scholarly journals COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY – BASICS AND ITS APPLICATIONS IN DENTISTRY

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vijayalakshmi K ◽  
Krithika C.L ◽  
Kannan A ◽  
Sujith raj S
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Oral Cavity ◽  
Ct Scan ◽  
Structural Information ◽  
Image Process ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Construction Process ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Image Construction ◽  
Recent Advances

BACKGROUND:To ascertain the basics of CT scan in summarizing the principles, generations, image construction process and its applications in the field of dentistry which can be performed safely following the ALARA principles. In the past decade, 2D conventional radiographs provided images with internal and supporting structures of tooth, resulting in superimposition of the object of interest. Eventually, CT scan has developed computer network system for image process and transmission leading to 3D structural information without superimposition. These changes of CT scan with current standards will be elaborated in this review of article in detail. METHODS: Literature search using Medline from the year of 1973 – 2014 were performed. Review articles and textbooks were also collected by Hand search from the same period. DISCUSSION: CT is a systematic collection of radiation and detectors combining with the computer forming a cross sectional image of any part of the oral cavity. An overview of principles and mechanism of CT components, Generations of CT, Image Construction process, Contrast agents commonly used in the oral cavity and its adverse effects, applications of CT and advances of CT in the field of dentistry from past decades till the recent advances were elaborated in this review. CONCLUSION: Recent advances in CT helps in detecting the pathologies in intrinsic and extrinsic approach following the ALARA principles which is also cost-effective, improving the examination accessibility, diagnostic accuracy of deep-seated lesions and quality of patient’s life. KEYWORDS: Dental X-rays; Computed Tomography; Literature review; Intraoral X-rays.

scholarly journals Correlation between radiological and histopathological findings in patients undergoing nephrectomy for presumed renal cell carcinoma on computed tomography scan at Grey’s Hospital

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nompumelelo E. Mlambo ◽  
Nondumiso N.M. Dlamini ◽  
Ronald J. Urry
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Renal Cell Carcinoma ◽  
Ct Scan ◽  
Cell Carcinoma ◽  
South African ◽  
Renal Cell ◽  
Vascular Invasion ◽  
Retrospective Chart Review ◽  
Renal Masses ◽  
Cross Sectional

Background: The incidence of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is increasing globally owing to the increased use of cross-sectional imaging. Computed tomography (CT) scan is the modality of choice in the diagnosis and pre-operative assessment of RCC. Nephrectomy is the standard treatment for RCC and pre-surgery biopsy is not routinely practised. The accuracy of CT diagnosis and staging in a South African population has not been established.Objectives: To determine the accuracy of CT scan in the diagnosis and pre-operative staging of RCC at Grey’s Hospital.Methods: A retrospective chart review was performed; CT scan reports and histopathological results of adult patients who underwent nephrectomy for presumed RCC on CT scan between January 2010 and December 2016 were compared.Results: Fifty patients met the inclusion criteria for the study. CT significantly overestimated the size of renal masses by 0.7 cm (p = 0.045) on average. The positive predictive value of CT for RCC was 81%. Cystic tumours and those 4 cm and smaller were more likely to be benign. CT demonstrated good specificity for extra-renal extension, vascular invasion and lymph node involvement, but poor sensitivity.Conclusion: In our South African study population, CT is accurate at diagnosing RCC, but false-positives do occur. Non-enhancing or poorly enhancing, cystic, fat-containing and small lesions (4 cm or smaller) are more likely to be benign and ultrasound-guided biopsy should be considered to avoid unnecessary surgery. CT assessment of extra-renal extension and vascular invasion is challenging and additional imaging modalities such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) venogram, duplex Doppler ultrasound or Positron emission tomography–computed tomography (PET/CT) may be beneficial.

scholarly journals Computed Tomography- and Radiography-Based Morphometric Analysis of the Lateral Mass of the Subaxial Cervical Spine in the Indian Population

