scholarly journals Influence DNA-vaccines encoding antigens of VCCHF on immune system in mice

2013 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nosareva Olesya ◽  
Panova Tatiana ◽  
Nesterov Andrey ◽  
Seregin Sergey ◽  
Petrov Vladimir
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Dna Vaccines

scholarly journals COVID-19 Vaccines: Current Conditions and Future Prospects

Biology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 960
Author(s):  
Tarek Zieneldien ◽  
Janice Kim ◽  
Jessica Cao ◽  
Chuanhai Cao
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Dna Vaccines ◽  
Mechanisms Of Action ◽  
Future Prospects ◽  
Action Current ◽  
Effective Time ◽  
S Gene ◽  
Health Agencies ◽  
The Future ◽  
Main Factor

It has been over a year since SARS-CoV-2 was first reported in December of 2019 in Wuhan, China. To curb the spread of the virus, many therapies and cures have been tested and developed, most notably mRNA and DNA vaccines. Federal health agencies (CDC, FDA) have approved emergency usage of these S gene-based vaccines with the intention of minimizing any further loss of lives and infections. It is crucial to assess which vaccines are the most efficacious by examining their effects on the immune system, and by providing considerations for new technological vaccine strategies in the future. This paper provides an overview of the current SARS-CoV-2 vaccines with their mechanisms of action, current technologies utilized in manufacturing of the vaccines, and limitations in this new field with emerging data. Although the most popular COVID-19 vaccines have been proven effective, time will be the main factor in dictating which vaccine will be able to best address mutations and future infection.

Activation of the Innate Immune System by DNA Vaccines

DNA Vaccines ◽  
2003 ◽  
pp. 60-65
Author(s):  
Julie Fitzgerald ◽  
Hildegund C. J. Ertl
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Innate Immune System ◽  
Dna Vaccines ◽  
Innate Immune

scholarly journals Prospects of Vaccination Against COVID-19 and Road to DNA-based Vaccine: A Review

2022 ◽  
Vol 1 (10) ◽  
pp. 1-8
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Dna Vaccines ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Live Virus ◽  
The Public ◽  
Great Possibility ◽  
The Way

Covid-19 made the countries develop and adopt significant measures to control the spread of disease. For this purpose, firstly countries ordered the public to follow precautions, like, wearing a mask, sanitizer usage, and home quarantine. Then, countries endeavor for the preparation of vaccination started to not only stop the spread but to control and end the coronavirus. These efforts of vaccination started giving benefits in late 2020 and by the end of February 2021, many vaccines were approved conditionally and ready to use, while more were on the way to approval. Apparent from this, there is a great possibility that more clinically proven vaccines will be available on the market in the coming few years. Now, when there is the solution, "The Vaccine", the main point is how to meet the need for the vaccine on a global scale and capital generation for the purchase of vaccine. Till so far, mRNA vaccines are market-available, while DNA-type vaccines are under improvement, being experimented and tested. Because DNA vaccines usually only encode one protein from a pathogen; those may not be as effective if individuals need to mount an immune response to numerous proteins to gain protection, but this can be achieved by combining multiple vaccines. While mRNA vaccines guide the immune system to make a protein that will trigger an immune response without using a live virus and generate longer immunity.

Using Mild High-pressure Shock to Generate Bacterial Ghosts of Escherichia coli

2008 ◽  
Vol 63 (6) ◽  
pp. 765-768 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dietrich Vanlint ◽  
Mehari Tesfazgi Mebhratu ◽  
Chris W. Michiels ◽  
Abram Aertsen
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
High Pressure ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Structural Damage ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Dna Vaccines ◽  
Pressure Shock ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Bacterial Ghosts

In the context of vaccine development, bacterial ghosts are inert cells that retain the capacity to activate the immune system, and that can be used as vaccine or carrier for subunit or DNA vaccines. In this study we provide evidence that increasing the copynumber of the E. coli K12 mrr locus can render naturally occurring and virulent avian pathogenic E. coli (APEC) strains hypersensitive to high pressure. We further demonstrate that mild HP shock generates inactive bacterial ghosts from these cells that have not incurred any microscopically visible structural damage. Possible benefits of high-pressure generated bacterial ghosts as a vaccine are discussed.

