scholarly journals Hypoxia in Cell Reprogramming and the Epigenetic Regulations

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nariaki Nakamura ◽  
Xiaobing Shi ◽  
Radbod Darabi ◽  
Yong Li
Keyword(s):  
Cell Proliferation ◽  
Cell Fate ◽  
Tissue Regeneration ◽  
Cellular Reprogramming ◽  
Cell Reprogramming ◽  
Cell Renewal ◽  
Cellular Functions ◽  
Stem Cell Renewal ◽  
Epigenetic Regulations

Cellular reprogramming is a fundamental topic in the research of stem cells and molecular biology. It is widely investigated and its understanding is crucial for learning about different aspects of development such as cell proliferation, determination of cell fate and stem cell renewal. Other factors involved during development include hypoxia and epigenetics, which play major roles in the development of tissues and organs. This review will discuss the involvement of hypoxia and epigenetics in the regulation of cellular reprogramming and how interplay between each factor can contribute to different cellular functions as well as tissue regeneration.

scholarly journals Mitotic spindle (DIS)orientation and DISease: Cause or consequence?

2012 ◽  
Vol 199 (7) ◽  
pp. 1025-1035 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Noatynska ◽  
Monica Gotta ◽  
Patrick Meraldi
Keyword(s):  
Cell Proliferation ◽  
Cell Fate ◽  
Mitotic Spindle ◽  
Brain Diseases ◽  
Spindle Orientation ◽  
Cell Fate Determination ◽  
Cellular Functions ◽  
Tissue Organization ◽  
Asymmetric Divisions ◽  
Correct Alignment

Correct alignment of the mitotic spindle during cell division is crucial for cell fate determination, tissue organization, and development. Mutations causing brain diseases and cancer in humans and mice have been associated with spindle orientation defects. These defects are thought to lead to an imbalance between symmetric and asymmetric divisions, causing reduced or excessive cell proliferation. However, most of these disease-linked genes encode proteins that carry out multiple cellular functions. Here, we discuss whether spindle orientation defects are the direct cause for these diseases, or just a correlative side effect.

scholarly journals Regulation and functions of the Hippo pathway in stemness and differentiation

2020 ◽  
Vol 52 (7) ◽  
pp. 736-748 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaolei Cao ◽  
Chenliang Wang ◽  
Jiyang Liu ◽  
Bin Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Cell Proliferation ◽  
Tissue Regeneration ◽  
Hippo Pathway ◽  
Binding Motif ◽  
Cell Fates ◽  
Self Renewal ◽  
Proliferation And Apoptosis ◽  
Kinase Cascade ◽  
The Hippo Pathway

Abstract The Hippo pathway plays important roles in organ development, tissue regeneration, and human diseases, such as cancer. In the canonical Hippo pathway, the MST1/2-LATS1/2 kinase cascade phosphorylates and inhibits transcription coactivators Yes-associated protein and transcription coactivator with PDZ-binding motif and thus regulates transcription of genes important for cell proliferation and apoptosis. However, recent studies have depicted a much more complicate picture of the Hippo pathway with many new components and regulatory stimuli involving both chemical and mechanical signals. Furthermore, accumulating evidence indicates that the Hippo pathway also plays important roles in the determination of cell fates, such as self-renewal and differentiation. Here, we review regulations of the Hippo pathway and its functions in stemness and differentiation emphasizing recent discoveries.

scholarly journals Mitochondrial Heterogeneity: Evaluating Mitochondrial Subpopulation Dynamics in Stem Cells

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. C. Woods
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Cell Fate ◽  
Pluripotent Stem Cells ◽  
Cell Biology ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Cellular Reprogramming ◽  
Cellular Functions ◽  
Technical Advances ◽  
Mitochondrial Heterogeneity ◽  
Key Participants

Although traditionally viewed as the “powerhouse” of the cell, an accruing body of evidence in the rapidly growing field of mitochondrial biology supports additional roles of mitochondria as key participants in a multitude of cellular functions. While it has been well established that mitochondria in different tissues have distinctive ultrastructural features consistent with differential bioenergetic demands, recent and emerging technical advances in flow cytometry, imaging, and “-omics”-based bioinformatics have only just begun to explore the complex and divergent properties of mitochondria within tissues and cell types. Moreover, contemporary studies evaluating the role of mitochondria in pluripotent stem cells, cellular reprogramming, and differentiation point to a potential importance of mitochondrial subpopulations and heterogeneity in the field of stem cell biology. This review assesses the current literature regarding mitochondrial subpopulations within cell and tissue types and evaluates the current understanding of how mitochondrial diversity and heterogeneity might impact cell fate specification in pluripotent stem cells.

