Two manuscript messages: 1. Difference between Plural and Collective Noun and the Noun for Ibn Al-Nathem 2. The adverb coupled with Maybe for Amir Badshah: Investigation Study: رسالَتا: 1. الفرق بين الجمع واسم الجمع واسم الجنس "لابن النّاظم 2. الحال المقرونة بـ " قد" لأمير باد شاه: دراسة وتحقيق

This study aims to investigate two manuscript texts on some syntactical and morphological issues, which are “The difference between the plural, collective noun and the gendered noun” by Ibn al-Nazim, and the second the adverb which is connected with"Qad’ by Amir Badshah. Those twoscholars left many precious scientific works. The researcher found these issues deserve to be published since they consider as one of the main issues that had been discussed by the scholars with their students during lessons. These issues did not reach the size of huge classifications, but it is one or two issues where the classified book express its opinion in concise and focus, which is considered of fruitful and great benefits in language research and the intellectual activity in general, and they were not attainable and accessible, particularly in obtaining second copies of those letters. Accordingly, in order not to remain a buried treasure waiting for someone to discover or get it out to the light, the researcher has obtained one letter with two different versions from two different places; and the other one is a unique copy where the researcher followed the scientific methodology in its publication and verification.

Criminal policy in countering corruption crimes related to bribery and other illegal remuneration (legislative aspect)

Criminal policy is part of state policy, defining the main objectives and means to influence crime through legislative activities related to change, first, criminal, criminal-procedural, criminal-executive legislation. Through a scientific methodology of a documentary nature, the objective of the research is to analyze the criminal and legal policy of the State in the fight against crimes related to bribery and other illegal remuneration. It should be noted that the criminal policy of crimes related to bribery and other illegal remuneration is currently in crisis. It is concluded that there is a tendency to increase the range of criminal acts related to illegal remuneration, to broaden the scope of the criminal regulation of liability for illegal remuneration by making changes and additions to the composition of offences related to illegal remuneration, and to criminalize new types of acts related to unlawful remuneration, which is associated with the assessment of the role of illegal remuneration as a particularly dangerous criminal phenomenon, which has a significant negative impact on protected public relations.

Colliding Epistemologies: Reflections on Nidhal Guessoum

Modern sciences and Islam are oftentimes perceived (or presented) as irreconcilable or even as mutually exclusive poles. In attempting to re-establish the dialogue on the topic and to find contemporary approaches that might enable one to keep personal religious beliefs while also engaging with modern sciences, this article discusses the works of contemporary physicist Nidhal Guessoum. Guessoum not only critically examines current developments in the realm of science in the Muslim world, but also provides the reader with a solution to what seems to be a problem of colliding epistemologies: reconciling the two traditions. According to Guessoum, both traditions – although using different methods – work towards advancing knowledge and should thus both be upheld and progressed. To illustrate his approach to scientific methodology and thinking, the article also provides an analysis of Guessoum’s videos on COVID-19 and thereby addresses a current topic which clearly proves the need for reliable modern science.

Mansour Fahmy, Pioneer of Islamic Feminism in Modern Egyptian Thought

Mansour Fahmy (1886-1959), one of the dramatic figures in modern Arab philosophical and social thought. He was the reformist and enlightenment figure in modern Arab history. He is also the owner of a notable current that was subjected to a violent attack that silenced him for a long time and forced him to "hide" physically. However, this did not eliminate the new opinions and positions that came at the beginning of the twentieth century towards the issue of women. He is the first to write with a scientific methodology - from the point of view of sociology - on Islamic discourse and its dealings with women. he sought to differentiate between religion and the religious establishment, between the personality of the Prophet Muhammad and what later prevailed in the books of jurisprudence and others. When he discussed the headscarf issue, he concluded that it was the product of traditions and customs that the Hijab is not from the Islamic religion. Islamic law has nothing to do with the Hijab. Mansour Fahmy's creativity was at one of the sensitive stages in Egypt's modern history in which the political, social, national, cultural, and revolution clashed in each one. All this, in turn, identified the problem of Mansour Fahmy's intellectual personality in the battles of thought and politics. This research's main task is to redraw the features of his actual personality and the reality of his intellectual, social, and political positions. Besides, this study seeks to uncover the effect of philosophy on crystallizing Mansour Fahmy's critical personality and its role in laying the foundations of the critical vision with its practical, reformist, and enlightening dimensions.

Émilie Du Châtelet on Newtonianism and Hypotheses in the Eighteenth Century

Émilie Du Châtelet produced one of the first fully articulated accounts of the role of hypothesis in science, problematizing the debate in mid-eighteenth-century France over the roles of hypotheses, experimentation, and speculation in scientific methodology. This chapter examines her original views on the general topic of hypotheses by examining her extended attack throughout her Institutions de physique against the specific hypothesis regarding the cause of gravity held by Newtonians John Keill (1671–1721) and John Freind (1675–1728). In light of Du Châtelet’s criticism of the Keill-Freind hypothesis, we can interpret her as a clarifier of Newton (as per recent interpretations) who believes that hypothesizing about the cause of gravity, for example, can aid in that clarification, but who also believes in strict constraints placed upon the role of hypotheses in science.

