scholarly journals Tempo and Mode: Evidence on a Protracted Split From a Dense Fossil Record

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuri Kimura ◽  
Lawrence J. Flynn ◽  
Louis L. Jacobs
Keyword(s):  
Indian Subcontinent ◽  
Large Samples ◽  
Rates Of Evolution ◽  
Morphological Stasis ◽  
Murine Rodents ◽  
The Common ◽  
Fossil Records ◽  
Fossil Data ◽  
Special Case ◽  
Daughter Species

Fossil records generally inform paleobiologists about extinct taxa and rates of evolution measured at the scale of millions of years. Good records that are densely sampled through time can reveal species level details such as longevity in local sections. Yet fossil data normally do not address details of lineage microevolution because the density through time of lineage sampling is insufficient to perceive patterns at a precision finer than 106 years in most cases. This study concerns details of a splitting event in the evolution of murine rodents, an event for which multiple fossil samples dated to a precision of 105 years fortuitously document the tempo and mode of origin of sister species, the stems of two extant tribes of mice. Evolution of early Murinae in the northern part of the biogeographically restricted Indian subcontinent between 11.6 and 10.5 Ma involved cladogenesis of two crown taxa, the extant tribes Murini and Arvicanthini. Large samples of fossil rodent teeth document their divergence from a common morphological pool. Definitive basal Murini and Arvicanthini at 10.5 Ma are similar in size and differ by subtle features of the dentition. Those features occur sporadically in the common pool of older fossil teeth at 11.2, 11.4, and 11.6 Ma as inconsistent polymorphisms. Interpreted as a single lineage in the 11.6–11.2 Ma interval, variability of this abundant murine incorporated the roots of the two crown tribes. The pattern through time suggests morphological stasis for several hundred thousand years prior to splitting. This special case informs us on one example of evolution and shows that the tempo of splitting evolution in some cases may be measured in hundreds of thousands of years, followed by stasis once daughter species have differentiated morphologically.

scholarly journals A Wolf in Another Wolf’s Clothing: Post-Genomic Regulation Dictates Venom Profiles of Medically-Important Cryptic Kraits in India

Toxins ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 69 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kartik Sunagar ◽  
Suyog Khochare ◽  
R. R. Senji Laxme ◽  
Saurabh Attarde ◽  
Paulomi Dam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Negative Impact ◽  
Indian Subcontinent ◽  
Clinical Effectiveness ◽  
Venom Gland ◽  
Western India ◽  
The Common ◽  
Genomic Regulation

The Common Krait (Bungarus caeruleus) shares a distribution range with many other ‘phenotypically-similar’ kraits across the Indian subcontinent. Despite several reports of fatal envenomings by other Bungarus species, commercial Indian antivenoms are only manufactured against B. caeruleus. It is, therefore, imperative to understand the distribution of genetically distinct lineages of kraits, the compositional differences in their venoms, and the consequent impact of venom variation on the (pre)clinical effectiveness of antivenom therapy. To address this knowledge gap, we conducted phylogenetic and comparative venomics investigations of kraits in Southern and Western India. Phylogenetic reconstructions using mitochondrial markers revealed a new species of krait, Romulus’ krait (Bungarus romulusi sp. nov.), in Southern India. Additionally, we found that kraits with 17 mid-body dorsal scale rows in Western India do not represent a subspecies of the Sind Krait (B. sindanus walli) as previously believed, but are genetically very similar to B. sindanus in Pakistan. Furthermore, venom proteomics and comparative transcriptomics revealed completely contrasting venom profiles. While the venom gland transcriptomes of all three species were highly similar, venom proteomes and toxicity profiles differed significantly, suggesting the prominent role of post-genomic regulatory mechanisms in shaping the venoms of these cryptic kraits. In vitro venom recognition and in vivo neutralisation experiments revealed a strong negative impact of venom variability on the preclinical performance of commercial antivenoms. While the venom of B. caeruleus was neutralised as per the manufacturer’s claim, performance against the venoms of B. sindanus and B. romulusi was poor, highlighting the need for regionally-effective antivenoms in India.

scholarly journals Age and rate of diversification of the Hawaiian silversword alliance (Compositae)

1998 ◽  
Vol 95 (16) ◽  
pp. 9402-9406 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruce G. Baldwin ◽  
Michael J. Sanderson
Keyword(s):  
Common Ancestor ◽  
Error Variance ◽  
Diversification Rate ◽  
Recent Common Ancestor ◽  
Divergence Times ◽  
Sequence Evolution ◽  
Most Recent Common Ancestor ◽  
History Of ◽  
Fossil Records ◽  
Fossil Data

