scholarly journals Technical Change and Agricultural Productivity

2020 ◽  
pp. 219-238
Author(s):  
Christopher Cramer ◽  
John Sender ◽  
Arkebe Oqubay
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Green Revolution ◽  
Environmental Crisis ◽  
High Yield ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Ecological Zones ◽  
Agricultural Research And Development ◽  
Public Agricultural Research

The evidence does not support gloomy generalizations about an irreversible African environmental crisis or pessimistic arguments that barriers to adopting Green Revolution technologies are insuperable. Although evidence on agricultural technology in Africa is often unreliable, food output and grain yields do appear to have risen strongly in some African economies.. Huge variations in crop yields, including within similar agro-ecological zones, suggest massive potential for policies to promote a rapid increase in yields. Agricultural research and development (R&D) within African countries—and production on many large-scale farms—has shown that dramatically higher yields are possible. Crop yield improvements—with the aid of suitable high-yield varieties (HYVs), public agricultural research spending, and especially investment in irrigation—are possible without draconian resettlement schemes, without wasteful extension service spending, and without recourse to micro-finance schemes. The methods underpinning commonly produced estimates of yields are unreliable, calling into question conventional wisdom that small farms are more efficient than larger farms.

scholarly journals Adaptabilitas Varietas Inpara di Lahan Rawa Pasang Surut Tipe Luapan Air B pada Musim Kemarau

2017 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 117
Author(s):  
Koesrini , ◽  
Muhammad Saleh ◽  
Dan Siti Nurzakiah
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Block Design ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Rice Farming ◽  
Type B ◽  
Marginal Lands ◽  
Rice Varieties ◽  
Tidal Swamp ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design ◽  
Agricultural Research And Development

Tidal swamp lands are marginal lands with considerable potentials for rice farming. The key solution to overcome swampy lands constraints are nutrient and water managements as well as the use of adaptive rice varieties. Inpara (inbred swampy land rices) varieties have been released by the Indonesian Agency for Agricultural Research and Development (IAARD) which are adaptive to swampy land conditions. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the adaptability of Inpara varieties in tidal swamp lands with type B overflow. The field experiment was carried out in Karang Bunga village, Barito Kuala District, South Kalimantan Province, in the  dry season  from April to August 2016. The research was arranged in randomized complete block design, with 3 replicates. The varieties tested, i.e., Inpara 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and check varieties Margasari, Ciherang, and Mekongga. The results showed that the adaptability varied among varieties tested. Inpara 3, 4, 6, 8, and 9 had high yield and good adaptation on tidal swamp land yielded 3.475-4.299 ton ha-1. These varieties produced between 38.5 to 71.3% higher than Margasari and 51.4 to 87.2% higher than Mekongga. Inpara 3, 4, 6, 8, and 9 could be used as a main varieties in the tidal swamp lands.<br /><br />Keywords: rice, swampy land, variety

Public agricultural research and development spending in South Africa – update

Agrekon ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Petronella Chaminuka ◽  
Nienke Beintema ◽  
Kathleen Flaherty ◽  
Frikkie Liebenberg
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Research And Development ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Agricultural Research And Development ◽  
Development Spending ◽  
Public Agricultural Research

Applying innovations and new technologies for international collaborative wheat improvement

2006 ◽  
Vol 144 (2) ◽  
pp. 95-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. P. REYNOLDS ◽  
N. E. BORLAUG
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Social Issues ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Green Revolution ◽  
Crop Management ◽  
International Collaborative

Despite the successes of the Green Revolution, about a billion people are still undernourished and food security in the developing world faces new challenges in terms of population growth, reduced water resources, climate change and decreased public sector investment. It is also becoming widely recognized that poverty is a cause of environmental degradation, conflict and civil unrest. Internationally coordinated agricultural research can play a significant role in improving food security by deploying promising new technologies as well as adapting those with well-established impact.In addition to the genetic challenges of crop improvement, agriculturalists must also embrace the problems associated with a highly heterogeneous and unpredictable environment. Not only are new genetic tools becoming more accessible, but a new generation of quantitative tools are available to enable better definition of agro-ecosystems, of cultivar by environment interactions, and of socio-economic issues, while satellite imagery can help predict crop yields on large scales. Identifying areas of low genetic diversity – for example as found in large tracts of South Asia – is an important aspect of reducing vulnerability to disease epidemics. Global strategies for incorporating durable disease resistance genes into a wider genetic background, as well as participatory approaches that deliver a fuller range of options to farmers, are being implemented to increase cultivar diversity.The unpredictable effects of environment on productivity can be buffered somewhat by crop management practices that maintain healthy soils, while reversing the consequences of rapid agricultural intensification on soil degradation. Conservation agriculture is an alternative strategy that is especially pertinent for resource-poor farmers.The potential synergy between genetic improvement and innovative crop management practices has been referred to as the Doubly Green Revolution. The unique benefits and efficiency of the international collaborative platform are indisputable when considering the duplications that otherwise would have been required to achieve the same impacts through unilateral or even bilateral programmes. Furthermore, while the West takes for granted public support for crucial economic and social issues, this is not the case in a number of less-developed countries where the activities of International Agricultural Research Centres (IARCs) and other development assistance organizations can provide continuity in agricultural research and infrastructure.

