scholarly journals Nutrient Expert for High Yield and Use Efficiency in Rainfed Bt Cotton Hybrids

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angamuthu Manikandan ◽  
Desouza Blaise ◽  
Sudarshan Dutta ◽  
T. Satyanarayana ◽  
Bhargavi Bussa
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Uptake ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Nutrient Balance ◽  
Central India ◽  
The Other ◽  
Utilization Efficiency ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Bt Cotton ◽  
Fertilizer Recommendation

Low cotton productivity in the rainfed cotton grown in central India is attributed to abiotic (water and nutrients) and biotic (insect pests and diseases) stress. Nutrient stress can be overcome by providing nutrients in right amounts and at the right time when the plant needs the most. Field studies in cereal crops have demonstrated fertilizer recommendations by using the Nutrient Expert® (NE) decision support system to improve crop yields. However, such information in the case of the commercial crop, cotton, is scarce. Therefore, on-farm trials were conducted in three districts of Maharashtra, India during 2018–2020 with the hypothesis that the NE-based fertilizer recommendation would lead to higher cotton productivity and savings in fertilizer. Averaged over two seasons and locations, lint yield was significantly greater in the NE based than the recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF), soil test crop response (STCR), and farmers' practice (FP). Internal utilization efficiency (IE) did not differ among treatments for N (4.8 to 5.9 kg lint kg−1 nutrient uptake) and K (6.7 to 7.2 kg lint kg−1 nutrient uptake). With regard to the fertilizer P applied, the FP treatment had the least IE (17.0 kg lint kg−1 nutrient uptake) and was significantly lower than the other treatments. Partial nutrient balance (PNB) did not vary among treatments for applied fertilizer N. The FP treatment had PNB < 1 in case of fertilizer P and ~20 in the case of fertilizer K. This indicates farmers applied excess of P fertilizers. On the other hand, farmers in the region applied very small amount of K. Although the NE treatment had the highest cost of cultivation, net returns were the greatest followed by the STCR and RDF treatments. Our studies demonstrate that the NE-based fertilizer recommendation is not only productive, but also profitable.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the performance of three advisory methods for nitrogen fertilization of sugar beet and potatoes.

1989 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 143-155 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.J. Neeteson
Keyword(s):  
Crop Yields ◽  
Current Method ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
The Other ◽  
Fertilizer N ◽  
Potato Tubers ◽  
Current Recommendation ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
Fertilizer Recommendation ◽  
The Difference

The performances of 3 different N fertilizer recommendation methods were retrospectively tested with data obtained from 150 trials with sugarbeet and 98 trials with potatoes in the Netherlands in 1973-82. The recommendations consisted of applying a fixed N rate in all situations (126 kg N/ha for sugarbeet and 286 kg N/ha for potatoes), the current Dutch method, which takes only the amount of mineral N present in the soil in early spring into account, and a refinement of the current method, which also takes soil type and recent applications of organic manures into account. On av., significantly lower amounts of fertilizer N were recommended with the current method. The difference from the other methods was on av. 25 kg N/ha for sugarbeet and 30 kg N/ha for potatoes. With the refined current method the highest crop yields were obtained but the difference from the other methods was not significant and averaged only 0.3-0.4 t/ha for sugarbeet and 0.1-0.2 t/ha for potatoes. The recovery of fertilizer N by the potato tubers was 2% higher with the current method than with the other methods. Based on these findings it is concluded that the current recommendation method is preferable to the other methods. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)

Efficacy of some insecticide modules against major insect pests and spider population of rice, Oryza sativa L.

