scholarly journals Evaluating Asymmetric Approaches to the Estimation of Standard Uncertainties for Emission Factors in the Fuel Sector of Costa Rica

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriel Molina-Castro ◽  
Bryan Calderón-Jiménez
Keyword(s):  
Costa Rica ◽  
Probability Distributions ◽  
Original Data ◽  
Uncertainty Assessment ◽  
Emission Factors ◽  
Quality Parameter ◽  
Asymmetric Distribution ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Inventories ◽  
Mandatory Requirement ◽  
Asymmetric Distributions

A new environmental challenge for Costa Rica involves the precise and reliable quantification of data from its fossil-fueled transportation sector. In the context of greenhouse gas inventories (measurement), uncertainty assessment, as the best quality parameter of any estimation or measurement, takes on a new relevance by becoming a mandatory requirement on ISO 14064-1:2018. However, a significant limitation has been found by users when quantifying standard (measurement) uncertainties associated with emission factors with asymmetric probability distributions. The present article sought to take advantage of fitting asymmetric distributions to estimate and compare possible standard uncertainties for the official emission factors of Costa Rica, specifically for the fuel sector. Five asymmetric distributions and a “symmetrization” method (symmetric approximation of an asymmetric distribution) were chosen and fitted to the data based on their application and previous use. Standard uncertainties were estimated from each distribution parameters as standard deviations. To evaluate the fit, quantiles of interest were extracted from simulated populations compared with the original data values. A systematically better fit was evidenced for the asymmetric triangular and generalized extreme value distributions, both for CO2 emission factors with less asymmetries and CH4 and N2O emission factors with greater asymmetries. This was not the case for the other distributions, where the log-normal distribution applying the correction factor suggested in the literature showed the worst fit. The use of the former distributions is recommended to estimate the standard uncertainties associated with the emission factors from the official Costa Rican database and other emission factors with similar asymmetries.

Uncertainty analysis of greenhouse gases emission: application to the EDGAR inventory

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Efisio Solazzo ◽  
Peter Bergamaschi ◽  
margarita Choulga ◽  
Gabriel Oreggioni ◽  
Marilena Muntean ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gases ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Task Force ◽  
Uncertainty Assessment ◽  
Emission Factors ◽  
Intergovernmental Panel ◽  
Total Uncertainty ◽  
Monitoring Task ◽  
Propagation Of Uncertainty ◽  
Global Uncertainty

<p>Emission inventories of greenhouse gases built up from international statistics of human-related activities and emission factors (often referred to as ‘bottom-up’ inventories) are at the core of emission trend analysis to inform policy actions and scientific applications, to support climate negotiation and pledges for mitigation options.</p><p>Increasingly gaining importance is the quantification of the inherent uncertainty of these inventories that could allow moving towards a verification system in support of the enhanced transparency framework of the Paris Agreement, in particular the global stocktakes. Recently, two H2020 projects – CHE (CO2 Human Emissions) and VERIFY – are focusing on this sensible aspect. This paper produces an unprecedented propagation of uncertainty applied to emissions of CO<sub>2</sub>, CH<sub>4</sub> and N<sub>2</sub>O, impinging in both projects. Starting from the human emission estimates of the Emission Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGAR), which encompasses historic and sectoral emissions from all world countries and using the error propagation method, uncertainties of the CO<sub>2</sub>, CH<sub>4 </sub>and N<sub>2</sub>O emissions were computed per sector and country.</p><p>The devised methodology applies uncertainty stemming from statistics of human activity and emission factors using the guidelines of Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC 2006). The analysis takes into consideration the accuracy of emission estimates for developed versus developing countries, correlation arising from sector aggregation, and includes an ad-hoc treatment for specific sources and country specific emission factors. The results of emissions and their uncertainties are available for all world countries and all IPCC/EDGAR sectors, and for each country, the share of the total uncertainty each sector is responsible for, is identified.</p><p>Our results show that world-wide CO<sub>2</sub>, CH<sub>4</sub> and N<sub>2</sub>O emissions lies in a confidence range of 5%, 33% and in excess of 100%, respectively. The sectors most responsible for such uncertainty depend strongly on the statistical infrastructure of the country but we observe in general that few sectors with smaller emission total are contributing to a large proportion of the total uncertainty.</p><p>This global uncertainty assessment aims at contributing to the European initiative of the CO2 Monitoring Task Force, building up an operational greenhouse gas monitoring and verification support capacity.</p>

scholarly journals Digital Archaeological Archiving in Sweden: the Swedish National Data Service perspective

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ulf Jakobsson
Keyword(s):  
Original Data ◽  
Data Service ◽  
National Data ◽  
Archaeological Data ◽  
The Past ◽  
Funding Agencies ◽  
Mandatory Requirement ◽  
Data Files ◽  
Past Data ◽  
Service Perspective

In the past, data from archaeological investigations, as well as research projects led by universities have not been archived or made publicly accessible. Synthetic publications such as papers, reports and articles have been available, but not the underlying data files containing the original data to be reused or combined with new/other datasets for further research. Archaeological investigations are regulated within Sweden, but it has only recently been possible for that data to be preserved and disseminated in a more streamlined way. The mandatory requirement to archive research data at universities is often not enforced, resulting in a loss of data that is very problematic. This is now slowly changing owing to requirements from both governmental bodies and funding agencies, and therefore the future of archaeological data in Sweden looks a bit brighter.