Sustainable agricultural systems and food security

1991 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 243-249 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. S. Swaminathan
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Research ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Agricultural Systems ◽  
New Paradigm ◽  
Nutrition Security ◽  
Monitoring Tools ◽  
Food And Nutrition ◽  
Agricultural Research And Development ◽  
Sustainable Agricultural Systems

Food and nutrition security involves physical and economic access to balanced diets and safe drinking water to all human beings. The challenges faced by scientists working on sustainable agricultural systems in industrialized and developing nations are different, with the former being concerned with defending the high yield levels already obtained and the latter, struggling to raise substantially the productivity per units of land, water, labour and energy without ecological harm. The new paradigm of agricultural research and development based on concurrent attention to issues of ecological sustainability, economic viability and social equity needs for its adoption intensive research on blending traditional and frontier technologies. It also needs new measurement and monitoring tools and genetic resources and enhancement centres.

scholarly journals Challenges in simulating economic effects of climate change on global agricultural markets

2021 ◽  
Vol 166 (3-4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Angelo C. Gurgel ◽  
John Reilly ◽  
Elodie Blanc
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Climate Change Impacts ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Climate Impacts ◽  
Agricultural Markets ◽  
Crop Models

AbstractMany approaches have been used to investigate climate change impacts on agriculture. However, several caveats remain in this field: (i) analyses focus only on a few major crops, (ii) large differences in yield impacts are observed between projections from site-based crops models and Global Gridded Crop Models (GGCMs), (iii) climate change impacts on livestock are rarely quantified, and (iv) several causal relations among biophysical, environmental, and socioeconomic aspects are usually not taken into account. We investigate how assumptions about these four aspects affect agricultural markets, food supply, consumer well-being, and land use at global level by deploying a large-scale socioeconomic model of the global economy with detailed representation of the agricultural sector. We find global welfare impacts several times larger when climate impacts all crops and all livestock compared to a scenario with impacts limited to major crops. At the regional level, food budget can decrease by 10 to 25% in developing countries, challenging food security. The role of land area expansion as a major source of adaptation is highlighted. Climate impacts on crop yields from site-based process crop models generate more challenging socioeconomic outcomes than those from GGCMs. We conclude that the agricultural research community should expand efforts to estimate climate impacts on many more crops and livestock. Also, careful comparison of the GGCMs and traditional site-based process crop models is needed to understand their major implications for agricultural and food markets.

scholarly journals The New Competitive Soybean Varieties Created at Agricultural Research and

2012 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eugen MUREȘANU ◽  
Raluca MÄ‚RGINEAN
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Hybrid Population ◽  
Maturity Group ◽  
Agricultural Research And Development ◽  
New Varieties ◽  
White Colour ◽  
Selection Of

