scholarly journals Vasomotor Center? A Possible Role in the Treatment of Hypertension

2019 ◽  
pp. 37-42
Author(s):  
Tarun Saxena ◽  
Ashutosh Saxena ◽  
Azeema Ozefa Ali ◽  
Manjari Saxena
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Control Mechanisms ◽  
Text Book ◽  
Vasomotor Center ◽  
Ejection Force ◽  
Stress Relieving ◽  
Lifestyle Measures ◽  
And Shifts ◽  
High Level

The global burden of hypertension and associated co-morbidities (cardiac failure, renal failure), is constantly rising despite the availability of newer drugs. Therefore, this study was planned to review the role of VMC (Vasomotor Center) in hypertension along with adding stress-relieving methods in lifestyle measures to prevent an epidemic of hypertension. For this purpose textbook of physiology, and various reference studies were used. The text-book of physiology suggests the location of VMC (Lower pons and medulla) and its functioning related to blood pressure regulation. It receives a signal from baroreceptors and produces either a decrease or an increase in blood pressure. The VMC is influenced by the cerebral cortex and hypothalamus. The pathophysiology suggests that possibly chronic stress, mental overwork disturbs the cortical influences to hypothalamus and shifts VMC to a higher level and that results in high basal sympathetic discharge and increased LV ejection force along with shifting of baroreceptors and renal mechanism to a new higher level which brings the blood pressure or whole body vasculature to the same high level resulting in hypertension. The repetition of the same process shifts BP even higher. The centrally acting drugs, mental rest, sound sleep and stress relieving methods like yoga, Vipassana, etc. may help to reduce cortical impulses and to bring VMC back to normal. VMC will automatically correct various BP control mechanisms and bring back BP to normal. Thus continuous efforts are needed to remove precipitating factors of hypertension. The methods to relieve stress and exhaustion must be employed in lifestyle for hypertension besides JNC guidelines.

Time course of insulin resistance associated with feeding dogs a high-fat diet

1997 ◽  
Vol 272 (1) ◽  
pp. E147-E154 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. P. Rocchini ◽  
P. Marker ◽  
T. Cervenka
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Glucose Uptake ◽  
Dose Response ◽  
High Fat Diet ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Diet Group ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
High Fat

The current study evaluated both the time course of insulin resistance associated with feeding dogs a high-fat diet and the relationship between the development of insulin resistance and the increase in blood pressure that also occurs. Twelve adult mongrel dogs were chronically instrumented and randomly assigned to either a control diet group (n = 4) or a high-fat diet group (n = 8). Insulin resistance was assessed by a weekly, single-dose (2 mU.kg-1.min-1) euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp on all dogs. Feeding dogs a high-fat diet was associated with a 3.7 +/- 0.5 kg increase in body weight, a 20 +/- 4 mmHg increase in mean blood pressure, a reduction in insulin-mediated glucose uptake [(in mumol-kg-1.min-1) decreasing from 72 +/- 6 before to 49 +/- 7 at 1 wk, 29 +/- 3 at 3 wk, and 30 +/- 2 at 6 wk of the high-fat diet, P < 0.01]. and a reduced insulin-mediated increase in cardiac output. In eight dogs (4 high fat and 4 control), the dose-response relationship of insulin-induced glucose uptake also was studied. The whole body glucose uptake dose-response curve was shifted to the right, and the rate of maximal whole body glucose uptake was significantly decreased (P < 0.001). Finally, we observed a direct relationship between the high-fat diet-induced weekly increase in mean arterial pressure and the degree to which insulin resistance developed. In summary, the current study documents that feeding dogs a high-fat diet causes the rapid development of insulin resistance that is the result of both a reduced sensitivity and a reduced responsiveness to insulin.

scholarly journals Different blood pressure responses in hypertensive rats following chemerin mRNA inhibition in dietary high fat compared to dietary high-salt conditions

2019 ◽  
Vol 51 (11) ◽  
pp. 553-561 ◽  
Author(s):  
David J. Ferland ◽  
Emma D. Flood ◽  
Hannah Garver ◽  
Steve T. Yeh ◽  
Stanley Riney ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Antisense Oligonucleotides ◽  
Reduce Blood Pressure ◽  
High Salt ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Hypertensive Rats ◽  
Blood Pressure Responses ◽  
Antihypertensive Treatments