Beyond Normality: Estimation of Near-Bed Sediment Concentrations Accounting for Asymmetric Distribution and Spatial Influence of Turbulence Coherent Structures

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christina Tsai ◽  
Kuan-Ting Wu
Keyword(s):  
Coherent Structures ◽  
Probability Distributions ◽  
Fickian Diffusion ◽  
Asymmetric Distribution ◽  
Turbulent Fluctuation ◽  
Sediment Particle ◽  
Diffusion Behavior ◽  
Fluctuation Velocity ◽  
Spatial Influence ◽  
Turbulent Coherent Structures

<p>Abstract</p><p>Recent experiments have established that the sediment particle motion, especially for particles near the bed, may not follow the normal (Fickian) diffusion behavior. To modify the diffusion equation where the fluctuation velocity is based on the normal distribution, this investigation hypothesizes that the fluctuation velocity based on bivariate probability distributions and particle-bed collision in open channel can provide some physical insight into the particle diffusion behavior. The distribution of fluctuation velocity is obtained using the Gram-Charlier expansion which considers the first four statistical moments of turbulent fluctuation velocity. The correlation between two-dimensional fluctuation velocities is modeled by performing Monte Carlo simulations. Besides, the uniform momentum zones (UMZ) are further identified and consequently the spatial locations of the edges that demarcate UMZs can be estimated. Once UMZs in the turbulent boundary layers can be characterized, the streamwise momentum deficit, and occurrences of ejection events and sweep events in the vicinity of UMZ edges under different Reynolds numbers can be simulated. The spatial influence of turbulent coherent structures on sediment particle trajectory can be demonstrated.</p>

scholarly journals New estimates of direct N<sub>2</sub>O emissions from Chinese croplands from 1980 to 2007 using localized emission factors

2011 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. 3011-3024 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Gao ◽  
X. T. Ju ◽  
Q. Zhang ◽  
P. Christie ◽  
F. S. Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Original Data ◽  
Emission Factors ◽  
Paddy Fields ◽  
Annual Rate ◽  
Anthropogenic Sources ◽  
Cube Root ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
The North ◽  
Rate Of Increase

Abstract. Nitrous oxide (N2O) is a long-lived greenhouse gas with a large radiation intensity and it is emitted mainly from agricultural land. Accurate estimates of total direct N2O emissions from croplands on a country scale are important for global budgets of anthropogenic sources of N2O emissions and for the development of effective mitigation strategies. The objectives of this study were to re-estimate direct N2O emissions using localized emission factors and a database of measurements from Chinese croplands. We obtained N2O emission factors for paddy fields (0.41 ± 0.04%) and uplands (1.05 ± 0.02%) from a normalization process through cube root transformation of the original data. After comparing the results of normalization from the original values, Logarithmic and cube root transformations were used because the frequency of the original data was not normally distributed. Direct N2O emissions from Chinese croplands from 1980 to 2007 were estimated using IPCC (2006) guidelines combined with separate localized emission factors for paddy fields and upland areas. Direct N2O emissions from paddy fields showed little change, increasing by 10.5% with an annual rate of increase of 0.4% from 32.3 Gg N2O-N in 1980 to 35.7 Gg N2O-N in 2007. In contrast, emissions from uplands changed dramatically, increasing by 308% with an annual rate of 11% from 68.0 Gg N2O-N in 1980 to 278 Gg N2O-N in 2007. Total direct N2O emissions from Chinese croplands increased by 213% with an annual rate of 7.6% from 100 Gg N2O-N in 1980 to 313 Gg N2O-N in 2007, and were determined mainly by upland emissions (accounting for 67.8–88.6% of total emissions from 1980 to 2007). Synthetic N fertilizers played a major role in N2O emissions from agricultural land, and the magnitude of the contributions to total direct N2O emissions made by different amendments was synthetic N fertilizer > manure > straw, representing about 78, 15, and 6% of total direct N2O emissions, respectively, between 2000 and 2007. The spatial pattern of total N2O emissions in 2007 in China shows that high direct N2O emissions occurred mainly in the north and in the Sichuan Basin in the southwest. The provinces with the highest emissions were Henan (35.4 Gg) and Shandong (31.6 Gg) and Tibet had the lowest (0.65 Gg). High direct N2O emissions per unit of arable land occurred mainly on the North China Plain and the southeast coast. The mean value nationally was 2.52 kg N ha−1, with 18 provinces above this value and with emissions of >4.0 kg N ha−1 in Beijing, Tianjin and in Jiangsu, Shandong, Fujian and Henan provinces.

