scholarly journals Late-Gestation in utero Heat Stress Limits Dairy Heifer Early-Life Growth and Organ Development

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bethany Dado-Senn ◽  
Sena L. Field ◽  
Brittney D. Davidson ◽  
Leticia T. Casarotto ◽  
Marcela G. Marrero ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
In Utero ◽  
Late Gestation ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Metabolic Adaptation ◽  
Heart Weight ◽  
Dairy Calf ◽  
The Relationship

Dairy calves exposed to late-gestation heat stress weigh less, have impaired immunity, produce less milk across multiple lactations, and have reduced productive life. However, less is known about the relationship between in utero heat stress and organ morphology and development. Herein, we characterized the consequences of late-gestation in utero heat stress on body and organ growth trajectories during early-life development. Holstein heifers were either in utero heat-stressed (IU-HT, n = 36, dams exposed to THI > 68) or cooled (IU-CL, n = 37, dams exposed to THI > 68 with access to active cooling) during late gestation (54 ± 5 d prepartum). All heifers were reared identically from birth to weaning. Upon birth, calves were weighed and fed 3.78 L of colostrum followed by 0.87 kg DM/d milk replacer (MR) over two feedings and ad libitum starter concentrate daily. Weaning began at 49 d and ended at 56 d of age. Feed intake was recorded daily, and body weight (BW) and other growth measures were recorded at 0, 28, 56, and 63 d. Blood was collected at d 1 then weekly. Subsets of heifers were selected for euthanasia at birth and 7 d after complete weaning (n = 8 per group each) to harvest and weigh major organs. Reduced BW and stature measures persisted in IU-HT heifers from 0 to 63 d of age with a 7% lower average daily gain and reduced starter consumption relative to IU-CL heifers. IU-HT heifers had lower hematocrit percentages and reduced apparent efficiency of absorption of IgG relative to IU-CL heifers. Additionally, IU-HT heifers had reduced gross thymus, spleen, thyroid gland, and heart weight at birth and larger adrenal glands and kidneys but smaller ovaries relative to BW at 63 d. The mammary gland of IU-HT heifers was smaller relative to IU-CL heifers at birth and 63 d adjusted for BW, suggesting mechanisms leading to impaired milk yield in mature IU-HT cows are initiated early in development. In summary, in utero heat stress reduces whole-body size and limits development of key organs with potential repercussions on dairy calf metabolic adaptation, immune function, and future productivity.

scholarly journals Hepatic thyroid signaling of heat-stressed late pregnant and early lactating cows

2017 ◽  
Vol 234 (2) ◽  
pp. 129-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joachim M Weitzel ◽  
Torsten Viergutz ◽  
Dirk Albrecht ◽  
Rupert Bruckmaier ◽  
Marion Schmicke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Plasma Cholesterol ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Late Gestation ◽  
Metabolic Adaptation ◽  
Marker Genes ◽  
Early Lactation ◽  
Proteomics Data

During the transition between late gestation and early lactation, dairy cows experience severe metabolic stress due to the high energy and nutrient requirements of the fetus and the mammary gland. Additional thermal stress that occurs with rising temperatures during the ongoing climate change has further adverse implications on energy intake, metabolism and welfare. The thyroid hormone (TH)-mediated cellular signaling has a pivotal role in regulation of body temperature, energy intake and metabolic adaptation to heat. To distinguish between energy intake and heat stress-related effects, Holstein cows were first kept at thermoneutrality at 15°C followed by exposure to heat stress (HS) at 28°C or pair-feeding (PF) at 15°C for 6 days, in late pregnancy and again in early lactation. Herein, we focused on hepatic metabolic changes associated with alterations in the hypothalamic–pituitary–thyroid axis in HS and PF animals. T3 and T4 levels dropped with HS or PF; however, in HS animals, this decline was more pronounced. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels remain unaffected, while plasma cholesterol concentrations were lower in HS than PF animals. Hepatic marker genes for TH action (THRA, DIO1 and PPARGC1) decreased after HS and were lower compared to PF cows but only post-partum. Proteomics data revealed reduced hepatic amino acid catabolism ante-partum and a shift toward activated beta-oxidation and gluconeogenesis but declined oxidative stress defense post-partum. Thus, liver metabolism of HS and PF cows adapts differently to diminished energy intake both ante-partum and post-partum, and a different TH sensitivity is involved in the regulation of catabolic processes.