ENTOMON ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 43 (4) ◽  
pp. 257-262
Author(s):  
Atanu Seni ◽  
Bhimasen Naik
Keyword(s):  
Oryza Sativa ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Untreated Control ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Oryza Sativa L ◽  
Gall Midge ◽  
Stem Borer ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Third ◽  
Treated Plot

Experiments were carried out to assess some insecticide modules against major insect pests of rice. Each module consists of a basal application of carbofuran 3G @ 1 kg a.i ha-1 at 20 DAT and Rynaxypyr 20 SC @ 30 g a.i ha-1 at 45 DAT except untreated control. All modules differ with each other only in third treatment which was applied in 65 DAT. The third treatment includes: Imidacloprid 17.8 SL @ 27 g a.i ha-1, Pymetrozine 50 WG @ 150 g a.i ha-1, Triflumezopyrim 106 SC @ 27 g a.i ha-1, Buprofezin 25 SC @ 250 g a.i ha-1; Glamore (Imidacloprid 40+Ethiprole 40% w/w) 80 WG @ 100 g a.i. ha-1, Thiacloprid 24 SC @ 60 g a.i ha-1, Azadirachtin 0.03 EC @ 8 g a.i ha-1, Dinotefuran 20 SG@ 40 g a.i ha-1 and untreated control. All the treated plots recorded significantly lower percent of dead heart, white ear- head caused by stem borer and silver shoot caused by gall midge. Module with Pymetrozine 50 WG @ 150 g a.i ha-1 treated plot recorded significantly higher per cent reduction of plant hoppers (>80% over untreated control) and produced higher grain yield (50.75 qha-1) than the other modules. Among the different treated modules the maximum number of spiders was found in Azadirachtin 0.03 EC @ 8 g a.i ha-1 treated module plot followed by other treatments.

Using Low Temperature, Cost-effective and Green Methods to Carbon Nanohorn Synthesis

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 157-160
Author(s):  
Ali Hasani
Keyword(s):  
Laser Ablation ◽  
Melting Point ◽  
Palm Olein ◽  
Arc Discharge ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
The Other ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Reaction Field ◽  
Carbon Nanohorns ◽  
Graphite Rod

Background: Laser ablation method has high-yield and pure SWCNHs. On the other hand, arc discharge methods have low-cost production of SWCNHs. However, these techniques have more desirable features, they need special expertness to use high power laser or high current discharge that either of them produces very high temperature. As for the researches, the temperatures of these techniques are higher than 4727°C to vaporize the graphite. So, to become aware of the advantages of SWCNHs, it is necessary to find a new way to synthesize SWCNHs at a lower temperature. In other words, reaction field can be expandable at a moderate temperature. This paper reports a new way to synthesize SWCNHs at an extremely reduced temperature. Methods: According to this study, the role of N2 is the protection of the copper holder supporting the graphite rod by increasing heat transfer from the holder. After the current of 70 A was supplied to the system, the temperature of graphite rod was raised to 1600°C. It is obvious that this temperature is somehow higher than the melting point of palladium, 1555°C, and much lower than graphite melting point, 3497°C. Results: Based on the results, there are transitional precursors simultaneous with the SWCNHs. This composition can be created by distortion of the primary SWCNTs at the higher temperature. Subsequently, each SWCNTs have a tendency to be broken into individual horns. With increasing the concentration of the free horns, bud-like SWCNHs can be produced. Moreover, there are individual horns almost separated from the mass of single wall carbon nanohorns. This structure is not common in SWCNHs synthesized by the usual method such as arc discharge or laser ablation. Through these regular techniques, SWCNHs are synthesized as cumulative particles with diameters about 30-150 nm. Conclusion: A simple heating is needed for SWCNTs transformation to SWCNHs with the presence of palladium as catalyst. The well-thought-out mechanism for this transformation is that SWCNTs were initially changed to highly curled shape, and after that were formed into small independent horns. The other rout to synthesize SWCNHs is the pyrolysis of palm olein at 950°C with the assistance of zinc nitrate and ferrocene. Palm olein was used as a promising, bio-renewable and inexpensive carbon source for the production of carbon nanohorns.