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-28
Author(s):  
Nirmal D Patil ◽  
Sudhir K Srivastava ◽  
Sunil Bhosale ◽  
Shaligram Purohit
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Cervical Spine ◽  
Indian Population ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Lateral Mass ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Subaxial Cervical Spine ◽  
Screw Length

<sec><title>Study Design</title><p>This was a double-blinded cross-sectional study, which obtained no financial support for the research.</p></sec><sec><title>Purpose</title><p>To obtain a detailed morphometry of the lateral mass of the subaxial cervical spine.</p></sec><sec><title>Overview of Literature</title><p>The literature offers little data on the dimensions of the lateral mass of the subaxial cervical spine.</p></sec><sec><title>Methods</title><p>We assessed axial, sagittal, and coronal computed tomography (CT) cuts and anteroposterior and lateral X-rays of the lateral mass of the subaxial cervical spine of 104 patients (2,080 lateral masses) who presented to a tertiary care public hospital (King Edward Memorial Hospital, Mumbai) in a metropolitan city in India.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>For a majority of the parameters, males and females significantly differed at all levels (<italic>p</italic>&lt;0.05). Females consistently required higher (<italic>p</italic>&lt;0.05) minimum lateral angulation and lateral angulation. While the minimum lateral angulation followed the order of C5&lt;C4&lt;C6&lt;C3, the lateral angulation followed the order of C3&lt;C5&lt;C4&lt;C6. The lateral mass becomes longer and narrower from C3 to C7. In axial cuts, the dimensions increased from C3 to C6. The sagittal cut thickness and diagonal length increased and the sagittal cut height decreased from C3 to C7. The sagittal cut height was consistently lower in the Indian population at all levels, especially at the C7 level, as compared with the Western population, thereby questioning the acceptance of a 3.5-mm lateral mass screw. A good correlation exists between X-ray- and CT-based assessments of the lateral mass.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusions</title><p>Larger lateral angulation is required for Indian patients, especially females. The screw length can be effectively calculated by analyzing the lateral X-ray. A CT scan should be reserved for specific indications, and a caution must be exercised while inserting C7 lateral mass screws.</p></sec>

scholarly journals Hubungan Antara Kadar DNA Plasma Virus Epstein Barr Dengan Stadium Klinis Karsinoma Nasofaring WHO Tipe 3

2019 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 165
Author(s):  
Putranti Dyahayu Roziaty ◽  
Soehartono Soehartono ◽  
Hendradi Surjotomo
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Ct Scan ◽  
Epstein Barr Virus ◽  
Tumor Type ◽  
Computed Tomography Scan ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Barr Virus ◽  
Ebv Dna ◽  
Epstein Barr ◽  
Tomography Scan