Baroreflex modulation of sympathetic nerve activity to muscle in heat-stressed humans

2002 ◽  
Vol 282 (1) ◽  
pp. R252-R258 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jian Cui ◽  
Thad E. Wilson ◽  
Craig G. Crandall
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Heat Stress ◽  
Sympathetic Nerve ◽  
Sympathetic Nerve Activity ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Arterial Baroreflex ◽  
Nerve Activity ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
The Relationship

To identify whether whole body heating alters arterial baroreflex control of muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA), MSNA and beat-by-beat arterial blood pressure were recorded in seven healthy subjects during acute hypotensive and hypertensive stimuli in both normothermic and heat stress conditions. Whole body heating significantly increased sublingual temperature ( P < 0.01), MSNA ( P < 0.01), heart rate ( P< 0.01), and skin blood flow ( P < 0.001), whereas mean arterial blood pressure did not change significantly ( P > 0.05). During both normothermic and heat stress conditions, MSNA increased and then decreased significantly when blood pressure was lowered and then raised via intravenous bolus infusions of sodium nitroprusside and phenylephrine HCl, respectively. The slope of the relationship between MSNA and diastolic blood pressure during heat stress (−128.3 ± 13.9 U · beats−1 · mmHg−1) was similar ( P = 0.31) with normothermia (−140.6 ± 21.1 U · beats−1 · mmHg−1). Moreover, no significant change in the slope of the relationship between heart rate and systolic blood pressure was observed. These data suggest that arterial baroreflex modulation of MSNA and heart rate are not altered by whole body heating, with the exception of an upward shift of these baroreflex curves to accommodate changes in these variables that occur with whole body heating.

scholarly journals 203 Efficiency of SID lysine utilization and maximum SID lysine retention for gilts in early, mid and late gestation

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 73-74
Author(s):  
Christian D Ramirez-Camba ◽  
Ron Navales ◽  
James Dunn ◽  
John K Htoo ◽  
Caroline Gonzalez-Vega ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Late Gestation ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Maximum Efficiency ◽  
Metabolic Demand ◽  
Nonlinear Regression Models ◽  
Maximum Value ◽  
Best Fitting ◽  
Total Urine ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Fecal Sampling

Abstract Efficiency of amino acid (AA) use is presumed constant across gestation but may not reflect changes in metabolic demand during gestation nor consider changes in efficiency depending on level of AA intake. Two experiments were conducted to determine efficiency of SID Lys utilization in gilts during early (d 48-52), mid (d 75-79) and late gestation (d 103-107). Each experiment provided 4 isocaloric (3,335 kcal ME/kg) and isoproteic (11.75 % CP) diets containing 4 SID Lys levels (Table 1). Diets were randomly assigned to 45 gilts (PIC 1050, 158.0 ± 8.0 kg at d 39.4 ± 1 of gestation) in Exp. 1 and 27 gilts (PIC 1050, 169.0 ± 7.5 kg at d 41 ± 1 of gestation) in Exp. 2. Dietary indispensable AA were set to meet or exceed 100% of AA:Lys ratios in both experiments. The SID Lys retention was estimated from whole body nitrogen (N) retention balance studies in each period (7 d diet adaptation, 5 d total urine collection and grab fecal sampling) according to the NRC (2012) equations. The relationship between SID Lys intake and SID Lys retention was determined by nonlinear regression models using the CurveExpert Professional software. According to the Hoerl regression model: E(y)=exp(β 0+β 1X)[Xβ2] best-fitting line, maximum efficiency of SID Lys utilization (i.e. g SID Lys retention/g SID Lys intake) was 65%, 57%, and 53% in early, mid and late gestation and occurred at 6.6, 8 and 12 g of SID Lys intake/d, respectively. Maximum SID Lys retention occurred at 8.1 and 9.8 g of SID Lys intake/d for early and mid-gestation. The SID Lys retention did not reach a maximum value in late gestation. These results suggest that efficiency of SID Lys utilization is not constant across gestation and that maximal efficiency occurs at intake below current recommendations.

scholarly journals Early overnutrition impairs insulin signaling in the heart of adult Swiss mice

2008 ◽  
Vol 198 (3) ◽  
pp. 591-598 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariana Renovato Martins ◽  
Anatalia Kutianski Gonzalez Vieira ◽  
Érica Patrícia Garcia de Souza ◽  
Anibal Sanchez Moura
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Signaling ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Heart Weight ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Anabolic Hormone ◽  
Glucose Ratio ◽  
Overweight Adult ◽  
Prevalence Of Obesity ◽  
Heart Size