scholarly journals The Role of Stiffness in Cell Reprogramming: A Potential Role for Biomaterials in Inducing Tissue Regeneration

Cells ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 1036 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michele d’Angelo ◽  
Elisabetta Benedetti ◽  
Maria Grazia Tupone ◽  
Mariano Catanesi ◽  
Vanessa Castelli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Matrix ◽  
Cell Fate ◽  
Tissue Regeneration ◽  
Cell Biology ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Biomechanical Properties ◽  
Cell Reprogramming ◽  
Cell Behavior ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Mechanical Stimuli

The mechanotransduction is the process by which cells sense mechanical stimuli such as elasticity, viscosity, and nanotopography of extracellular matrix and translate them into biochemical signals. The mechanotransduction regulates several aspects of the cell behavior, including migration, proliferation, and differentiation in a time-dependent manner. Several reports have indicated that cell behavior and fate are not transmitted by a single signal, but rather by an intricate network of many signals operating on different length and timescales that determine cell fate. Since cell biology and biomaterial technology are fundamentals in cell-based regenerative therapies, comprehending the interaction between cells and biomaterials may allow the design of new biomaterials for clinical therapeutic applications in tissue regeneration. In this work, we present the most relevant mechanism by which the biomechanical properties of extracellular matrix (ECM) influence cell reprogramming, with particular attention on the new technologies and materials engineering, in which are taken into account not only the biochemical and biophysical signals patterns but also the factor time.

scholarly journals Effect of Luteolin and Apigenin on the Expression of Oct-4, Sox2, and c-Myc in Dental Pulp Cells withIn VitroCulture

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lu Liu ◽  
Zhengjun Peng ◽  
Zezhen Xu ◽  
Xi Wei
Keyword(s):  
Cell Proliferation ◽  
Cell Fate ◽  
Dental Pulp ◽  
Cell Fate Determination ◽  
Dental Pulp Cells ◽  
Dental Tissue ◽  
Fate Determination ◽  
Specific Differentiation ◽  
Pulp Cells

Introduction. Dental pulp cells (DPCs) are promising cell source for dental tissue regeneration. Recently, small molecules which optimize microenvironment or activate the reprogramming network provide a new way to enhance the pluripotency. Two promising bioflavonoids luteolin and apigenin were reported to enhance reprogramming efficiency in mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF). However, their effect and underlying mechanism in cell fate determination of human DPCs remain unclear.Methods. To elucidate the effect of luteolin and apigenin on the cell fate determination of DPCs, we explored the cell proliferation, cell cycle, senescence, apoptosis, expression of pluripotency markers Oct-4, Sox2, and c-Myc, and multilineage differentiation capability of DPCs with luteolin or apigenin treatment.Results. We demonstrated that luteolin and apigenin inhibited cell proliferation, arrested DPCs in G2/M and S phase, and upregulated PI value and apoptosis. Moreover, luteolin and apigenin increased telomerase activity, maintained DPCs in a presenescent state, and activated the expression of Oct-4, Sox2, and c-Myc at a dose- and time-dependent pattern in DPCs even at late passages, albeit repressed lineage-specific differentiation.Conclusions. Addition of luteolin and apigenin in the culture medium might provide an effective way to maintain DPCs in an undifferentiated stage and inhibit lineage-specific differentiation.

scholarly journals The CONJUDOR pipeline for multiplexed knockdown of gene pairs identifies RBBP-5 as a germ cell reprogramming barrier in C. elegans

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marlon Kazmierczak ◽  
Carlota Farré i Díaz ◽  
Andreas Ofenbauer ◽  
Sergej Herzog ◽  
Baris Tursun
Keyword(s):  
Germ Cell ◽  
Cell Fate ◽  
High Throughput ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Cellular Reprogramming ◽  
Cell Reprogramming ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Multiple Gene ◽  
C Elegans ◽  
Rnai Technique

