability and security intentions. We propose an extended theoretical framework and investigate its implications using a survey. In line with related studies, results indicate that people are more likely to have favorable security intentions if they are aware of countermeasures and are confident in their ability to implement them. Crucially, the data show that countermeasure readability influences security intentions. Our results imply that cybersecurity professionals can utilize readability metrics to assess and improve the readability of countermeasure texts, providing an actionable avenue towards influencing security intentions.

Dancing in War. Perception of Theater in Wartime Sarajevo: Pippo Delbono, Giorgio Strehler and Peter Schumann

„When I went to Sarajevo, I met a boy“, Pippo Delbono tells us. They talked, and suddenly the boy told him, „I saw an entire city in anger. I’ve seen people become monsters“. And Delbono replied, „And I’ve seen people look at me like I’m a monster. And all the things that turn into monstrosity“. Traveling, for Delbono, is a life experience that turns into a theatrical one at the same time. In 1998, Delbono created a play called War. The story of the boy he meets during his trip to Sarajevo is an introduction to Delbono’s magical world of theater through which he expresses the need to present a life that is born from suffering, illness, war, but in which we still „dancing“. Danzare nella guerra, „dancing in the war“, for Delbono means to oppose the war to the beauty, joy, and poetics of the movement. In 1995, Strehler directed a play called Mother Courage of Sarajevo based on the text written by Bertolt Brecht. For Strehler, Mother Courage of Sarajevo is not just a play, it is a symbol, a political act that portrays war as a human failure. Strehler based his vision of theater on Brecht’s epic theater. One year before, in 1993, with his puppet troupe, The Bread and Puppet, Peter Schumann came to Sarajevo to provide his support. In the first place, we want to show how Delbono’s conception of theater and experience during his trip to Sarajevo intertwine with the primary goal of Sarajevo theater in those years, as „spiritual resistance“, „spiritual needs“, „call to heal wounded souls“, a „super theater“, as Izudin Bajrović calls him, in which theater and life were the same. Through Strehler’s theater, his relationship with Sarajevo, and the breaking of the „fourth wall“, we will talk about theater as research of those eternal human values, but also returning to humane theater. In the third place, through Schumann’s work, we will show how the external theatrical reality intertwines with the internal one as a feature of strong political engagement.

HUBUNGAN FAKTOR MANAJEMEN K3 DENGAN TINDAKAN TIDAK AMAN (UNSAFE ACTION) PADA PEKERJA PT PELABUHAN PENAJAM BANUA TAKA

Tenaga kerja merupakan salah satu komponen terpenting dalam pelaksanaan proyek dan merupakan aset yang menentukan bagi perusahaan. Oleh sebab dalam menjalankan bisnis usaha yang aman, maka penerapan K3 harus dilaksanakan secara konsisten sesuai dengan UU Keselamatan Kerja No.1 Tahun 1970 dan UU Ketenagakerjaan No. 13 Tahun 2003 yang menyatakan bahwa pengusaha wajib melindungi pekerja dan potensi bahaya yang dihadapinya. Kecelakaan industri adalah kejadian kecelakaan yang terjadi di tempat kerja, khususnya di lingkungan industri. Kecelakaan industri secara umum disebabkan oleh 2 (dua) hal pokok yaitu tindakan tidak aman (unsafe action) dan kondisi tidak aman (unsafe condition). Tindakan tidak aman (unsafe action) adalah kegagalan (human failure) dalam mengikuti persyaratan dan prosedur-prosedur kerja yang benar sehingga menyebabkan terjadinya kecelakaan kerja. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh komitmen dan kebijakan K3, perencanaan K3, pelaksanaan K3, serta pemeriksaan dan tindakan perbaikan K3 terhadap tindakan tidak aman pada pekerja PT. Pelabuhan Penajam Banua Taka. Data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah data primer yang diperoleh dengan menyebarkan kuesioner kepada karyawan PT. Pelabuhan Penajam Banua Taka berjumlah 50 karyawan. Teknik analisis data menggunakan teknik analisis regresi linier berganda. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan ada pengaruh secara serempak komitmen dan kebijakan K3, perencanaan K3, pelaksanaan K3, serta pemeriksaan dan tindakan perbaikan K3 terhadap tindakan tidak aman dengan nilai signifikansi masing-masing variabel sebesar sebesar 0,000 kurang dari taraf signifikansi a = 0,05. Selain itu hasil penelitian juga menunjukkan ada pengaruh secara parsial komitmen dan kebijakan K3, perencanaan K3, pelaksanaan K3, serta pemeriksaan dan tindakan perbaikan K3 terhadap tindakan tidak aman.