Human overnutrition has caused a rise in the prevalence of obesity in recent years. In addition to the deleterious effects of obesity during childhood, long-term effects in adulthood have been described as well. For instance, cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes are among the diseases associated with a history of obesity. Altered insulin secretion and action have been described as important links between these diseases and obesity. Insulin acts as a unique anabolic hormone providing regulation of whole-body glucose homeostasis and peripheral tissue glucose uptake in tissues such as the heart. In this study, we examined insulin signaling in the heart of obese animals using an experimental model of inducing overweight adult animals by overnutrition in early life. In these animals, overfeeding during lactation was able to induce a significant increase in body weight starting at the 10th day of life, and this increased weight persisted until adulthood. Impairment in glucose tolerance, hyperinsulinemia, and an increased insulin/glucose ratio were also observed in these animals. Moreover, an increased heart weight/tibia length ratio was also observed, indicating an enlarged heart size. The overfed animals also had decreased insulin sensitivity in the heart, as confirmed by decreased insulin receptor (IR)-β and IR substrate-1 (Irs1) phosphorylation, increased phosphatase, non-receptor type 1 (Ptpn1)–IR-β association, decreased –Irs1-associated activity, and reduction in anti-phospho Akt1 phosphorylation. In conclusion, our findings showed that overnutrition during early life induced obesity and insulin resistance in the adult offspring, and further increased heart size and impaired cardiac insulin signaling, putatively due to an increase in Ptpn1 activity.

scholarly journals Evaluation and mitigation of the effects of in utero heat stress on piglet growth performance, postabsorptive metabolism, and stress response following weaning and transport

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacob M Maskal ◽  
Alan W Duttlinger ◽  
Kouassi R Kpodo ◽  
Betty R McConn ◽  
Christopher J Byrd ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Video Recording ◽  
In Utero ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Postnatal Life ◽  
Study Objective ◽  
Nonesterified Fatty Acids

Abstract In utero heat stress (IUHS) increases the energy requirements of pigs during postnatal life, and this may compound weaning and transport stress. The study objective was to evaluate and mitigate the negative effects of IUHS following weaning and transport through the provision of a nutrient-dense (ND) nursery diet formulated to meet the greater energy requirements of IUHS pigs during the first 14 d postweaning and transport. Twenty-four pregnant gilts were exposed to thermoneutral (TN; n = 12; 17.5 ± 2.1 °C) or heat stress (HS; n = 12; cycling 26 to 36 °C) conditions for the first half of gestation (day 6 to 59) and then TN conditions (20.9 ± 2.3 °C) until farrowing. Nine TN gilts and 12 HS gilts produced litters. At weaning (16.2 ± 0.4 d), mixed-sex piglets (N = 160; 4.78 ± 0.15 kg body weight [BW]) were transported (loading + transport + unloading) for 11 h 40 min. Following transport, piglets were blocked into pens (n = 4 pigs/pen) by in utero and dietary treatments: in utero thermoneutral (IUTN) + control (C) diet (n = 10 pens), IUTN + ND (n = 10 pens), IUHS + C (n = 10 pens), and IUHS + ND (n = 10 pens). Treatment diets were fed from day 1 to 14 postweaning and transport (period 1), and the C diet was fed to all pigs from day 14 to 35 postweaning and transport (period 2). Production measures were taken in 7 d intervals to calculate average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), average daily net energy intake (ADEI), gain:feed, and gain:net energy intake. Blood samples were collected prior to transport, following transport, and on days 2, 7, 14, 28, and 35 postweaning and transport to analyze cortisol, glucose, insulin, and nonesterified fatty acids. Behavior was assessed through video-recording on days 3, 5, 8, 11, and 13 postweaning and transport. In period 1, ADG was reduced (P = 0.04; 20.0 g/d) in IUHS vs. IUTN pigs. Pigs fed ND diets had reduced ADFI (P = 0.02; 9.3%) compared with C diet-fed pigs during period 1, which resulted in similar ADEI (P = 0.23; 1,115 ± 35 kcal/d). During transport, cortisol was decreased (P = 0.03; 25.8%) in IUHS vs. IUTN pigs. On day 2, glucose was decreased (P = 0.01; 13.8%) in IUHS vs. IUTN pigs. No in utero treatment-related behavior differences were observed but lying was reduced (P = 0.03; 6.5%) and standing was increased (P = 0.04; 14.1%) in ND vs. C pigs overall. In summary, IUHS reduced growth performance in pigs following weaning and transport, and providing an ND diet did not rescue the lost performance.

