scholarly journals The True Identity of Putative Tooth Alveoli in a Cenozoic Crown Bird, the Gastornithid Omorhamphus

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antoine Louchart ◽  
Bhart-Anjan Bhullar ◽  
Ségolène Riamon ◽  
Daniel J. Field
Keyword(s):  
Ventral Side ◽  
Ventral Surface ◽  
Molecular Evidence ◽  
Evolutionary Transition ◽  
Crown Group ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Cast Doubt ◽  
Juvenile Specimen ◽  
Upper Jaw

All extant birds are toothless, and recent molecular evidence suggests that edentulism in extant birds is the product of a single evolutionary transition to toothlessness on the line to crown birds in the Cretaceous. However, a fossil crown bird premaxilla from the Palaeogene of North America (assigned to the gastornithid Omorhamphus storchii) has been interpreted as bearing alveoli for teeth, an observation that would cast doubt on a single loss of teeth preceding the extant avian radiation. However, the identity of these putative alveoli has never been reinvestigated in detail. Here, we re-examine this problematic juvenile specimen, using non-invasive x-ray microtomography, enabling the assessment of the true identity of the large, alveolus-like pits on the ventral side of this premaxilla. Although superficially alveolus-like, we illustrate that these pits represent openings of large neurovascular canals communicating with both the medullary cavity as well as other canals opening along the dorsal and lateral surfaces of the upper jaw, and that none of these openings appear to represent tooth alveoli. Further, we demonstrate that claims of an adult gastornithid specimen (Gastornis parisiensis) exhibiting tooth alveoli are similarly unfounded. By rejecting the hypothesis of dentition in these gastornithids, we eliminate any lingering uncertainty regarding the persistence of teeth within the avian crown group. We illustrate the presence of similar large vascular openings along the ventral surface of the beak of juvenile Gastornis russelli/parisiensis, and smaller versions in the juvenile premaxillae of Sylviornis neocaledoniae. We suggest that the large vascular canals in gastornithid specimens such as O. storchii are a feature associated with rapid growth of the juvenile beak, allowing the attainment of a large and dorsoventrally deep beak early in ontogeny. This may have enabled young gastornithids to become autonomous early, consistent with a presumably precocial developmental strategy.

X-ray microtomography

1988 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
pp. 998-999
Author(s):  
H.W. Deckman ◽  
B.F. Flannery ◽  
J.H. Dunsmuir ◽  
K.D' Amico
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Internal Structure ◽  
Imaging Technique ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Tissue Structure ◽  
Individual Element ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Panoramic Imaging ◽  
Three Dimensional Images

We have developed a new X-ray microscope which produces complete three dimensional images of samples. The microscope operates by performing X-ray tomography with unprecedented resolution. Tomography is a non-invasive imaging technique that creates maps of the internal structure of samples from measurement of the attenuation of penetrating radiation. As conventionally practiced in medical Computed Tomography (CT), radiologists produce maps of bone and tissue structure in several planar sections that reveal features with 1mm resolution and 1% contrast. Microtomography extends the capability of CT in several ways. First, the resolution which approaches one micron, is one thousand times higher than that of the medical CT. Second, our approach acquires and analyses the data in a panoramic imaging format that directly produces three-dimensional maps in a series of contiguous stacked planes. Typical maps available today consist of three hundred planar sections each containing 512x512 pixels. Finally, and perhaps of most import scientifically, microtomography using a synchrotron X-ray source, allows us to generate maps of individual element.

Diagnostic efficacy and suitability of trans-thoracic ultrasonography for pleural fluid detection – The future non-invasive gold-standard?

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 184-190
Author(s):  
Muhammad Irfan ◽  
Abdul Rasheed Qureshi ◽  
Zeeshan Ashraf ◽  
Muhammad Amjad Ramzan ◽  
Tehmina Naeem ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pleural Effusion ◽  
Diagnostic Accuracy ◽  
Pleural Fluid ◽  
Gold Standard ◽  
Pleural Effusions ◽  
Diagnostic Efficacy ◽  
Chest Sonography ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Fluid Detection

ABSTRACT Background: Conventionally Pleural effusions are suspected by history of pleuritis, evaluated by physical signs and multiple view radiography. Trans-thoracic pleural aspiration is done and aspirated pleural fluid is considered the gold-standard for pleural effusion. Chest sonography has the advantage of having high diagnostic efficacy over radiography for the detection of pleural effusion. Furthermore, ultrasonography is free from radiation hazards, inexpensive, readily available  and feasible for use in ICU, pregnant and pediatric patients. This study aims to explore the diagnostic accuracy of trans-thoracic ultrasonography for pleural fluid detection, which is free of such disadvantages. The objective is to determine the diagnostic efficacy of trans-thoracic ultrasound for detecting pleural effusion and also to assess its suitability for being a non-invasive gold-standard.   Subject and Methods: This retrospective study of 4597 cases was conducted at pulmonology  OPD-Gulab Devi Teaching Hospital, Lahore from November 2016 to July 2018. Adult patients with clinical features suggesting pleural effusions were included while those where no suspicion of pleural effusion, patients < 14 years and pregnant ladies were excluded. Patients were subjected to chest x-ray PA and Lateral views and chest ultrasonography was done by a senior qualified radiologist in OPD. Ultrasound-guided pleural aspiration was done in OPD & fluid was sent for analysis. At least 10ml aspirated fluid was considered as diagnostic for pleural effusion. Patient files containing history, physical examination, x-ray reports, ultrasound reports, pleural aspiration notes and informed consent were retrieved, reviewed and findings were recorded in the preformed proforma. Results were tabulated and conclusion was drawn by statistical analysis. Results: Out of 4597 cases, 4498 pleural effusion were manifested on CXR and only 2547(56.62%) pleural effusions were proved by ultrasound while 2050 (45.57%) cases were reported as no Pleural effusion. Chest sonography demonstrated sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV and diagnostic accuracy 100 % each. Conclusions: Trans-thoracic ultrasonography revealed an excellent efficacy that is why it can be considered as non-invasive gold standard for the detection of pleural effusion.