scholarly journals Appraisal of cowpea cropping systems and farmers’ perceptions of production constraints and preferences in the dry savannah areas of Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Saba Baba Mohammed ◽  
Daniel Kwadjo Dzidzienyo ◽  
Muhammad Lawan Umar ◽  
Mohammad Faguji Ishiyaku ◽  
Pangirayi Bernard Tongoona ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Density ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Pairwise Comparison ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Crop Failure ◽  
Production Constraints ◽  
Cowpea Varieties ◽  
Breeding Programmes ◽  
Sole Cropping

Abstract Background Low plant density and wide intra-plant spacing in traditional cowpea cropping systems are among the factors responsible for low yield on farmers’ fields. Sole cropping and improved intercropping systems have been advocated in the last few years to increase yield in the dry savannah areas of Nigeria. This study investigated the level of adoption of high yielding cowpea cropping systems including factors that influenced their use and farmers’ perceived production constraints and preferences. A total of 420 farmers across 36 villages of northern Nigeria were interviewed, and data collected was analyzed using descriptive statistics to appraise farmers predominant cowpea cropping systems and factors that determine the use of sole versus intercropping were identified with the aid of binary logit regression. Furthermore, pairwise comparison ranking was deployed to understand farmers’ view of cowpea production constraints and preferred traits. Results The results revealed that, many of the farmers (42%) still grow cowpeas in the traditional intercropping and a good number (25%) cultivate the crop as a sole crop, while 23% had fields of cowpeas in both sole and intercropping systems. Farmers reported the incidence of high insect pests, limited access to land, desire to have multiple benefits, and assurance in the event of crop failure as reasons for preference for intercropping over sole planting. The pairwise comparison ranking of constraints and preferences revealed insect pests, Striga, drought and poor access to fertilizers as major constraints to increased productivity. Many farmers indicated high yield as the most preferred trait. Conclusions Findings indicate a need for increased education and training of cowpea farmers on the importance of growing cowpeas in sole cropping and or improved intercropping systems. Genetic improvement efforts should focus on developing cowpea varieties that address farmers production constraints and reflect the diversity of consumers’ preferences for the crop. Hence, breeding for resistance to insect pests and high yield is recommended as an important priority of cowpea breeding programmes in the region.

scholarly journals Quantification of Avoidable Yield Losses in Oilseed Brassica Caused by Insect Pests

2011 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jagdev Kular ◽  
Sarwan Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Seed Yield ◽  
Yield Loss ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
The Other ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
Eruca Sativa ◽  
Mustard Aphid ◽  
Randomized Block Design

Quantification of Avoidable Yield Losses in OilseedBrassicaCaused by Insect PestsA six year field study was conducted from 2001-2002 to 2006-2007 at Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India to study the losses in seed yield of differentBrassicaspecies (B. juncea, B. napus, B. carinata, B. rapaandEruca sativa) by the infestation of insect pests. The experiment was conducted in two different sets viz. protected/sprayed and unprotected, in a randomized block design, with three replications. Data on the infestation of insect pests, and seed yield were recorded at weekly intervals and at harvest, respectively. The loss in seed yield, due to mustard aphid and cabbage caterpillar, varied from 6.5 to 26.4 per cent.E. sativasuffered the least loss in seed yield and harboured the minimum population of mustard aphid (2.1 aphids/plant) and cabbage caterpillar (2.4 larvae/plant). On the other hand,B. carinatawas highly susceptible to the cabbage caterpillar (26.2 larvae/plant) and suffered the maximum yield loss (26.4%).

