scholarly journals Pre- and Postnatal Predator Cues Shape Offspring Anti-predatory Behavior Similarly in the Bank Vole

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thorbjörn Sievert ◽  
Kerstin Bouma ◽  
Marko Haapakoski ◽  
Kevin D. Matson ◽  
Hannu Ylönen
Keyword(s):  
Predation Risk ◽  
Predatory Behavior ◽  
Behavioral Changes ◽  
Offspring Performance ◽  
Predator Prey ◽  
Maternal Treatment ◽  
Offspring Growth ◽  
Pup Growth ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Timing Of Exposure

Prey animals can assess the risks predators present in different ways. For example, direct cues produced by predators can be used, but also signals produced by prey conspecifics that have engaged in non-lethal predator-prey interactions. These non-lethal interactions can thereby affect the physiology, behavior, and survival of prey individuals, and may affect offspring performance through maternal effects. We investigated how timing of exposure to predation-related cues during early development affects offspring behavior after weaning. Females in the laboratory were exposed during pregnancy or lactation to one of three odor treatments: (1) predator odor (PO) originating from their most common predator, the least weasel, (2) odor produced by predator-exposed conspecifics, which we call conspecific alarm cue (CAC), or (3) control odor (C). We monitored postnatal pup growth, and we quantified foraging and exploratory behaviors of 4-week-old pups following exposure of their mothers to each of the three odour treatments. Exposure to odors associated with predation risk during development affected the offspring behavior, but the timing of exposure, i.e., pre- vs. postnatally, had only a weak effect. The two non-control odors led to different behavioral changes: an attraction to CAC and an avoidance of PO. Additionally, pup growth was affected by an interaction between litter size and maternal treatment, again regardless of timing. Pups from the CAC maternal treatment grew faster in larger litters; pups from the PO maternal treatment tended to grow faster in smaller litters. Thus, in rodents, offspring growth and behavior are seemingly influenced differently by the type of predation risk perceived by their mothers.

Comparing the non-lethal and lethal effects of predation risk ‬on goldfish anti-predatory behavior

2016 ◽  
Vol 62 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 121-127 ◽  
Author(s):  
Merav Wacht Katz ◽  
Zvika Abramsky ◽  
Burt P. Kotler ◽  
Michael L Rosenzweig ◽  
Ofir Altstein ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Predation Risk ◽  
Predatory Behavior ◽  
Predation Pressure ◽  
Activity Level ◽  
Experimental Theater ◽  
Lethal Effects ◽  
Predator Prey ◽  
Behavioral Game ◽  
Player Game

Little egrets (Egretta garzetta) and common goldfish (Carassius auratus) interacted in experimental theaters that challenge them with a behavioral game. We studied the behavioral tactics of both players. The experimental theaters consist of three equally spaced pools, each with a shelter in its center. The fish can take shelter in a safe but foodless habitat, or swim exposed in the open that contains food. The egrets can move among the pools to catch the exposed fish. We investigated the importance of non-lethal effects versus lethal effects on predator–prey interactions. We created a variance in predation pressure by keeping the number of egrets fixed but varying the number of pools of the experimental theater between 1 and 3 pools. In all treatments, even when the egret was present, individual goldfish emerged from protected cover occasionally, exposing at least their heads and sometimes their entire bodies in apparent disregard for the possibly lethal consequences. We assumed that this behavior stems from the fish's constant need to collect information about its surroundings. The fish responded appropriately to the variations in predation pressure by changing their activity level outside the cover, i.e., the fish drastically and significantly reduced their exposure outside the cover, as well as the rate of peeping, as predation pressure increased. The results demonstrate the importance role of non-lethal effects, and how they drive the behavior of prey in response to predation risk, which in turn, drives the action of the predator in an asymmetric two-player game of stealth and fear.

scholarly journals Daily and seasonal movements of Cape Cod gray seals vary with predation risk

2020 ◽  
Vol 644 ◽  
pp. 215-228 ◽  
Author(s):  
JH Moxley ◽  
G Skomal ◽  
J Chisholm ◽  
P Halpin ◽  
DW Johnston
Keyword(s):  
Predation Risk ◽  
White Shark ◽  
Halichoerus Grypus ◽  
Cape Cod ◽  
Gray Seal ◽  
Predator Prey ◽  
Seasonal Movements ◽  
Nocturnal Foraging ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Gray Seals