Latar Belakang: Karsinoma nasofaring (KNF) merupakan keganasan yang tersering ditemukan, dan berdampak pada penurunan kualitas hidup serta memiliki mortalitas tinggi. Penanganan KNF selama ini terkendala oleh waktu tunggu yang cukup lama dalam menentukan staging KNF terutama untuk antrian pemeriksaan computed tomography scan (CT scan) dan Ultrasonography (USG). Pemeriksaan kadar DNA EBV (Deoxyribonucleic acid Epstein-Barr Virus) pada pasien yang relatif lebih mudah dan terjangkau dapat digunakan untuk memprediksi stadium dan prognosis KNF. Dengan mengetahui prognosis KNF lebih dini, maka diharapkan penanganan terhadap KNF dapat segera dilakukan. Tujuan: Mengetahui apakah kadar DNA EBV dapat dipakai untuk memprediksi stadium dan prognosis KNF dengan cara mencari hubungan antara kadar DNA EBV dengan stadium KNF. Metode: Penelitian cross sectional melibatkan 15 subjek penelitian yang terdiagnosis KNF WHO tipe 3 kemudian dilakukan staging dengan CT scan, USG abdomen, dan foto toraks, serta diambil sampel darah untuk diukur kadar DNA EBV. Hasil: Seluruh subjek penelitian mengalami peningkatan kadar DNA EBV sesuai dengan peningkatan stadium KNF. Peningkatan stadium KNF berhubungan signifikan dengan peningkatan kadar DNA EBV (p=0,001). Ukuran tumor (T) berhubungan signifikan dengan kadar DNA EBV (p=0,023), ukuran nodul (N) berhubungan signifikan dengan kadar DNA EBV (p=0,005), ada tidaknya metastasis tidak berhubungan signifikan dengan kadar DNA EBV (p=0,398). Nilai cut off kadar DNA EBV sebesar 952 kopi/ml. Kesimpulan: Terdapat hubungan yang signifikan antara kadar DNA EBV dengan stadium klinis, dengan demikian kadar DNA EBV dapat dipertimbangkan untuk digunakan sebagai prediktor stadium dan prognosis KNF. Background: Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is the predominant tumor type arising in the nasopharynx,  with a high mortality and affecting quality of life.  NPC treatment  management is hindered by long queues of Computed Tomography Scan (CT scan) and Ultrasonography (USG) examinations to ascertain the NPC staging. The examination of Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) DNA level is relatively simpler and inexpensive  to predict the NPC staging and prognosis, thus, it can speed up NPC treatment. Objective: To determine whether EBV DNA level can be used to predict the NPC  stage and prognosis by finding a correlation between EBV DNA level and NPC stage. Method: This was  a cross-sectional study involving 15 respondents who were diagnosed as WHO type 3 NPC, and examined by CT scan, abdominal ultrasound, chest X-ray,  and blood  test for measuring the levels of EBV DNA to determine the stage. Results: All respondents had elevated levels of EBV DNA in accordance with NPC stage elevation. Increased NPC stages were significantly correlated with elevated levels of EBV DNA (p=0.001). The size of tumor (T) was significantly correlated with EBV DNA (p=0.023), the size of nodule (N) was significantly correlated with EBV DNA (p=0.005).  The presence or absence of metastasis did not significantly correlate with EBV DNA (p=0.398). The EBV DNA cut off value was 952 copies/ml. Conclusions: There  was a significant correlation between EBV DNA levels and clinical stages, hence EBV DNA can be considered to be used as NPC staging and prognosis predictor.   

Radiological Evaluation of Inferior Turbinate in Patients with Deviated Nasal Septum using Computed Tomography

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 16-21
Author(s):  
Amit Kumar Jha ◽  
Prasanna Ghimire ◽  
Sagun Shrestha
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Ct Scan ◽  
Nasal Septum ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Inferior Turbinate ◽  
Compensatory Hypertrophy ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Deviated Nasal Septum ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Angle Of Deviation

Introduction: Compensatory hypertrophy of inferior turbinate in the contralateral side of the deviated nasal septum is a known phenomenon. The objective of this study was to establish the relationship between the nasal septum and inferior turbinate and to determine the dimension and composition of inferior turbinate hypertrophy.Methods: This prospective, cross-sectional study was performed on 52 patients who were referred for Computed tomography of PNS with deviated nasal septum having compensatory hypertrophy of contralateral inferior turbinate. Non-hypertrophied inferior turbinate on the side of deviation was taken as a control group. Deviation angle, mucosal thickness including medial and lateral and bone thickness were evaluated using three-dimensional CT scan and compared to the control group.Result: Dimensions of the bony and mucosal components of the inferior turbinate were significantly greater than those of the control group. This study included 52 patients (M- 30, F- 22) having a mean age of 37 years. Out of 52, the septum deviated to the left side in 56% and 44% to the right side. The average angle of deviation was 10.12°. There was a statistically significant correlation (p<0.05) between total turbinate thickness and angle of deviation. A statistically significant correlation (p<0.05) was also observed between medial mucosa and bone thickness.Conclusion: Compensatory hypertrophy of inferior turbinate in patients with deviated nasal septum not only involves the mucosal component but also the bone itself. Pre-operative CT scan of PNS helps evaluate dimension and composition of inferior turbinate and assists to decide on surgical technique to fix turbinate.