The superiority of the next-generation of soybean varieties regarding the majority of the main characteristics among the old soybean varieties created at A.R.D.S. Turda, Romanian soybean varieties from the Official Catalogue of varieties of Agricultural and Vegetables species in Romania and even from the foreign soybean varieties registered in the Catalogue it is obvious. The new soybean varieties Darina TD, Cristina TD and Malina TD are the most recent creations of Agricultural Research and Development Station Turda in the field of soybean breeding. The new cultivars were obtained through individually repeted selection of hybrid population accomplished by crossing the cultivars T93- 8966 x Amurskaja, Zefir x Lena and Amurskaja x Simson. The new varieties are characterized by a growing season adequate to the ecological conditions of the area. Their growing season rank is appropriate with the needs of the area, with a maturity group OO, Darina TD, Cristina TD and Malina TD growing season is 122 days, 124 days and 123 days, respectively. Darina TD has a reddish pubescence easily distinguieshed from the eather soybean varieties whose pubescence is grey. At Cristina TD soybean variety the hilum colour is an important characteristic by which, at maturity, the Cristina TD variety may be distinguished from the rest of A.R.D.S. Turda soybean varieties whose hilum are brown, black and grey. Due to the white colour of flowers, during flowering Malina TD is easily distinguished from the others soybean varietie. A high yield potential as compared to the maturity group to which they belong, very high resistance to lodging, shattering, bacterial blight and mildew. This characteristics and features corroborated with high insertion of the basal pods, ensures suitable conditions for mechanized harvesting. Besides this features, the new soybean varieties have remarkable qualitative traits, high protein and oil content. The characteristics and features of the soybean cultivars Darina TD, Cristina TD and Malina TD created at A..R..D.S. Turda recommend them as the most adequate cultivars for the Transylvania Plain.

scholarly journals Improving the Food and Nutritional Security of Smallholder Farmers in South Africa: Evidence from the InnovAfrica Project

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (17) ◽  
pp. 9902
Author(s):  
Lindumusa Myeni ◽  
Mokhele Edmond Moeletsi ◽  
Isaiah Nyagumbo ◽  
Salome Modiselle ◽  
Lebohang Mokoena ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Smallholder Farmers ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Nutritional Security ◽  
Access To Credit ◽  
The Government ◽  
Food And Nutritional Security

This article highlights evidence and lessons learned from the InnovAfrica project conducted by the Agricultural Research Council in collaboration with other international organizations between 2017 and 2021. This project aimed to test and upscale best-bet Sustainable Agricultural Intensification (SAI) practices through Multi-Actor Platforms (MAPs) and improved dissemination strategies across six African countries (viz. Ethiopia, Kenya, Malawi, Rwanda, South Africa and Tanzania). The goal of the project was to improve the food and nutritional security of smallholder farmers in Africa. The article briefly discusses some of the key challenges that smallholder agriculture is facing, results from the agricultural interventions brought in by the InnovAfrica project, evidence-based actions and policy recommendations to improve the sustainable agricultural productivity of smallholder farmers in the South African case study. The study showed that SAI practices increased crop yields and build climate-resilient farming communities. It is recommended that the promotion of SAI practices should be supported by enabling institutions and conducive policies that will enhance access to inputs, market linkages, improved access to credit and good agricultural lands, the establishment of functional farmer groups and participatory learning models. These recommendations can be used by the government and other agencies to develop effective interventions to improve food and nutrition security.

scholarly journals Agricultural R&D, technology and productivity

2010 ◽  
Vol 365 (1554) ◽  
pp. 3035-3047 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Piesse ◽  
C. Thirtle
Keyword(s):  
Productivity Growth ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Labour Productivity ◽  
Green Revolution ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Output Growth ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
The Public

The relationships between basic and applied agricultural R&D, developed and developing country R&D and between R&D, extension, technology and productivity growth are outlined. The declining growth rates of public R&D expenditures are related to output growth and crop yields, where growth rates have also fallen, especially in the developed countries. However, growth in output value per hectare has not declined in the developing countries and labour productivity growth has increased except in the EU. Total factor productivity has generally increased, however it is measured. The public sector share of R&D expenditures has fallen and there has been rapid concentration in the private sector, where six multinationals now dominate. These companies are accumulating intellectual property to an extent that the public and international institutions are disadvantaged. This represents a threat to the global commons in agricultural technology on which the green revolution has depended. Estimates of the increased R&D expenditures needed to feed 9 billion people by 2050 and how these should be targeted, especially by the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR), show that the amounts are feasible and that targeting sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) and South Asia can best increase output growth and reduce poverty. Lack of income growth in SSA is seen as the most insoluble problem.

scholarly journals INDUKSI KALUS DAN REGENERASI DUA VARIETAS TEBU (Saccharum officinarum L.) SECARA IN VITRO

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 77
Author(s):  
SRI SUHESTI ◽  
NURUL KHUMAIDA ◽  
G. A. WATTIMENA ◽  
MUHAMAD SYUKUR ◽  
ALI HUSNI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Culture ◽  
Callus Induction ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Saccharum Officinarum ◽  
Sugarcane Varieties ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Agricultural Research And Development