White sharks Carcharodon carcharias and gray seals Halichoerus grypus are re-establishing their ecological roles within the Northwestern Atlantic Ocean, presenting an opportunity to understand gray seal movement and at-sea behavior under predation risk. As with other shark-seal hotspots, movements to and from terrestrial haul outs can be risky for gray seals, thereby eliciting antipredator strategies. We investigated the movement and coastal behavior of gray seals on Cape Cod (USA) in relation to seasonal and diel changes in white shark activity. Analyzing 412 trips to sea by 8 seals and more than 25000 acoustic detections from 23 individual white sharks, we observed seasonally homogeneous movements in seal behavior during months with greater shark presence. During riskier months, seal behavior manifested in near-exclusive nocturnal foraging, reduced offshore ranging, and limited at-sea activity. On these nocturnal trips to sea, seals returning to haul outs tended to avoid daybreak and traversed during diel minima in shark activity. However, seals tended to depart haul outs at dusk when shark presence was maximal. As conservation efforts succeed in rebuilding depleted populations of coastal predators, studying re-emerging predator-prey interactions can enhance our understanding about the drivers of movement and behavior.

scholarly journals Exploring Farmers’ Reasons for Antibiotic Use and Misuse in Pig Farms in Brazil

Antibiotics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 331
Author(s):  
Rita Albernaz-Gonçalves ◽  
Gabriela Olmos ◽  
Maria José Hötzel
Keyword(s):  
Social Factors ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
Behavioral Changes ◽  
Foreign Markets ◽  
Treatment Length ◽  
Key Stakeholders ◽  
Prevention And Treatment ◽  
Pig Farms ◽  
Unrestricted Access ◽  
And Behavior

Stressful management that makes farmed pigs susceptible to infections is associated with high antibiotic use (AMU) and resistance (AMR). Pig farmers are key stakeholders to support the international agenda pushing AMU restrictions. We interviewed 58 pig farmers on AMU/AMR, biosecurity, veterinary assistance, disease prevention and treatment, aiming to understand practices and attitudes towards the AMU/AMR problem. Farmers described a reliance on antibiotics to prevent and treat disease while neglecting biosecurity measures. We identified inappropriate AMU practices (high use of broad-spectrum antibiotics, incorrect dosage or treatment length) and unrestricted access to antibiotics, which encouraged imprudent AMU. Nevertheless, most farmers considered this AMU legitimate to guarantee herd productivity and showed unpreparedness and resistance to changing AMU practices, perceiving limitations (economic, sanitary and inspection) more easily than alternatives to reduce AMU. Agro-industries and foreign markets were mentioned, and internal consumers dismissed as potential motivators for behavioral changes. Importantly, farmers’ economic, technical and social factors may limit their autonomy to change practices. We conclude that the observed distancing of pig farmers from the AMU/AMR problem limits the efficiency of policies aiming for a prudent AMU. Our study indicates a need for education, training and behavior change nudging that should include other stakeholders beyond farmers.

scholarly journals Moderate Heat Challenge Increased Yolk Steroid Hormones and Shaped Offspring Growth and Behavior in Chickens

PLoS ONE ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. e57670 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aline Bertin ◽  
Marine Chanson ◽  
Joël Delaveau ◽  
Frédéric Mercerand ◽  
Erich Möstl ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Steroid Hormones ◽  
Offspring Growth ◽  
And Behavior

scholarly journals Mint Oil, ɤ-Tocopherol, and Whole Yeast Cell in Sow Diets Enhance Offspring Performance in the Postweaning Period

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lily P. Hernandez ◽  
James L. Dunn ◽  
Joel Wenninghoff ◽  
Amanda Hesse ◽  
Crystal L. Levesque
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Yeast Cell ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Dietary Treatment ◽  
Oxidative Status ◽  
Offspring Performance ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Maternal Treatment ◽  
Feeding Regimen ◽  
And Control