Chemerin is a contractile adipokine, produced in liver and fat, and removal of the protein by antisense oligonucleotides (ASO) lowers blood pressure in the normal Sprague Dawley rat. In humans, chemerin is positively associated with blood pressure and obesity so we hypothesized that in a model of hypertension derived from high-fat (HF) feeding, the chemerin ASO would reduce blood pressure more than a high-salt (HS) model. Male Dahl S rats were given a HF (60% kcal fat; age 3–24 wk) or HS diet (4% salt; age 20–24 wk to match age and blood pressure of HF animals). Scrambled control, whole body, or liver-specific ASOs that knock down chemerin were delivered subcutaneously once per week for 4 wk with tissue and blood collected 2 days after the last injection. Conscious blood pressure was measured 24 h/day by radiotelemetry. By the end of whole body ASO administration, blood pressure of HF animals had fallen 29 ± 2 mmHg below baseline, while blood pressure of HS-diet animals fell by only 12 ± 4 mmHg below baseline. Administration of a liver-specific ASO to HF Dahl S resulted in a 6 ± 2 mmHg fall in blood pressure below baseline. Successful knockdown of chemerin in both the whole body and liver-specific administration was confirmed by Western and PCR. These results suggest that chemerin, not derived from liver but potentially from adipose tissue, is an important driver of hypertension associated with high fat. This knowledge could lead to the development of antihypertensive treatments specifically targeted to obesity-associated hypertension.

scholarly journals Heat Stress and Cardiovascular, Hormonal, and Heat Shock Proteins in Humans

2012 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 184-190 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masaki Iguchi ◽  
Andrew E. Littmann ◽  
Shuo-Hsiu Chang ◽  
Lydia A. Wester ◽  
Jane S. Knipper ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Heat Stress ◽  
Heat Shock ◽  
Body Temperature ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Cord Injury ◽  
Whole Body Heat Stress ◽  
Body Heat

Context: Conditions such as osteoarthritis, obesity, and spinal cord injury limit the ability of patients to exercise, preventing them from experiencing many well-documented physiologic stressors. Recent evidence indicates that some of these stressors might derive from exercise-induced body temperature increases. Objective: To determine whether whole-body heat stress without exercise triggers cardiovascular, hormonal, and extra-cellular protein responses of exercise. Design: Randomized controlled trial. Setting: University research laboratory. Patients or Other Participants: Twenty-five young, healthy adults (13 men, 12 women; age = 22.1 ± 2.4 years, height = 175.2 ± 11.6 cm, mass = 69.4 ± 14.8 kg, body mass index = 22.6 ± 4.0) volunteered. Intervention(s): Participants sat in a heat stress chamber with heat (73°C) and without heat (26°C) stress for 30 minutes on separate days. We obtained blood samples from a subset of 13 participants (7 men, 6 women) before and after exposure to heat stress. Main Outcome Measure(s): Extracellular heat shock protein (HSP72) and catecholamine plasma concentration, heart rate, blood pressure, and heat perception. Results: After 30 minutes of heat stress, body temperature measured via rectal sensor increased by 0.8°C. Heart rate increased linearly to 131.4 ± 22.4 beats per minute (F6,24 = 186, P &lt; .001) and systolic and diastolic blood pressure decreased by 16 mm Hg (F6,24 = 10.1, P &lt; .001) and 5 mm Hg (F6,24 = 5.4, P &lt; .001), respectively. Norepinephrine (F1,12 = 12.1, P = .004) and prolactin (F1,12 = 30.2, P &lt; .001) increased in the plasma (58% and 285%, respectively) (P &lt; .05). The HSP72 (F1,12 = 44.7, P &lt; .001) level increased with heat stress by 48.7% ± 53.9%. No cardiovascular or blood variables showed changes during the control trials (quiet sitting in the heat chamber with no heat stress), resulting in differences between heat and control trials. Conclusions: We found that whole-body heat stress triggers some of the physiologic responses observed with exercise. Future studies are necessary to investigate whether carefully prescribed heat stress constitutes a method to augment or supplement exercise.

scholarly journals Allogeneic chimerism with low-dose irradiation, antigen presensitization, and costimulator blockade in H-2 mismatched mice

Blood ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 97 (2) ◽  
pp. 557-564 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter J. Quesenberry ◽  
Suju Zhong ◽  
Han Wang ◽  
Marc Stewart
Keyword(s):  
Low Dose ◽  
Great Majority ◽  
Cd40 Ligand ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Spleen Cells ◽  
Graft Versus Host ◽  
Dose Irradiation ◽  
Unique Model ◽  
High Level