<p>ABSTRAK</p><p>Perbanyakan tebu umumnya dilakukan secara vegetatif mengguna-<br /> kan setek. Teknik ini mempunyai keterbatasan memproduksi jumlah bibit <br /> dalam skala besar. Dalam rangka mendukung peningkatan produktivitas, <br /> maka perlu pemenuhan bibit tebu dalam skala besar. Kultur jaringan <br /> merupakan   teknologi   alternatif   yang   dapat   dikembangkan   untuk <br /> pemenuhan bibit dalam jumlah yang banyak. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah <br /> mendapatkan formulasi media terbaik untuk induksi kalus dan regenerasi <br /> tebu varietas Kidang Kencana dan PSJT 941. Penelitian dilakukan di <br /> Laboratorium Unit Pengelola Benih Unggul Pertanian, Pusat Penelitian <br /> dan  Pengembangan  Perkebunan,  Bogor  dari  bulan  Februari  sampai <br /> September 2012. Penelitian terdiri dari tiga tahap, yaitu induksi kalus, <br /> regenerasi tunas dan perakaran, serta aklimatisasi. Bahan tanaman tebu <br /> yang digunakan adalah daun muda varietas Kidang Kencana dan PSJT 941 <br /> yang masih menggulung. Empat formulasi media digunakan pada tahap <br /> induksi kalus. Sementara itu, pada tahap regenerasi tunas dan perakaran <br /> menggunakan tujuh formulasi media. Aklimatisasi menggunakan media <br /> tanah steril dan kompos (2:1). Percobaan menggunakan Rancangan Acak <br /> Lengkap yang disusun secara faktorial, terdiri atas dua faktor dan diulang <br /> sepuluh kali. Faktor pertama adalah varietas dan kedua adalah formulasi <br /> media. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan media induksi kalus terbaik untuk <br /> varietas  Kidang  Kencana  adalah 2,4-D 9 µM  +  Picloram  4,5  µM, <br /> sedangkan PSJT 941 adalah 2,4-D 13,5 µM. Media regenerasi dapat <br /> digunakan untuk menginduksi tunas sekaligus perakaran. Media regenerasi <br /> terbaik varietas Kidang Kencana dan PSJT 941 adalah IBA 2,46 µM + <br /> BAP 1,33 µM. Kedua varietas dapat diaklimatisasi di rumah kaca dengan <br /> tingkat keberhasilan tinggi (80-100%).</p><p>Kata kunci: Saccharum officinarum, tebu, kultur jaringan, organogenesis, <br />                 perbanyakan</p><p> </p><p>Callus Induction and Plant Regeneration of Two Sugarcane Varieties (Saccharum officinarum L.) through In Vitro</p><p>ABSTRACT</p><p>Generally, sugarcane propagation was done by vegetative cuttings. <br /> The technique had limitation of producing seeds in a large scale. In order <br /> to increase productivity of sugarcane, it is required to provide sugarcane <br /> seeds in large scale. Tissue culture is an alternative technique that can be <br />developed to provide the seeds. The objective of this research was to</p><p>obtain the best formulations for callus induction and regeneration of <br /> Kidang Kencana and PSJT 941 varieties. The study was conducted in the <br /> Laboratory of Superior Farm Seeds Management Unit, Indonesian Agency <br /> for Agricultural Research and Development, Bogor from February until <br /> September 2012. The researches were carried out in three steps, name <br /> lycallus induction, regeneration of shoots and roots, and acclimatization. <br /> Explant  material  used  was  young  rolled  leaves  collected  from  two <br /> sugarcane  varieties (Kidang  Kencana  and  PSJT 941).  Four  media <br /> formulations used for callus induction, while seven media formulations <br /> used for shoots and roots regeneration. Acclimatization used sterile soil <br /> and compost (2:1). The experiment arranged in Factorial Completely <br /> Randomized Design with two factors and ten replications. The first factor <br /> was varieties and second factor was media formulations. The results <br /> showed that the best callus induction media for Kidang Kencana was 2.4-<br /> D 9 µM + Picloram 4.5 µM, while for PSJT 941 was 2.4-D 13.5 µM. <br /> Regeneration  media  could  induce both  shoots  and  roots.  The  best <br /> regeneration media for Kidang Kencana and PSJT 941 were IBA 2.46 µM <br /> + BAP 1.33 µM. They could be acclimatized successfully in green house <br /> with highly percentage (80-100%).</p><p>Key words:  Saccharum officinarum,  sugarcane, tissue culture, organo- genesis, multiplication</p>

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