Times of high metabolic activity in gestation and lactation, as well as periods of stress at weaning, can lead to greater incidences of oxidative stress in the dam and offspring during the suckling and postweaning period. Oxidative stress is an imbalance between prooxidant molecules and the antioxidant defense system that can negatively impact growth and/or reproductive performance. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effectiveness of whole yeast cell, peppermint oil, and ɤ-tocopherol in gestation and lactation on maternal oxidative status and offspring growth from birth to market. In study 1, 45 sows and gilts were assigned to one of four diets [control diet (CON), control + whole yeast cell (YC), control + mint oil top dress (MO), and control + yeast cell and mint oil top dress (YCMO)] provided from d110 of gestation through to weaning. A total of 481 weaned offspring were randomly allotted to pens balanced by weight and litter within maternal treatment and received the same dietary treatment as the sow for 35 days postwean in a four-phase feeding regimen. In study 2, 53 sows and gilts were allotted to four diet regimens similar to study 1 [CON, YC, MO, and control + ɤ-tocopherol (GT)] from d5 postbreeding to weaning. At weaning, 605 piglets were randomly allotted to pens, balanced by weight and litter within maternal treatment and fed a common diet for 126 days postwean in a nine-phase feeding regimen. Maternal dietary treatment did not impact sow body weight, piglet birth weight, and litter size in either study. In study 1, piglets from YC sows were heavier (p < 0.05) at weaning than CON animals. In the postwean period, overall daily gain was greater (p < 0.05) for CON-fed pigs than YCMO pigs, with overall feed intake greater (p < 0.05) for YCMO- than MO-fed pigs, resulting in lower (p < 0.05) Gain to Feed (G:F) in YCMO-fed pigs. In study 1, glutathione content in milk tended to be lower (p < 0.10) in MO than in YCMO sows. In study 2, piglets from GT-fed sows tended to be heavier (p < 0.10) at weaning than YC piglets. Lightweight pigs from CON sows tended to be lighter (p < 0.10) than pigs from all other treatment groups at weaning and day (d) 29 postwean. Lightweight MO and GT pigs were heavier at d42 (p < 0.05) than CON and YC pigs. At d70 postwean, GT pigs tended to be heavier than CON pigs. Lightweight MO pigs had greater gain (p < 0.05) during the finishing period than all other treatment groups. With respect to sow oxidative status in study 2, glutathione content in colostrum and d4 and 14 milk samples did not differ by maternal treatment. Superoxide dismutase activity in sow sera, colostrum, and milk did not differ between diets in either study. Whole yeast cell and ɤ-tocopherol supplementation in sow lactation diets resulted in heavier offspring. However, pre- and postnatal exposure to mint oil benefited lightweight pigs up to market weight.

scholarly journals Aplikasi Teori Behavioristik dan Konstruktifistik dalam Kegiatan Pembelajaran di Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Tarbiyah Raden Wijaya Mojokerto

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 33
Author(s):  
Akhmad Pandu Setiawan
Keyword(s):  
Learning Theory ◽  
Positive Reinforcement ◽  
Cognitive Learning ◽  
Behavioral Changes ◽  
Negative Evaluation ◽  
Learning Approaches ◽  
The Road ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Desirable Behavior

Behaviorism learning theory is oriented towards results that can be measured and observed. Repetition and training used so that the desired behavior can become a habit. The expected results of the implementation of this behavioristic theory is the formation of a desired behavior. The desirable behavior gets positive reinforcement and behavior that is not appropriate awarded the negative. Evaluation or assessment based on observed behavior. In theory this learned professor was not much give a lecture, but the brief instruction is followed by examples by themselves or through simulation. The purpose of this paper is to describe the application of the theory Behavioristic and konstruktifistik in learning activities at the School of Raden Wijaya Tarbiyah Mojokerto. Behavioristic learning theory emphasizes the changes in behavior as well as a result of the interaction between stimulus and response. Learning is a process of behavioral changes as a result of the interaction between stimulus and response. A person is considered to have learned if he could show changes in behavior. Although learning theory tigkah behavior began to be abandoned century, but collaborate on this theory with cognitive learning theory and the theory of other learning is essential for creating a learning approach that is appropriate and effective, because basically there is no single theory of learning that is truly suited to creating a learning approaches and effective fit. especially with constructivism learning model. The role of the faculty in constructivist learning very demanding mastery of a broad and in-depth about the material taught. A broad and deep knowledge allow a lecturer accept different views and ideas of students and also makes it possible to indicate whether or not the idea of ​​the road. Mastery of the material allows a professor to understand all kinds of roads and the model to arrive at a solution to the problem without fixed on one model.