Traumatic myositis ossificans of the superior belly of the omohyoid

1999 ◽  
Vol 113 (9) ◽  
pp. 856-857 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Read-Jones ◽  
G. E. Murty ◽  
V. Ward
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Soft Tissue ◽  
Ct Scan ◽  
Myositis Ossificans ◽  
Bone Neoplasms ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Strap Muscle ◽  
Persistent Symptoms ◽  
First Case

AbstractThe first case of traumatic myositis ossificans (TMO) involving a strap muscle of the neck is reported. TMO typically presents with an unresolved mass following trauma or surgery, requiring differentiation from other soft tissue and bone neoplasms. Opacification may be present on soft tissue X-rays. Computed tomography (CT) scan may demonstrate a characteristic zoning phenomenon to establish the diagnosis. The disorder is frequently self-limiting but surgery may be required for persistent symptoms.

scholarly journals Diagnostic Accuracy of MDCT (Multidetector Computed Tomography) for Staging of Renal Cell Carcinoma

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (7) ◽  
pp. 1471-1474
Author(s):  
Sadaf Gill ◽  
Sarah Nisar ◽  
Lubna Sarfraz ◽  
Khaula Sidra ◽  
Arshad Faheem ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Renal Cell Carcinoma ◽  
Ct Scan ◽  
Cell Carcinoma ◽  
Renal Cell ◽  
Multidetector Ct ◽  
False Negative ◽  
Radiology Department ◽  
True Negative ◽  
Cross Sectional

Background: The advancement in technology has introduced multi-detector CT scanners and achievement of better spatial resolution with faster acquisition has become a possibility. The three-dimensional reformatted images along with multiplanar reconstructions upgrade the staging capabilities for RCC. Aim: To check accuracy of MDCT (Multi-detector Computed tomography) in staging renal cell carcinoma with histopathology taken as the gold standard. Study design: The study is a descriptive cross sectional study. Settings: Radiology Department, Bahawal Victoria Hospital, Bahawalpur Study duration: 16"' January 2019 to 15"' July 2019. Methods 157 patients (including both genders) were included with age range of 25-60 years, showing features of renal cell carcinoma on ultrasonography. Those Patients with renal mass other than renal cell carcinoma, solitary functioning kidney and pregnant females were eliminated from the study. All the selected patients had Multi-detector CT scan abdomen performed. Results: Mean age was 44.66+9.3 I years. Out of these 157 patients, there were 90(57.32) male patients and 67 (42.68°/c) females with ratio of I.3: I. All the patients had CT scan of abdomen and pelvis. The results showed that 8I of the patients were True Positive and only 08 were False Positive. Out of 68 CT negative patients, 07 (False Negative) showed renal cell carcinoma on histopathology while 6 I True Negative patients had no evidence of RCC on histopathology (p=0.0001). Conclusion: Multi-detector CT scan is a very sensitive yet accurate non - invasive method for staging renal cell ca. Keywords: Renal cell carcinoma, multidetector CT scan, imaging, sensitivity

Computed Tomography Evaluation of Oral Cavity and Oropharyngeal Cancers

2013 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 51-62
Author(s):  
Ravi Varma ◽  
Sunita Tibrewala ◽  
Sudeep Roplekar
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Oral Cavity ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Tumor Spread ◽  
Cross Sectional Imaging ◽  
Technical Issues ◽  
Pretreatment Staging ◽  
Sectional Imaging

ABSTRACT Cross-sectional imaging plays a vital role in the diagnostic evaluation of oral and oropharyngeal cancers. This article discusses important technical issues related to CT scan examination, cross-sectional anatomy, patterns of tumor spread and role of imaging in pretreatment staging and post-treatment surveillance. How to cite this article Tibrewala S, Roplekar S, Varma R. Computed Tomography Evaluation of Oral Cavity and Oropharyngeal Cancers. Int J Otorhinolaryngol Clin 2013; 5(2):51-62.