scholarly journals Non-Invasive Technical Investigation of English Portrait Miniatures Attributed to Nicholas Hilliard and Isaac Oliver

Heritage ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 1165-1181
Author(s):  
Flavia Fiorillo ◽  
Lucia Burgio ◽  
Christine Slottved Kimbriel ◽  
Paola Ricciardi
Keyword(s):  
Fluorescence Spectroscopy ◽  
Scientific Methodology ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Artistic Practice ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Miniature Painting ◽  
Entire Career ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
Victoria And Albert Museum

This study presents the results of the technical investigation carried out on several English portrait miniatures painted in the 16th and 17th century by Nicholas Hilliard and Isaac Oliver, two of the most famous limners working at the Tudor and Stuart courts. The 23 objects chosen for the analysis, spanning almost the entire career of the two artists, belong to the collections of the Victoria and Albert Museum (London) and the Fitzwilliam Museum (Cambridge). A non-invasive scientific methodology, comprising of stereo and optical microscopies, Raman microscopy, and X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, was required for the investigation of these small-scale and fragile objects. The palettes and working techniques of the two artists were characterised, focusing in particular on the examination of flesh tones, mouths, and eyes. These findings were also compared to the information written in the treatises on miniature painting circulating during the artists’ lifetime. By identifying the materials and techniques most widely employed by the two artists, this study provides information about similarities and differences in their working methods, which can help to understand their artistic practice as well as contribute to matters of attribution.

Non-invasive investigation of the cross-sectional solids distribution in CFB risers by X-ray computed tomography

2016 ◽  
Vol 297 ◽  
pp. 247-258 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timo Hensler ◽  
Markus Firsching ◽  
Juan Sebastian Gomez Bonilla ◽  
Thorsten Wörlein ◽  
Norman Uhlmann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
X Ray Computed ◽  
The Cross

scholarly journals Non-invasive sensing for food reassurance

The Analyst ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 141 (5) ◽  
pp. 1587-1610 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zou Xiaobo ◽  
Huang Xiaowei ◽  
Malcolm Povey
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Physicochemical Properties ◽  
Food Quality ◽  
Physical Principle ◽  
Quality Traits ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Main Food ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Nutritional Characteristics

The main food quality traits of interest using non-invasive sensing techniques are sensory characteristics, chemical composition, physicochemical properties, health-protecting properties, nutritional characteristics and safety. A wide range of non-invasive sensing techniques, from optical, acoustical, electrical, to nuclear magnetic, X-ray, biosensor, microwave and terahertz, are organized according to physical principle.

scholarly journals Non Invasive Analysis of Manuscript Covers: Portable X-ray Fluorescence Enlightening Medieval Jewellery Masterpieces

2013 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 100-108
Author(s):  
Gaia Fenoglio ◽  
Maurizio Aceto ◽  
Angelo Agostinoa ◽  
Lorenza Opertia
Keyword(s):  
X Ray ◽  
Non Invasive

Calcium oxalate crystal distribution in rose peduncles: Non-invasive analysis by synchrotron X-ray micro-tomography

2012 ◽  
Vol 72 ◽  
pp. 27-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Uzuki Matsushima ◽  
André Hilger ◽  
Wolfgang Graf ◽  
Simon Zabler ◽  
Ingo Manke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Oxalate ◽  
Calcium Oxalate Crystal ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Micro Tomography

scholarly journals Non-invasive Electrochemical Detection of Glucose using CuO-NiO/MXene Modified Electrode

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alaa Mohamed Elsafi ◽  
Vinotha Krishnasamy ◽  
Karthik Kannan ◽  
John-John Cabibihan ◽  
Abdulaziz Khalid AlAli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Analysis ◽  
High Selectivity ◽  
Proton Conductor ◽  
Carbon Electrodes ◽  
Electrochemical Studies ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Characterization Methods ◽  
Glassy Carbon Electrodes ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Non Invasive

High levels of glucose or acetone in breath confirms diabetes disease. One of the analytical devices that detect changes in breath is the electrochemical sensor having high selectivity, easy to use and being able to meet diabetic patient’s needs. In this study, sensors were made by fabricating metal oxide coated glassy carbon electrodes and using nafion as a proton conductor. Characterization methods such as X-ray diffraction, FTIR and morphological analysis have been performed for metal oxides to characterize their atomic arrangement and composition. In addition, electrochemical studies were done using Gamry instrument and curves plotted as current in amperes versus voltage to test the coated electrodes conductivity. High selectivity sensors provide promising applications in any field.

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