scholarly journals Comparative metagenomic analysis following treatment with vancomycin in C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice to elucidate host immunity and behavior

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pratikshya Ray ◽  
Debasmita Das ◽  
Uday Pandey ◽  
Palok Aich
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Normal Level ◽  
Significant Rise ◽  
Host Immunity ◽  
Behavioral Changes ◽  
Metagenomic Analysis ◽  
Initial Increase ◽  
Host Behavior ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Kinetics Of

AbstractThe gut is the largest reservoir of the resident microbiota. The microbiota can affect the host behavior and immunity. While the consequence of treatment with antibiotics on the gut microbiota can be destructive but can be utilized as a tool to understand the host immunity and behavior. The magnitude of perturbation and time needed for the restoration of gut microbiota can depend on the immune bias of the host. In the current study, we therefore, observed the perturbation and restoration kinetics of gut microbiota following treatment with vancomycin and its effect on the host physiology in both Th1-(C57BL/6) and Th2-(BALB/c) biased mice. A comparative metagenomic analysis revealed that the treatment with vancomycin caused a significant decrease in the abundance of Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes phyla and an initial increase in Proteobacteria. Increase in Proteobacteria decreased with continued treatment with vancomycin to result into a significant rise in Verrucomicrobia phylum. We established the patterns of gut microbiota alteration and its effect on a) the behavior of mice, b) expression of key brain molecules and b) immunity related genes. We followed the gut microbiome restoration for a period of two months following withdrawal of treatment with vancomycin. Maximum restoration (>70%) of gut microbiota happened by the 15th day of withdrawal. BALB/c mice showed a more efficient restoration of gut microbiota compared to C57BL/6 mice. The results, in general, revealed that along with the restoration of major gut microbes, important physiological and behavioral changes of both mice strains returned to the normal level.

scholarly journals Quantitative Analysis of Lysobacter Predation

2015 ◽  
Vol 81 (20) ◽  
pp. 7098-7105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivana Seccareccia ◽  
Christian Kost ◽  
Markus Nett
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Feeding Strategy ◽  
Predatory Behavior ◽  
Bacterial Group ◽  
Potential Prey ◽  
Bacterial Populations ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Predator Prey ◽  
Prey Killing ◽  
Predatory Potential

ABSTRACTBacteria of the genusLysobacterare considered to be facultative predators that use a feeding strategy similar to that of myxobacteria. Experimental data supporting this assumption, however, are scarce. Therefore, the predatory activities of threeLysobacterspecies were tested in the prey spot plate assay and in the lawn predation assay, which are commonly used to analyze myxobacterial predation. Surprisingly, only one of the testedLysobacterspecies showed predatory behavior in the two assays. This result suggested that not allLysobacterstrains are predatory or, alternatively, that the assays were not appropriate for determining the predatory potential of this bacterial group. To differentiate between the two scenarios, predation was tested in a CFU-based bioassay. For this purpose, defined numbers ofLysobactercells were mixed together with potential prey bacteria featuring phenotypic markers, such as distinctive pigmentation or antibiotic resistance. After 24 h, cocultivated cells were streaked out on agar plates and sizes of bacterial populations were individually determined by counting the respective colonies. Using the CFU-based predation assay, we observed thatLysobacterspp. strongly antagonized other bacteria under nutrient-deficient conditions. Simultaneously, theLysobacterpopulation was increasing, which together with the killing of the cocultured bacteria indicated predation. Variation of the predator/prey ratio revealed that all threeLysobacterspecies tested needed to outnumber their prey for efficient predation, suggesting that they exclusively practiced group predation. In summary, the CFU-based predation assay not only enabled the quantification of prey killing and consumption byLysobacterspp. but also provided insights into their mode of predation.

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