Abstract We have previously shown that the keys to high-level nontoxic chimerism in syngeneic models are stem cell toxic, nonmyelotoxic host treatment as provided by 100-cGy whole-body irradiation and relatively high levels of marrow stem cells. This approach was unsuccessful in H-2 mismatched B6.SJL to BALB/c marrow transplants, but with tolerization, stable multilineage chimerism was obtained. Ten million B6.SJL spleen cells were infused intravenously into BALB/c hosts on day −10 and (MR-1) anti-CD40 ligand monoclonal antibody (mAb) injected intraperitoneally at varying levels on days −10, −7, −3, 0, and +3 and the BALB/c mice irradiated (100 cGy) and infused with 40 million B6.SJL/H-2 mismatched marrow cells on day 0. Stable multilineage chimerism at levels between 30% to 40% was achieved in the great majority of mice at 1.6 mg anti-CD40 ligand mAb per injection out to 64 weeks after transplantation, without graft-versus-host disease. The transplanted mice were also tolerant of donor B6.SJL, but not third-party CBA/J skin grafts at 8 to 9 and 39 to 43 weeks after marrow transplantation. These data provide a unique model for obtaining stable partial chimerism in H-2 mismatched mice, which can be applied to various clinical diseases of man such as sickle cell anemia, thalassemia, and autoimmune disorders.

Combinations of nonlabeled, 125I-Labeled, and Anti-Idiotypic Antiplacental Alkaline Phosphatase Monoclonal Antibodies at Experimental Radioimmunotargeting

1997 ◽  
Vol 38 (6) ◽  
pp. 1087-1093 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Rossi Norrlund ◽  
D. Holback ◽  
L. Johansson ◽  
S.-O. Hietala ◽  
K. Riklund Åhlström
Keyword(s):  
Alkaline Phosphatase ◽  
Tumor Antigens ◽  
Single Injection ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Kinetic Properties ◽  
Placental Alkaline Phosphatase ◽  
Dose Ratio ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Cell Line Hela ◽  
High Level

Purpose: Placental alkaline phosphatase (PLAP) is a membrane-bound oncofetal antigen that can be used for radioimmunotargeting. Preinjection of nonlabeled monoclonal anti-PLAP antibody (H7) and postinjection of monoclonal anti-idiotypic anti-PLAP antibody (αPH7) were used in order to improve the localization efficacy of 125I-labeled H7 Material and Methods: A human cervix adenocarcinoma cell line (HeLa Hep 2) was inoculated subcutaneously in 24 nude mice. Repeated quantitative radioimmunoscintigraphic recordings were performed on 27 occasions in each of the 24 mice during the observation period which lasted for nearly 3 months. the tumor and nontumor doses were calculated according to the Medical International Radiation Dose Committee formula on the basis of the scintigraphic data Results: All tumors were clearly visualized as early as one day after injection of 125I-labeled H7. the remaining radioactivity was exclusively located in the tumors at days 30–81. as much as 12–16% of the injected dose/g accumulated in the tumors during the first 2 days after injection, and remained stable at this high level for approximately 10 days in all investigated groups. Radioactivity in the whole body was rapidly eliminated during the same time period. the highest tumor/nontumor dose ratio was obtained after a single injection of 125I-labeled H7 Conclusion: Neither a preinjection of nonlabeled H7 nor a postinjection of αPH7 nor a combination of both strategies resulted in improved tumor/nontumor dose ratios compared to a single injection of labeled H7. the monoclonal antibody H7 has a rapid and high uptake, combined with a prolonged retention time in the tumors. the kinetic properties of H7 are different from antibodies targeting intracellular tumor antigens

Comparison and Evaluation of Organizational Transactions for Continuous Auditing and Business Compliance

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-23
Author(s):  
Rui Pedro Marques ◽  
Henrique Santos ◽  
Carlos Santos
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Internal Control ◽  
Control Mechanisms ◽  
Continuous Auditing ◽  
Technical Details ◽  
Ontological Model ◽  
High Level ◽  
Execution Pattern

This article presents a comparator module which aims to compare, in real time, executions of organizational transactions with patterns of behaviors of these transaction executions, allowing the determination of which execution pattern is being followed by running each transaction. This is according to information received by the internal control mechanisms, which continuously monitors the transaction executions. A possible application using this module was deployed and results were obtained from a case study. The results prove effectiveness of the module, mainly because it is able to assess business compliance and the qualitative risk associated to each transaction execution while it is running, enabling an efficient continuous auditing application. The innovation of this article is ensured by the use of an ontological model to represent organizational transactions, which can be applicable to any type of transaction in any business area in order to audit transactions at a very low level, contrary to what happens in traditional auditing, which occurs at a high level (e.g. compare whether a completed transaction has followed a set of procedures). Besides the conceptualization, this work presents some technical details of development and discussion of results from the case study.