Abstract Multiple gene activities control complex biological processes such as cell fate specification during development and cellular reprogramming. Investigating the manifold gene functions in biological systems requires also simultaneous depletion of two or more gene activities. RNA interference-mediated knockdown (RNAi) is commonly used in Caenorhabditis elegans to assess essential genes, which otherwise lead to lethality or developmental arrest upon full knockout. RNAi application is straightforward by feeding worms with RNAi plasmid-containing bacteria. However, the general approach of mixing bacterial RNAi clones to deplete two genes simultaneously often yields poor results. To address this issue, we developed a bacterial conjugation-mediated double RNAi technique ‘CONJUDOR’. It allows combining RNAi bacteria for robust double RNAi with high-throughput. To demonstrate the power of CONJUDOR for large scale double RNAi screens we conjugated RNAi against the histone chaperone gene lin-53 with more than 700 other chromatin factor genes. Thereby, we identified the Set1/MLL methyltransferase complex member RBBP-5 as a novel germ cell reprogramming barrier. Our findings demonstrate that CONJUDOR increases efficiency and versatility of RNAi screens to examine interconnected biological processes in C. elegans with high-throughput.

scholarly journals Hepatocyte generation in liver homeostasis, repair, and regeneration

2022 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenjuan Pu ◽  
Bin Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Cell Fate ◽  
Tissue Regeneration ◽  
Cell Lineage ◽  
Lineage Tracing ◽  
Cellular Reprogramming ◽  
Hepatocyte Proliferation ◽  
Genetic Lineage ◽  
Regenerative Capacity ◽  
The Past ◽  
Genetic Lineage Tracing

AbstractThe liver has remarkable capability to regenerate, employing mechanism to ensure the stable liver-to-bodyweight ratio for body homeostasis. The source of this regenerative capacity has received great attention over the past decade yet still remained controversial currently. Deciphering the sources for hepatocytes provides the basis for understanding tissue regeneration and repair, and also illustrates new potential therapeutic targets for treating liver diseases. In this review, we describe recent advances in genetic lineage tracing studies over liver stem cells, hepatocyte proliferation, and cell lineage conversions or cellular reprogramming. This review will also evaluate the technical strengths and limitations of methods used for studies on hepatocyte generation and cell fate plasticity in liver homeostasis, repair and regeneration.

scholarly journals The CONDOR pipeline for simultaneous knockdown of multiple genes identifies RBBP-5 as a germ cell reprogramming barrier in C. elegans

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marlon Kazmierczak ◽  
Carlota Farré i Díaz ◽  
Andreas Ofenbauer ◽  
Baris Tursun
Keyword(s):  
Germ Cell ◽  
Cell Fate ◽  
High Throughput ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Cellular Reprogramming ◽  
Cell Reprogramming ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Multiple Gene ◽  
C Elegans ◽  
Rnai Technique

ABSTRACTMultiple gene activities control complex biological processes such as cell fate specification during development and cellular reprogramming. Investigating the manifold gene functions in biological systems requires also simultaneous depletion of two or more gene activities. RNA interference-mediated knockdown (RNAi) is commonly used in C. elegans to assess essential genes, which otherwise lead to lethality or developmental arrest upon full knockout. RNAi application is straightforward by feeding worms with RNAi plasmid-containing bacteria. However, the general approach of mixing bacterial RNAi clones to deplete two genes simultaneously often yields poor results. To address this issue, we developed a bacterial conjugation-mediated double RNAi technique ‘CONDOR’. It allows combining RNAi bacteria for robust double RNAi with high-throughput. To demonstrate the power of CONDOR for large scale double RNAi screens we conjugated RNAi against the histone chaperone gene lin-53 with more than 700 other chromatin factor genes. Thereby, we identified the Set1/MLL methyltransferase complex member RBBP-5 as a novel germ cell reprogramming barrier. Our findings demonstrate that CONDOR increases efficiency and versatility of RNAi screens to examine interconnected biological processes in C. elegans with high-throughput.

Cell Reprogramming: The Many Roads to Success

2019 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 433-452 ◽  
Author(s):  
Begüm Aydin ◽  
Esteban O. Mazzoni
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factor ◽  
Cell Fate ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Cellular Reprogramming ◽  
Cell Reprogramming ◽  
Direct Reprogramming ◽  
Cell Fate Conversion ◽  
The Many ◽  
Shed Light

Cellular reprogramming experiments from somatic cell types have demonstrated the plasticity of terminally differentiated cell states. Recent efforts in understanding the mechanisms of cellular reprogramming have begun to elucidate the differentiation trajectories along the reprogramming processes. In this review, we focus mainly on direct reprogramming strategies by transcription factors and highlight the variables that contribute to cell fate conversion outcomes. We review key studies that shed light on the cellular and molecular mechanisms by investigating differentiation trajectories and alternative cell states as well as transcription factor regulatory activities during cell fate reprogramming. Finally, we highlight a few concepts that we believe require attention, particularly when measuring the success of cell reprogramming experiments.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document