Comparisons between insular and continental radiations have been hindered by a lack of reliable estimates of absolute diversification rates in island lineages. We took advantage of rate-constant rDNA sequence evolution and an “external” calibration using paleoclimatic and fossil data to determine the maximum age and minimum diversification rate of the Hawaiian silversword alliance (Compositae), a textbook example of insular adaptive radiation in plants. Our maximum-age estimate of 5.2 ± 0.8 million years ago for the most recent common ancestor of the silversword alliance is much younger than ages calculated by other means for the Hawaiian drosophilids, lobelioids, and honeycreepers and falls approximately within the history of the modern high islands (≤5.1 ± 0.2 million years ago). By using a statistically efficient estimator that reduces error variance by incorporating clock-based estimates of divergence times, a minimum diversification rate for the silversword alliance was estimated to be 0.56 ± 0.17 species per million years. This exceeds average rates of more ancient continental radiations and is comparable to peak rates in taxa with sufficiently rich fossil records that changes in diversification rate can be reconstructed.

The Radical Right in Germany, Austria, and Switzerland

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Uwe Backes
Keyword(s):  
Party System ◽  
Common Ground ◽  
Civic Culture ◽  
Right Wing ◽  
Constitutional State ◽  
German Speaking ◽  
The Face ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Right ◽  
Special Case

This chapter analyzes and compares political developments in Germany, Austria, and Switzerland. It highlights the common ground between groups on the right-wing fringe of each country’s party system. To an extent the differences between the way right-wing groups developed in each of these countries is due to the different histories of the respective states. Recently however, they have moved closer to each other in the face of very similar problems. To a degree Switzerland is a special case because of its multilingual cantons and the early development of a pluralist civic culture that sustains an extraordinarily dynamic democratic constitutional state. This is particularly true given the autocratic relapses toward right-wing politics in neighboring German-speaking countries.

The Epistemic Role of Technical Functions

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beth Preston
Keyword(s):  
Natural Kinds ◽  
Biological Functions ◽  
Social Functions ◽  
The Common ◽  
Technical Functions ◽  
Analysis Of Function ◽  
Epistemic Role ◽  
Special Case ◽  
The Continuum

Technical functions of artifacts are commonly distinguished from their social functions and from biological functions of organisms. Schemes for classifying functions often encounter what the author calls the continuum problem—the imperceptible merger of function kinds. This is a special case of a debate about natural kinds in philosophy of science, which has resulted in a turn to an epistemological construal of kinds, in contrast to the traditional, purely ontological construal. The author argues for an epistemic analysis of function kinds along the lines of John Dupré’s (1993) “promiscuous realism.” This provides leverage for asking new and important questions about the epistemic purposes served by our various schemes for classifying artifact functions, and about the epistemic role of technical functions in particular. The author argues that the common classification into technical, social, and biological functions has more disadvantages than it has advantages.

scholarly journals The three infinite harmonic series and their sums (with topical reference to the Newton and Leibniz series for π)

1943 ◽  
Vol 182 (989) ◽  
pp. 113-129 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Harmonic Series ◽  
Complex Numbers ◽  
Circular Sector ◽  
Upper Limit ◽  
Finite Sums ◽  
Complete Series ◽  
The Common ◽  
Circular Functions ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Special Case