scholarly journals High Resolution Computed Tomography Finding in 552 Patients with Symptomatic COVID-19: First Report from North of Iran

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hadi Majidi ◽  
Elham-Sadat Bani-Mostafavi ◽  
Zahra Mardanshahi ◽  
Farnaz Godazandeh ◽  
Roya Gasemian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Pleural Effusion ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
Medical Imaging ◽  
Ct Scan ◽  
Sufficient Information ◽  
High Resolution Computed Tomography ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Female Ratio ◽  
Picture Archiving And Communication

Abstract Purpose: Due to the emergence of the new Coronavirus-2019 and the lack of sufficient information about infected patients, this study was conducted to investigate the Chest High Resolution Computed Tomography (HRCT) findings of patients infected with the new Coronavirus 2019.Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed on COVID-19 patients referred to Medical Imaging Centers of Sari, Mazandaran, Iran, on March 2020 for Computed Tomography Scan (CT-Scan). Symptomatic patients were referred to the Medical Imaging Center for diagnosis confirmation through CT-scan. In addition to age and sex, HRCT findings were collected from the picture archiving and communication system (PACS) for further evaluations.Results: Out of 552 patients with mean age of 14.8 ± 51.2 years, the male/female ratio was 1.38 to 1. The most common expressive findings in patients were ground-glass opacity (GGO) (87.3%), peripheral distribution (82.4%) and posterior distribution (81.5%). The most conflicting findings in patients were pleural effusion (7.6%), peribronchovascular distribution (7.6%), and lymphadenopathy (5.1%). The peripheral distribution (p = 0.034), round opacities (p = 0.02), single lobe (p = 0.003) and pleural effusion (p = 0.037) were significantly in people under and over 50 years of age.Conclusion: In summary, the present study indicated that in addition to GGO, peripheral distribution findings could be a vital diagnostic choice in COVID-19 patients.

scholarly journals Computed Tomography-based determinants for predicting death and ICU requirement in patients suffering COVID-19

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marzie Dehgan ◽  
Nasrin Khalesi ◽  
Masumeh Akbari ◽  
Rogheyeh Fallah ◽  
Neda Hosseininezhad
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Pulmonary Hypertension ◽  
Ct Scan ◽  
Scoring Systems ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Clinical Findings ◽  
Multivariable Logistic Regression Model ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Main Determinants ◽  
Diffuse Distribution

Abstract Background: What has received special attention in recent months is the use of a combination of clinical findings, laboratory markers, and, in addition, the findings of lung Computed Tomography (CT) scan in the design and delivery of risk scoring systems for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID -19) patients. The present study aimed to determine main lung CT-related correlates of disease severity (Intensive Care Units (ICU) requiring) as well as death in COVID -19 patients.Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed on 515 consecutive patients with definitive diagnosis of COVID-19 admitted to one of the COVID -19 referral hospitals in Tehran. All patients' information was collected through a review of their archives. All patients were evaluated by CT scan of the lungs.Results: The mean follow-up of patients from the time of admission was 10.85±6.11 days between 1 and 30 days. During this period, a total of 29.1% were admitted to the ICU. Also, the mortality rate of patients was equal to 28.2%. According to multivariable logistic regression model with the presence of death-related correlates, crazy paving pattern, diffuse distribution of lesions, CT Severity Score (CTSS) score >12, the presence of plural effusion or emphysema were the main determinants of COVID -19 related death and should be considered for presenting new scoring system for predicting death following COVID -19 disease. In similar model, CTSS score >12 along with the presence of plural effusion, emphysema, or pulmonary hypertension were the main determinants of requiring ICU admission. Conclusion: The CT score higher than 12 along with observing the pattern of diffuse distribution of lesions especially accompanied with emphysema, pleural effusion or pulmonary hypertension can predict patient mortality or will determine the need for hospitalization in the ICU.

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