scholarly journals New estimates of direct N<sub>2</sub>O emissions from Chinese croplands from 1980 to 2007 using localized emission factors

2011 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 6971-7006 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Gao ◽  
X. T. Ju ◽  
Q. Zhang ◽  
P. Christie ◽  
F. S. Zhang
Keyword(s):  
North China ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Original Data ◽  
Emission Factors ◽  
Paddy Fields ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizers ◽  
Annual Rate ◽  
Anthropogenic Sources ◽  
Cube Root ◽  
N2o Emissions

Abstract. Nitrous oxide (N2O) is a long-lived greenhouse gas with a large radiation intensity and it is emitted mainly from agricultural land. Accurate estimates of total direct N2O emissions from croplands on a country scale are important for global budgets of anthropogenic sources of N2O emissions and for the development of effective mitigation strategies. The objectives of this study were to re-estimate direct N2O emissions using localized emission factors and a database of measurements from Chinese croplands. We obtained N2O emission factors for paddy fields (0.41 %) and uplands (1.05 %) from a normalization process through cube root transformation of the original data after comparing the results of normalization from the original values, logarithmic and cube root transformations because the frequency of the original data was not normally distributed. Direct N2O emissions from Chinese croplands from 1980 to 2007 were estimated using IPCC (2006) guidelines combined with separate localized emission factors for paddy fields and upland areas. Direct N2O emissions from paddy fields showed little change, increasing by 11 % with an annual rate of increase of 0.4 % from 29.8 Gg N2O-N in 1980 to 33.1 Gg N2O-N in 2007. In contrast, emissions from uplands changed dramatically, increasing by 296 % with an annual rate of 10.9 % from 64.4 Gg N2O-N in 1980 to 255.3 Gg N2O-N in 2007. Total direct N2O emissions from Chinese croplands increased by 206 % with an annual rate of 7.6 % from 94.2 Gg N2O-N in 1980 to 288.4 Gg N2O-N in 2007, and were determined mainly by upland emissions (accounting for 68.4–88.5 % of total emissions from 1980 to 2007). Synthetic nitrogen fertilizers played a major role in N2O emissions from agricultural land, and the magnitude of the contributions to total direct N2O emissions made by different amendments was synthetic N fertilizer > manure > straw, representing about 77, 16, and 6.5 % of total direct N2O emissions, respectively, between 2000 and 2007. The spatial pattern of total N2O emissions in 2007 in China shows that high direct N2O emissions occurred mainly in north China and in the Sichuan Basin in the southwest. The provinces with the highest emissions were Henan (32.6 Gg) and Shandong (29.1 Gg) and Tibet had the lowest (0.6 Gg). High direct N2O emissions per unit of arable land occurred mainly on the North China Plain and the southeast coast. The mean value nationally was 2.36 kg N ha−1, with 17 provinces above this, and with emissions of >4.0 kg N ha−1 in Beijing and in Jiangsu and Henan provinces.

scholarly journals Eriophyoid mites (Acari: Eriophyoidea) associated with palm trees

Zootaxa ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 1389 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
DENISE NAVIA ◽  
MANOEL G.C. GONDUM JUNIOR ◽  
GILBERTO J. DE MORAES
Keyword(s):  
Costa Rica ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Pacific Islands ◽  
Original Data ◽  
Asia Pacific ◽  
Palm Tree ◽  
Palm Trees ◽  
Dichotomous Key ◽  
Eriophyoid Mites ◽  
The World

Information is presented on eriophyoid mites found on palm trees worldwide by different authors, including original data from a recent survey conducted in Brazil, Costa Rica and Mexico. For each species, information on synonymy, locations where it was found on palm trees, palm hosts, and damage are included. Sixty-two eriophyoid species from 31 genera, associated with 54 palm tree species from 25 genera, are listed. A dichotomous key is provided to help in the separation of the reported mites. Four eriophyoid species are reported on palm trees in Europe; 6 in Africa; 17 in Asia, Pacific Islands and Australia; and 40 in the Americas. Four of the reported species belong to Diptilomiopidae, 44 to Eriophyidae and 14 to Phytoptidae. The need for further studies on these mites around the world is discussed.

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