The infinite harmonic series as hitherto understood, whether with alternating or continuous signs, is not the complete series. It may be extended in both directions to infinity, and then it exists in two forms, either with alternating or with continuous signs, both of which have finite sums. These are termed A S D and C S D in contradistinction to the singly infinite harmonic series A S S — or, since the form with alternating signs alone is convergent, S S Examples of both the former and their sums are given in the Epistola posterior of Newton to Oldenberg (24 October 1676): A 4 S 1 D or M =+∞ Σ M =-∞ (-1) M /4 M +1 = 1 + 1/3 - 1/5 - 1/7 + 1/9 + 1/11 --++...∞=π/2/2' C S S 1 D or M =+∞ Σ M =-∞ +1/8 M +1 = 1-1/7+1/9-1/13+1/17-1/23+1/25-+...∞=π(√2+1)/8. The Leibniz inverse tangent series (1673), which is the special case of Gregory’s general form (1671), for the magnitude of the angle, π/4, the tangent of which is unity, uniquely may be written not only as 2 S 1 S , which for this case is 1/2[ A 2 S 1 D ] but also as the complete infinite harmonic series of continuous sign with a/d = 1/4, C 4 S 1 D =∞...++1/-11+1/-7+1/-3+1+1/5+1/9+1/13++...∞=π/4. The general solution for the sums, in both cases based on a well-known eighteenth-century theorem of Euler, was virtually given by Glaisher (1873) and they may be written A d S a D or +∞Σ-∞ (-1) M / a+Md =π/d cosec aπ/d; C d S a D or +∞Σ-∞ +1/ a+Md =π/d cot aπ/d; The above forms multiplied by a (or what comes to the same thing setting a as unity and using the ratio d/a for the ‘common difference’) bear the geometrical interpretation that the sum, for the alternating sign series, is the ratio of the length of the arc to that of the chord in a circular sector or segment of included angle (2π a)/d , and, for the continuous sign series, the same ratio multiplied by cos (2π a)/d . The two series are thus completely self-contained periodic circular functions without any restriction whatever on the magnitude of the angles they numerate. Glaisher’s well-known series for higher powers of π (1873) are all doubly infinite series, as [π/d cosec aπ/d] 2 = +∞Σ-∞ 1/( a+Md ) 2 ; [π/d cosec aπ/d] 2 [π/d cot aπ/d] 2 = +∞Σ-∞ 1/( a+Md ) 3 ; the first showing in this form that for the alternating sign series the sum of the squares of the individual terms is equal to the square of their sum. From this viewpoint the ordinary singly infinite harmonic series S S consists of the positive terms of a cotangent series and the negative terms of the corresponding tangent series. Nevertheless, its sum can be found by modem methods using complex numbers when a and d are integers and a/d is not greater than unity. A table of sums for all cases up to d = 16 is included. The sums are of the form of the sum or difference of 1/2[ A d S a D ] and a composite logarithmic quantity termed d l a . d S a =π/2d cosec aπ/d + d l a ; d S d =π/2d cosec aπ/d + d l a ; (-1) a d0 l a =2/d n= d -1/2 Σ n=1 cos aπn /d loge sec πn/d; de l a0 =2/d n=d/4 Σ n=1 cos aπm/d loge cot πm/2d . (1) applies when d is odd, (2) when it is even, m being 2 n — 1. If d /2 is even, the upper limit of summation in (2) is ( d —2)/4, not d /4. In (1) log sec ( πn/d )is 2 coth -1 cot 2 ( πn/2d ). In (2) log cot ( πn/2d ) is tanh -1 cos ( πn/d ).

Aluminium Phosphide Poisoning

1992 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 155-157 ◽  
Author(s):  
S N Khosla ◽  
R Handa ◽  
P Khosla
Keyword(s):  
Abdominal Pain ◽  
Metabolic Acidosis ◽  
Conventional Treatment ◽  
Indian Subcontinent ◽  
Serum Biochemistry ◽  
Organ Damage ◽  
Severe Metabolic Acidosis ◽  
Aluminium Phosphide ◽  
The Common ◽  
Electrocardiographic Abnormalities

Aluminium phosphide is a solid fumigant pesticide widely used in the Indian subcontinent as a grain preservative. Over the last 5 years there has been a dramatic increase in the number of cases of aluminium phosphide poisoning in India. Ninety-two patients with aluminium phosphide poisoning due to ingestion were studied over a period of 3 years. Abdominal pain, vomiting and restlessness were the common initial features followed by alteration in sensorium and shock unresponsive to conventional treatment. Electrocardiographic abnormalities were very common and highly variable. Routine serum biochemistry was usually unremarkable. Severe metabolic acidosis was common and mortality high (49%). The survivors recover completely without any residual organ damage. There is no known antidote.

scholarly journals Modulated oscillations in many dimensions

2013 ◽  
Vol 371 (1984) ◽  
pp. 20110551 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. C. Olhede
Keyword(s):  
Physical Oceanography ◽  
Time Varying ◽  
Signal Component ◽  
One Dimensional ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Common Signal ◽  
Multivariate Signals ◽  
Special Case ◽  
Signal Models

Modulated oscillations are described via their time-varying amplitude and frequency. For multivariate signals, there is structure in the signal beyond this local amplitude and frequency defined for each signal component, in turn describing the commonality of the components. The multivariate structure encodes how the common oscillation is present in each component signal. This structure will also be evolving. I review the special case of the representation of both bivariate and trivariate oscillations. Additionally, existing results on the general multivariate oscillation are covered. I discuss the difference between a model of a multivariate oscillation compared with other common signal models of phenomena observed in several channels, and how their properties are different. I show how for the multivariate signal the global dimensionality of the signal is built up from local one-dimensional contributions, and introduce the purely unidirectional signal, to quantify how any given signal is different from the closest such signal. I illustrate the properties of the derived representation of the multivariate signal with synthetic examples, and discuss the representation of data from observations in physical oceanography.