A framework to guide policymakers on the use of science to inform public health policy and law: Immunisation as a case study

<p>This thesis examines the incorporation of science into public health policy/law. The key problem that the thesis tackles is the blurring of science and values arguments in the creation of policy/law. To overcome this problem, a decision-making framework is proposed that draws a distinction between arguments based on science and those based on values. The framework suggests categorising science as information obtained by adherence to the scientific method. Values, then, are those legally protected rights, freedoms and principles that do not follow scientific methodology. Examples include public health as a community value, informed consent, freedom of choice, and religious beliefs. The idea is that the acquisition of scientific knowledge through the scientific process provides the platform from which debate about values can begin. It is acknowledged that scientific methodology does not entail an absence of values, and the reality may be the separation is more of a continuum than two distinct groups. The shorthand labels (values and science) are used for functional purposes to describe the stages of the proposed framework. There are three stages to the framework. The first stage acts as a gatekeeper, preventing non-scientific components being confused with science. The second stage addresses values, particularly rights and freedoms protected by law. The third stage looks at whether a health policy option (which could involve new law) that restricts existing rights protected by law can nevertheless be justified. Examples relating to the immunisation of children are used to help describe how the framework could work when applied to a real-world public health policy issue.</p>

A framework to guide policymakers on the use of science to inform public health policy and law: Immunisation as a case study

<p>This thesis examines the incorporation of science into public health policy/law. The key problem that the thesis tackles is the blurring of science and values arguments in the creation of policy/law. To overcome this problem, a decision-making framework is proposed that draws a distinction between arguments based on science and those based on values. The framework suggests categorising science as information obtained by adherence to the scientific method. Values, then, are those legally protected rights, freedoms and principles that do not follow scientific methodology. Examples include public health as a community value, informed consent, freedom of choice, and religious beliefs. The idea is that the acquisition of scientific knowledge through the scientific process provides the platform from which debate about values can begin. It is acknowledged that scientific methodology does not entail an absence of values, and the reality may be the separation is more of a continuum than two distinct groups. The shorthand labels (values and science) are used for functional purposes to describe the stages of the proposed framework. There are three stages to the framework. The first stage acts as a gatekeeper, preventing non-scientific components being confused with science. The second stage addresses values, particularly rights and freedoms protected by law. The third stage looks at whether a health policy option (which could involve new law) that restricts existing rights protected by law can nevertheless be justified. Examples relating to the immunisation of children are used to help describe how the framework could work when applied to a real-world public health policy issue.</p>

"مسالك العلماء في التعامل مع اختلاف النسخ في رموز "الجامع الصغير

The book ‘al-Jami as-Saghier’ of Al-Suyuti has become the major source for scholars, jurists, and preachers regarding the Prophet’s narrations. The reason for that is the easy access to the narration in it, with the addition of Al-Suyuti's classifications, and followed by the sources of the narration. But unfortunately, there occurred some differences in the manuscript copies regarding Al-Suyuti’s symbols, whether for sources or for strength and weakness of the narrations, which distracts the reader of this book. And caused the scholars to differ about these symbols and giving them lack trust. That is why this study came with the aim of choosing a scientific methodology to reach the rulings of Al-Suyuti, relying on the inductive approach in collecting texts. And it was found that the differences were caused by omission and misspelling, as well as the additions of some scholars such as Ibn Maghlabai and Sharif. And accordingly, the scholars’ approach towards these symbols differed: some of them removed them, like Al-Albani and Al-Nabhani. And others took the path of probability and likelihood, such as Al-Manawi and Al-San’ani, using correspondence between copies and the author’s handwriting, but their results are different. Therefore, I took what Al-Alqami mentioned as my main source, but since his explanation did not cover the whole book, we also relied on the copy of Testarbiti, due to its closeness to the author’s era and his acknowledgement of the copier. However, it contains blur and blanks, and a similarity between the two symbols of strength and weaknessص, ض) ) which affects the knowledge of the symbol. If Al-Alqami did not transmit anything, and we found an obliteration in the copy of Testarbiti, and the copies differed, then what Al-Manawi and Al-San’ani agreed upon is chosen. And even in the occasion one of them made a unique choice, because they took care of the book regarding their explanation and in comparing the copies. If Al-San’ani and Al-Manawi differ, or one of them is unique in contrast to the rest of the copies, as well as when there is a fear that a correction may occur in a copy of Testarbiti, then what agrees with the rule mentioned by Al-Suyuti in Al-Jami’ Al-Kabeer is given preference regarding the degree of the narration above the symbol of its correctors, or by Al-Suyuti’s statement in his other books as Al-Alqami used to do when giving preference.

disintegration challenge of reforming the Eurozone

The main objective of this study is to analyze endogenous destabilizing and disintegration tendencies within the framework of the crisis of the European Monetary Union, which grew into a crisis in the real economy. This involved several EU members states at the same time. Achieving this goal requires addressing a number of theoretical and historical lessons, that point to an important dilemma for the survival of the European project in the future. Research methods include: systematic, procedural and situational approaches to the study of Eurozone countries and participants in the integration project and disintegration influences and an institutional approach to the detection and analysis of dysfunctional institutional configuration within the framework of the European Monetary Union. Of significant importance for the study of the problems of economic integration and disintegration was the use of the principles of universal scientific methodology. This included an integrated approach to problem solving, which envisaged a general vision of the movement of capital in the context of the European integration project. Also, the application of methods of logical models, induction and deduction. The unity of logic and history in the development of a research object confirming the synergistic effect of historical and theoretical lessons.

Laimdots Ceplītis – nozīmīga personība latviešu valodniecībā

The article deals with the personality of Laimdots Ceplītis and his most significant contribution to the development of several linguistic fields: intonation of speech and phonetics, syntax, lexicography, improvement of writing. Ceplītis has been described as a diligent and hardworking, studious and persistent person; as an erudite researcher with a systemic view and a refined scientific methodology; as a demanding teacher, and understanding and forgiving at the same time. Ceplītis has been remembered as a responsive and helpful colleague, an intelligent, highly cultured, and very tactful person.