Defensive over Climate Change? Climate Shame as a Method of Moral Cultivation

The climate crisis is an enormous challenge for contemporary societies. Yet, public discussions on it often lead to anger, mocking, denial and other defensive behaviours, one prominent example of which is the reception met by the climate advocate Greta Thunberg. The paper approaches this curious phenomenon via shame. It argues that the very idea of anthropogenic climate change invites feelings of human failure and thereby may also entice shame. The notion of “climate shame” is introduced and distinguished from “climate guilt”. Whereas climate guilt prioritises the flourishing of the environment and is focused on actions and morality, climate shame is concerned with human identity and selfhood. The paper then explores whether shame is a morally destructive or constructive emotion. Making use of both psychological and philosophical literature on shame, it argues that although shame faces many challenges that question its usefulness in moral pedagogy, these challenges can be met with “moral maturity”—moreover, following a utilitarian approach, the overall benefits of climate shame can justify its costs to individuals. My argument is that climate shame holds the potential of being a highly effective moral psychological method of persuasion, capable of inviting wholesale critical reflection on current, environmentally damaging practices and cultivation of more virtuous ways of co-existing with the rest of the natural world and other species.

Integrating Safety-II into Safety Management

We all aim for safe processes. However, providing safety is a complex endeavour. What is it that makes a process safe? And what is the contribution of humans? It is very common to consider humans a risk factor prone to errors. Therefore, we implement sophisticated safety management systems (SMS) in order to prevent potential "human failure". These SMS provide an impressive increase of safety. In safety science this approach is labelled "Safety-I", and it starts to be questioned because humans do not show failures only. On the contrary, they often actively contribute to safety, sometimes even by deviating from a procedure. This "Safety-II" perspective considers humans to be a "safety factor" as well because of their ability to adjust behaviour to the given situation. However, adaptability requires scope of action and this is where Safety-I and Safety-II contradict each other. While the former restricts freedom of action, the latter requires room for manoeuvring. Thus, the task of integrating the Safety-II perspective into SMS, which are traditionally Safety-I based, is difficult. This challenge was the main objective of our project. We discovered two methods that contribute to the quality of SMS by integrating Safety-II into SMS without jeopardizing the Safety-I approach.

Interactions among Cognitive Factors Affecting Unsafe Behavior: Integrative Fuzzy DEMATEL ISM Approach

The prevention of industrial accidents is not completely practical by implementing safety programs unless focusing on protecting vulnerable workers. The unsafe behavior cognitive factors (UBCFs) are essential determinants contributing to human failure. This study aimed at eliciting the most important UBCFs, along with investigating hierarchical cause-effect interactions among them. A qualitative approach using metasynthesis was utilized to extract all essential UBCFs among industrial workplaces. Afterward, the relationships between UBCFs were recognized using the fuzzy decision-making trial and evaluation laboratory (DEMATEL) method and rated by an expert panel. Also, a hierarchical model was developed based on the final matrix of DEMATEL by employing the interpretive structural modeling (ISM) method. Ten criteria were extracted as UBCFs through the metasynthesis method. The threshold value was set as 0.175 in DEMATEL following experts’ ideas. Inadequacy of persons’ resilience and habitual rule ignorance were recognized as the most important predictive UBCFs. The developed model was tested through a case study in a petrochemical company. The results of the study can be used to help industrial managers and HSE practitioners to consider workers’ capabilities either cognitively or physically when designing the required tasks to reduce unsafe behaviors. Also, the findings of the study are applicable for other researchers to prioritize the most important factors affecting unsafe behavior in different workplaces.