scholarly journals Parametric analysis of the Bass model

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-40
Author(s):  
Yair Orbach
Keyword(s):  
Euclidean Space ◽  
Discrete Time ◽  
Continuous Time ◽  
Parametric Analysis ◽  
Inflection Point ◽  
Bass Model ◽  
Long Run ◽  
The Common ◽  
Special Case ◽  
Q Values

In this research, the authors explore the influence of the Bass model p, q parameters values on diffusion patterns and map p, q Euclidean space regions accordingly. The boundaries of four different sub-regions are classified and defined, in the region where both p, q are positive, according to the number of inflection point and peak of the non-cumulative sales curve. The researchers extend the p, q range beyond the common positive value restriction to regions where either p or q is negative. The case of negative p, which represents barriers to initial adoption, leads us to redefine the motivation for seeding, where seeding is essential to start the market rather than just for accelerating the diffusion. The case of negative q, caused by a declining motivation to adopt as the number of adopters increases, leads us to cases where the saturation of the market is at partial coverage rather than the usual full coverage at the long run. The authors develop a solution to the special case of p + q = 0, where the Bass solution cannot be used. Some differences are highlighted between the discrete time and continuous time flavors of the Bass model and the implication on the mapping. The distortion is presented, caused by the transition between continuous and discrete time forms, as a function of p, q values in the various regions

scholarly journals VI. On the general theory integration

1905 ◽  
Vol 204 (372-386) ◽  
pp. 221-252 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Arbitrary Point ◽  
Continuous Functions ◽  
Common Value ◽  
Theory Integration ◽  
Positive Quantity ◽  
The Common ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Special Case ◽  
Ordinary Integral ◽  
Definite Limit

Riemann was the first to consider the theory of integration of non-continuous functions. As is well known, his definition of the integral of a function between the limits a and b is as follows:— Divide the segment ( a, b ) into any finite number of intervals, each less, say, than a positive quantity, or norm d ; take the product of each such interval by the value of the function at any point of that interval, and form the sum of all these products; if this sum has a limit, when d is indefinitely diminished which is independent of the mode of division into intervals, and of the choice of the points in those intervals at which the values of the function are considered, this limit is called the integral of the function from a to b . The most convenient mode, however, of defining a Riemann (that is an ordinary) integral of a function, is due to Darboux; it is based on the introduction of upper and lower integrals (intégrale par excès, par défaut: oberes, unteres Integral). The definitions of these are as follows:— It may be shown that, if the interval ( a, b ) be divided as before, and the sum of the products taken as before, but with this difference, that instead of the value of the function at an arbitrary point of the part, the upper (lower) limit of the values of the function in the part be taken and multiplied by the length of the corresponding part, these summations have, whatever he the type of function, each of them a definite limit, independent of the mode of division and the mode in which d approaches the value zero. This limit is called the upper (lower) integral of the function. In the special case in which these two limits agree, the common value is called the integral the function .

Continuidad y discontinuidad en la transmisión de las palabras patrimoniales competidas por arabismos: oliva y aceituna, olio y aceite, olivo y aceituno

2021 ◽  
Vol 66 (4) ◽  
pp. 69-80
Author(s):  
Mihai Enăchescu ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Spanish Language ◽  
Corpus Analysis ◽  
The Other ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Common ◽  
Lexical Substitution ◽  
Restricted Use ◽  
Special Case ◽  
Continuity And Discontinuity

Continuity and Discontinuity in the Transmission of Spanish Inherited Words Competed by Arabisms: oliva and aceituna, olio and aceite, olivo and aceituno. The loss and replacement of Arabisms by Latin loanwords was a frequent phenomenon between the sixteenth and the seventeenth centuries; the opposite movement, the replacement of an inherited word by an Arabism is far less frequent. Oliva, an inherited word, is competed by the Arabism aceituna; currently the common name for the fruit in the Hispanic world is aceituna, and oliva has a restricted use to the phrase aceite de oliva or to refer to a colour. Similarly, the inherited word olio will be replaced by aceite, and with a specialized meaning will be eliminated by the euphuism óleo, its etymological doublet. On the other hand, olivo prevails over aceituno and represents a special case of continuity in this lexical family. The research will be carried out in two directions: first, I will analyse the old academic dictionaries and other specialized dictionaries and glossaries from the fifteenth-twentieth centuries. Second, I will conduct a corpus analysis, based on the diachronic corpora available for the Spanish language. This study will try to answer the questions how? and why? of these neological movements of vocabulary. Keywords: inherited words, Arabisms, oliva, aceituna, lexical substitution

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