Phenylephrine-induced elevations in arterial blood pressure are attenuated in heat-stressed humans

2002 ◽  
Vol 283 (5) ◽  
pp. R1221-R1226 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jian Cui ◽  
Thad E. Wilson ◽  
Craig G. Crandall
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Heat Stress ◽  
Arterial Blood Pressure ◽  
Muscle Sympathetic Nerve Activity ◽  
Peripheral Resistance ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Baroreflex Control ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
The Relationship

To test the hypothesis that phenylephrine-induced elevations in blood pressure are attenuated in heat-stressed humans, blood pressure was elevated via steady-state infusion of three doses of phenylephrine HCl in 10 healthy subjects in both normothermic and heat stress conditions. Whole body heating significantly increased sublingual temperature by ∼0.5°C, muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA), heart rate, and cardiac output and decreased total peripheral vascular resistance (TPR; all P < 0.005) but did not change mean arterial blood pressure (MAP; P > 0.05). At the highest dose of phenylephrine, the increase in MAP and TPR from predrug baselines was significantly attenuated during the heat stress [ΔMAP 8.4 ± 1.2 mmHg; ΔTPR 0.96 ± 0.85 peripheral resistance units (PRU)] compared with normothermia (ΔMAP 15.4 ± 1.4 mmHg, ΔTPR 7.13 ± 1.18 PRU; all P < 0.001). The sensitivity of baroreflex control of MSNA and heart rate, expressed as the slope of the relationship between MSNA and diastolic blood pressure, as well as the slope of the relationship between heart rate and systolic blood pressure, respectively, was similar between thermal conditions (each P > 0.05). These data suggest that phenylephrine-induced elevations in MAP are attenuated in heat-stressed humans without affecting baroreflex control of MSNA or heart rate.

scholarly journals Early-life heat stress exposure impacts dairy calf feeding and thermoregulatory behavior

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bethany Dado-Senn ◽  
Katie N. Gingerich ◽  
Kelsey C. Horvath ◽  
Sena L. Field ◽  
Marcela G. Marrero ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Stress Exposure ◽  
Dairy Calf ◽  
Thermoregulatory Behavior

scholarly journals In utero exposure to heat stress during late gestation has prolonged effects on the activity patterns and growth of dairy calves

2017 ◽  
Vol 100 (4) ◽  
pp. 2976-2984 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Laporta ◽  
T.F. Fabris ◽  
A.L. Skibiel ◽  
J.L. Powell ◽  
M.J. Hayen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Activity Patterns ◽  
In Utero ◽  
Late Gestation ◽  
Dairy Calves ◽  
In Utero Exposure

scholarly journals 376 Awardee Talk: Consequences of Heat Stress During Late Gestation for the Dairy Cow and Her Calf

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_4) ◽  
pp. 122-123
Author(s):  
Geoffrey Dahl
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Well Being ◽  
In Utero ◽  
Late Gestation ◽  
Mammary Tissue ◽  
Production Cycle ◽  
Two Generations ◽  
High Feed ◽  
Methylation Patterns ◽  
The Impact

Abstract As global temperatures continue to rise, heat stress emerges as a growing threat to animal productivity and well-being. Because of their high feed intake and metabolic heat production, dairy cows are particularly vulnerable to heat stress and the complications of that environmental insult. A significant knowledge base exists around the impact of heat stress during lactation, but more recent emphasis about impacts on the dry cow, and by extension on the developing fetus, have yielded new insights to inform management of heat stress throughout the production cycle. Heat stress at dry-off slows involution and reduces mammary cell proliferation as parturition approaches. Immune responses, both innate and acquired, are reduced with heat stress and can persist into lactation. Calves whose dams experience heat stress late in gestation have lower birthweights, poorer passive transfer and altered carbohydrate metabolism relative to calves from cooled dams. Calves from heat-stressed dams leave the herd at a higher rate before puberty compared with those from cooled dams, and thus fewer complete the first lactation. More importantly, in utero heat stress causes epigenetic changes in methylation patterns of liver and mammary tissue, and those differences are associated with yield reductions that are transferred through at least two generations, producing a drag on animal performance long after the initial in utero insult. Therefore, appropriate management of heat stress in the dry cow is critical to optimize performance of the cow and calf.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document