scholarly journals Enhancement of gp120-Specific Immune Responses by Genetic Vaccination with the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Envelope Gene Fused to the Gene Coding for Soluble CTLA4

2003 ◽  
Vol 77 (20) ◽  
pp. 10850-10861 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bishnu P. Nayak ◽  
Gangadhara Sailaja ◽  
Abdul M. Jabbar
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
T Cells ◽  
Immune System ◽  
B Cells ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type ◽  
Dna Vaccines ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Antibody Titers

ABSTRACT DNA vaccines exploit the inherent abilities of professional antigen-presenting cells to prime the immune system and to elicit immunity against diverse pathogens. In this study, we explored the possibility of augmenting human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gp120-specific immune responses by a DNA vaccine coding for a fusion protein, CTLA4:gp120, in mice. In vitro binding studies revealed that secreted CTLA4:gp120 protein induced a mean florescence intensity shift, when incubated with Raji B cells, indicating its binding to B7 proteins on Raji B cells. Importantly, we instituted three different vaccination regimens to test the efficacy of DNA vaccines encoding gp120 and CTLA4:gp120 in the induction of both cellular (CD8+) and antibody responses. Each of the vaccination regimens incorporated a single intramuscular (i.m.) injection of the DNA vaccines to prime the immune system, followed by two booster injections. The i.m.-i.m.-i.m. regimen induced only modest levels of gp120-specific CD8+ T cells, but the antibody response by CTLA4:gp120 DNA was nearly 16-fold higher than that induced by gp120 DNA. In contrast, using the i.m.-subcutaneous (s.c.)-i.m. regimen, it was found that gp120 and CTLA4:gp120 DNAs were capable of inducing significant levels of gp120-specific CD8+ T cells (3.5 and 11%), with antibody titers showing a modest twofold increase for CTLA4:gp120 DNA. In the i.m.-gene gun (g.g.)-g.g. regimen, the mice immunized with gp120 and CTLA4:gp120 harbored gp120-specific CD8+ T cells at frequencies of 0.9 and 2.9%, with the latter showing an eightfold increase in antibody titers. Thus, covalent antigen modification and the routes of genetic vaccination have the potential to modulate antigen-specific immune responses in mice.

Learned Placebo Effects in the Immune System

2014 ◽  
Vol 222 (3) ◽  
pp. 148-153 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sabine Vits ◽  
Manfred Schedlowski
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Associative Learning ◽  
Placebo Response ◽  
Immunosuppressive Drug ◽  
Immune Functions ◽  
Placebo Effects ◽  
New Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
Biological Variables ◽  
Experimental Approaches

Associative learning processes are one of the major neuropsychological mechanisms steering the placebo response in different physiological systems and end organ functions. Learned placebo effects on immune functions are based on the bidirectional communication between the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral immune system. Based on this “hardware,” experimental evidence in animals and humans showed that humoral and cellular immune functions can be affected by behavioral conditioning processes. We will first highlight and summarize data documenting the variety of experimental approaches conditioning protocols employed, affecting different immunological functions by associative learning. Taking a well-established paradigm employing a conditioned taste aversion model in rats with the immunosuppressive drug cyclosporine A (CsA) as an unconditioned stimulus (US) as an example, we will then summarize the efferent and afferent communication pathways as well as central processes activated during a learned immunosuppression. In addition, the potential clinical relevance of learned placebo effects on the outcome of immune-related diseases has been demonstrated in a number of different clinical conditions in rodents. More importantly, the learned immunosuppression is not restricted to experimental animals but can be also induced in humans. These data so far show that (i) behavioral conditioned immunosuppression is not limited to a single event but can be reproduced over time, (ii) immunosuppression cannot be induced by mere expectation, (iii) psychological and biological variables can be identified as predictors for this learned immunosuppression. Together with experimental approaches employing a placebo-controlled dose reduction these data provide a basis for new therapeutic approaches to the treatment of diseases where a suppression of immune functions is required via modulation of nervous system-immune system communication by learned placebo effects.

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