scholarly journals Heat stress alters hemodynamic responses during the Valsalva maneuver

2010 ◽  
Vol 108 (6) ◽  
pp. 1591-1594 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott L. Davis ◽  
Craig G. Crandall
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Heat Stress ◽  
Phase Ii ◽  
Valsalva Maneuver ◽  
Late Phase ◽  
Thermal Conditions ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Hemodynamic Responses ◽  
Arterial Blood

The Valsalva maneuver can be used as a noninvasive index of autonomic control of blood pressure and heart rate. The purpose of this investigation was to test the hypothesis that sympathetic mediated vasoconstriction, as referenced by hemodynamic responses during late phase II (phase IIb) of the Valsalva maneuver, is inhibited during whole body heating. Seven individuals (5 men, 2 women) performed three Valsalva maneuvers (each at a 30-mmHg expiratory pressure for 15 s) during normothermia and again during whole body heating (increase sublingual temperature ∼0.8°C via water-perfused suit). Each Valsalva maneuver was separated by a minimum of 5 min. Beat-to-beat mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) and heart rate were measured during each Valsalva maneuver, and responses for each phase were averaged across the three Valsalva maneuvers for both thermal conditions. Baseline MAP was not significantly different between normothermic (88 ± 11 mmHg) and heat stress (84 ± 9 mmHg) conditions. The change in MAP (ΔMAP) relative to pre-Valsalva MAP during phases IIa and IIb was significantly lower during heat stress (IIa = −20 ± 8 mmHg; IIb = −13 ± 7 mmHg) compared with normothermia (IIa = −1 ± 15 mmHg; IIb = 3 ± 13 mmHg). ΔMAP from pre-Valsalva baseline during phase IV was significantly higher during heat stress (25 ± 10 mmHg) compared with normothermia (8 ± 9 mmHg). Counter to the proposed hypothesis, the increase in MAP from the end of phase IIa to the end of phase IIb during heat stress was not attenuated. Conversely, this increase in MAP tended to be greater during heat stress relative to normothermia ( P = 0.06), suggesting that sympathetic activation may be elevated during this phase of the Valsalva while heat stressed. These data show that heat stress does not attenuate this index of vasoconstrictor responsiveness during the Valsalva maneuver.

scholarly journals Energy-sparing adaptations in human pregnancy assessed by whole-body calorimetry

1989 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. Prentice ◽  
G. R. Goldberg ◽  
H. L. Davies ◽  
P. R. Murgatroyd ◽  
W. Scott
Keyword(s):  
Energy Cost ◽  
Initial Energy ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Evolutionary Significance ◽  
Energy Status ◽  
Voluntary Activity ◽  
Human Pregnancy ◽  
Significant Depression ◽  
Wide Variability ◽  
High Level

The hypothesis that the energy cost of human pregnancy can be minimized by energy-sparing metabolic adaptations was tested using serial 24 h whole-body calorimetry. Eight healthy, well-nourished women were studied prepregnant and at 6, 12, 18, 24, 30 and 36 weeks gestation. Basal metabolic rate (BMR) showed highly characteristic changes within each subject and large inter-individual differences (F 3.5, P < 0.01). Some subjects showed a highly significant depression of metabolism up to 24 weeks gestation in support of the initial hypothesis. At 36 weeks BMR ranged from +8.6 to +35.4% relative to the prepregnant baseline. This wide variability was not explained by differences in the amount of lean tissue gained. Women displaying the energy-sparing suppression of BMR tended to be thin, suggesting that changes in metabolism may be responsive to initial energy status (ΔBMR ν. prepregnant body fat: r 0.84, P < 0.005). Changes in 24 h energy expenditure closely paralleled changes in BMR (r 0.98, P < 0.001), since the energy cost of minor voluntary activity and thermogenesis remained very constant within each individual. Pregnancy decreased the net cost of weight-dependent and weight-independent standard exercises when expressed per kg body-weight: stepping – 10 (sd 2)%, P < 0.001 at 18–36 weeks, cycling - 26 (sd 7)%, P < 0.01 at 12–36 weeks. The average integrated maintenance costs of pregnancy matched previous group estimates from well-nourished women, but individual estimates ranged from - 16 to + 276 MJ (coefficient of variation 93%). This high level of variability has important implications for the prescription of incremental energy intakes during pregnancy. It may also have had evolutionary significance.

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