Legume seed flavonoids and nitrogenous metabolites as signals and protectants in early seedling development

2003 ◽  
Vol 30 (7) ◽  
pp. 729 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick A. Ndakidemi ◽  
Felix D. Dakora
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Am Fungi ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Plant Seeds ◽  
Plant Pest ◽  
The Family ◽  
Early Seedling

Flavonoids and nitrogenous metabolites such as alkaloids, terpenoids, peptides and amino acids are major components of plant seeds. Conjugated forms of these compounds are soluble in water, and therefore, are easily released as chemical signals following imbibition. Once in the soil, these metabolites are first in line to serve as eco-sensing signals for suitable rhizobia and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal partners required for the establishment of symbiotic mutualisms. They may also serve as defence molecules against pathogens and insect pests, as well as playing a role in the control of parasitic members of the family Scrophulariaceae, especially Striga, a major plant pest of cereal crops in Africa. Seed metabolites such as flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, peptides and amino acids define seedling growth and, ultimately, crop yields. Thus, an improvement in our understanding of seed chemistry would permit manipulation of these molecules for effective control of pathogens, insect pests, Striga and destructive weeds, as well as for enhanced acquisition of N and P via symbioses with soil rhizobia and AM fungi.

scholarly journals Aspectos Bionômicos de Spodoptera eridania (Cramer): Uma Praga em Expansão na Cultura da Soja na Região do Cerrado Brasileiro

2014 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 75-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruno Henrique Sardinha de Souza ◽  
Eduardo Neves Costa ◽  
Anderson Gonçalves da Silva ◽  
Arlindo Leal Boiça Júnior
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Glycine Max ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Spodoptera Eridania ◽  
Soybean Crop ◽  
Glycine Max L ◽  
Midwest Region ◽  
Soybean Plants ◽  
Economical Losses

A soja, Glycine max (L.) Merril, é uma das culturas de maior importância econômica para o Brasil, considerada uma commodity nacional devido à sua alta produtividade e participação nas exportações no mercado internacional. Dentre os insetos-pragas que causam danos para essa cultura, nos últimos anos agrícolas têm merecido destaque as lagartas de Spodoptera eridania (Cramer), as quais podem se alimentar tanto de folhas quanto das vagens das plantas de soja, causando prejuízos econômicos para os sojicultores, principalmente nas áreas do Cerrado localizadas na região Centro-Oeste do país. O objetivo da presente revisão é disponibilizar informações sobre os aspectos bionômicos de S. eridania, a fim de dar subsídios para futuras pesquisas sobre o manejo dessa praga.Bionomic Aspects of Spodoptera eridania (Cramer): A Pest in Expansion on Soybean Crop in the Region of Brazilian CerradoAbstract. Soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merril, represents one of the major economically important crops to Brazil, and is considered a national commodity because of its high yield and participation in international trade exportations. Among the insect pests that cause damage to this crop, Spodoptera eridania (Cramer) larvae highlighted in the last agricultural seasons by feeding on leaves and pods of soybean plants, and hence causing economical losses to soybean growers, especially in the Cerrado areas located in the Midwest region of the country. We aimed with this review to provide information about bionomical aspects of S. eridania in order to give subsides for further researches on the management of this pest.

scholarly journals Technical Change and Agricultural Productivity

2020 ◽  
pp. 219-238
Author(s):  
Christopher Cramer ◽  
John Sender ◽  
Arkebe Oqubay
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Green Revolution ◽  
Environmental Crisis ◽  
High Yield ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Ecological Zones ◽  
Agricultural Research And Development ◽  
Public Agricultural Research

The evidence does not support gloomy generalizations about an irreversible African environmental crisis or pessimistic arguments that barriers to adopting Green Revolution technologies are insuperable. Although evidence on agricultural technology in Africa is often unreliable, food output and grain yields do appear to have risen strongly in some African economies.. Huge variations in crop yields, including within similar agro-ecological zones, suggest massive potential for policies to promote a rapid increase in yields. Agricultural research and development (R&D) within African countries—and production on many large-scale farms—has shown that dramatically higher yields are possible. Crop yield improvements—with the aid of suitable high-yield varieties (HYVs), public agricultural research spending, and especially investment in irrigation—are possible without draconian resettlement schemes, without wasteful extension service spending, and without recourse to micro-finance schemes. The methods underpinning commonly produced estimates of yields are unreliable, calling into question conventional wisdom that small farms are more efficient than larger farms.

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