scholarly journals Trade-Offs Between Growth Rate and Other Fungal Traits

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karissa G. Lovero ◽  
Kathleen K. Treseder
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Life History ◽  
Stress Tolerance ◽  
Positive Relationship ◽  
Extracellular Enzymes ◽  
Life History Strategy ◽  
Maximum Growth ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Resource Capture ◽  
Trade Offs

If we better understand how fungal responses to global change are governed by their traits, we can improve predictions of fungal community composition and ecosystem function. Specifically, we can examine trade-offs among traits, in which the allocation of finite resources toward one trait reduces the investment in others. We hypothesized that trade-offs among fungal traits relating to rapid growth, resource capture, and stress tolerance sort fungal species into discrete life history strategies. We used the Biolog Filamentous Fungi database to calculate maximum growth rates of 37 fungal species and then compared them to their functional traits from the funfun database. In partial support of our hypothesis, maximum growth rate displayed a negative relationship with traits related to resource capture. Moreover, maximum growth rate displayed a positive relationship with amino acid permease, forming a putative Fast Growth life history strategy. A second putative life history strategy is characterized by a positive relationship between extracellular enzymes, including cellobiohydrolase 6, cellobiohydrolase 7, crystalline cellulase AA9, and lignin peroxidase. These extracellular enzymes were negatively related to chitosanase 8, an enzyme that can break down a derivative of chitin. Chitosanase 8 displayed a positive relationship with many traits that were hypothesized to cluster separately, forming a putative Blended life history strategy characterized by certain resource capture, fast growth, and stress tolerance traits. These trait relationships complement previously explored microbial trait frameworks, such as the Competitor-Stress Tolerator-Ruderal and the Yield-Resource Acquisition-Stress Tolerance schemes.

Experimentally increased costs of parental care are shunted to offspring in species with extended care

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gretchen F. Wagner ◽  
Emeline Mourocq ◽  
Michael Griesser
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Parental Care ◽  
Total Duration ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Life History Strategy ◽  
Experimental Treatment ◽  
Cost Of Care ◽  
Adult Survival ◽  
Supporting Evidence ◽  
Trade Offs

Biparental care systems are a valuable model to examine conflict, cooperation, and coordination between unrelated individuals, as the product of the interactions between the parents influences the fitness of both individuals. A common experimental technique for testing coordinated responses to changes in the costs of parental care is to temporarily handicap one parent, inducing a higher cost of providing care. However, dissimilarity in experimental designs of these studies has hindered interspecific comparisons of the patterns of cost distribution between parents and offspring. Here we apply a comparative experimental approach by handicapping a parent at nests of five bird species using the same experimental treatment. In some species, a decrease in care by a handicapped parent was compensated by its partner, while in others the increased costs of care were shunted to the offspring. Parental responses to an increased cost of care primarily depended on the total duration of care that offspring require. However, life history pace (i.e., adult survival and fecundity) did not influence parental decisions when faced with a higher cost of caring. Our study highlights that a greater attention to intergenerational trade-offs is warranted, particularly in species with a large burden of parental care. Moreover, we demonstrate that parental care decisions may be weighed more against physiological workload constraints than against future prospects of reproduction, supporting evidence that avian species may devote comparable amounts of energy into survival, regardless of life history strategy.

scholarly journals Physiological demands and nutrient intake modulate a trade-off between dispersal and reproduction based on age and sex of field crickets

2021 ◽  
Vol 224 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa A. Treidel ◽  
Rebecca M. Clark ◽  
Melissa T. Lopez ◽  
Caroline M. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Flight Muscle ◽  
Life History Strategy ◽  
Life History Evolution ◽  
Resource Acquisition ◽  
Muscle Quality ◽  
Field Crickets ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Physiological Demands ◽  
Age And Sex

ABSTRACT Animals adjust resource acquisition throughout life to meet changing physiological demands of growth, reproduction, activity and somatic maintenance. Wing-polymorphic crickets invest in either dispersal or reproduction during early adulthood, providing a system in which to determine how variation in physiological demands, determined by sex and life history strategy, impact nutritional targets, plus the consequences of nutritionally imbalanced diets across life stages. We hypothesized that high demands of biosynthesis (especially oogenesis in females) drive elevated resource acquisition requirements and confer vulnerability to imbalanced diets. Nutrient targets and allocation into key tissues associated with life history investments were determined for juvenile and adult male and female field crickets (Gryllus lineaticeps) when given a choice between two calorically equivalent but nutritionally imbalanced (protein- or carbohydrate-biased) artificial diets, or when restricted to one imbalanced diet. Flight muscle synthesis drove elevated general caloric requirements for juveniles investing in dispersal, but flight muscle quality was robust to imbalanced diets. Testes synthesis was not costly, and life history investments by males were insensitive to diet composition. In contrast, costs of ovarian synthesis drove elevated caloric and protein requirements for adult females. When constrained to a carbohydrate-biased diet, ovary synthesis was reduced in reproductive morph females, eliminating their advantage in early life fecundity over the dispersal morph. Our findings demonstrate that nutrient acquisition modulates dispersal–reproduction trade-offs in an age- and sex-specific manner. Declines in food quality will thus disproportionately affect specific cohorts, potentially driving demographic shifts and altering patterns of life history evolution.

scholarly journals Trait-based approach to bacterial growth efficiency

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mario E. Muscarella ◽  
Xia Meng Howey ◽  
Jay T. Lennon
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Bacterial Growth ◽  
Maximum Growth ◽  
Growth Efficiency ◽  
Maximum Growth Rate ◽  
Bacterial Growth Efficiency ◽  
Species Identity ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Aggregate Property ◽  
Resource Type

AbstractBacterial growth efficiency (BGE) is the proportion of assimilated carbon that is converted into biomass and reflects the balance between growth and energetic demands. Often measured as an aggregate property of the community, BGE is highly variable within and across ecosystems. To understand this variation, we first identified how species identity and resource type affect BGE using 20 bacterial isolates belonging to the phylum Proteobacteria that were enriched from north temperate lakes. Using a trait-based approach that incorporated genomic and phenotypic information, we characterized the metabolism of each isolate and tested for predicted trade-offs between growth rate and efficiency. A substantial amount of variation in BGE could be explained at both broad (i.e., order, 20 %) and fine (i.e., strain, 58 %) taxonomic levels. While resource type was a relatively weak predictor across species, it explained > 60 % of the variation in BGE within a given species. Furthermore, a metabolic trade-off (between maximum growth rate and efficiency) and genomic features revealed that BGE is a predictable metabolic feature. Our study suggests that genomic and phylogenetic information may help predict aggregate microbial community functions like BGE and the fate of carbon in ecosystems.Originality and SignificanceBacterial growth efficiency (BGE) is an important yet notoriously variable measure of metabolism that has proven difficult to predict. To better understand how assimilated carbon is allocated, we explored growth efficiency across a collection of bacteria strains using a trait-based approach. Specifically, we measured respiration and biomass formation rates for populations grown in minimal media containing one of three carbon resources. In addition, we collected a suite of physiological traits to describe each strain, and we sequenced the genome of each organism. Our results suggest that species identity and resource type may contribute to growth efficiency when measured as an aggregate property of a natural community. In addition, we identified genomic pathways that are associated with elevated BGE. The findings have implications for integrating microbial metabolism from the cellular to ecosystem scale.

Life history variation in Celleporella hyalina (Bryozoa)

1986 ◽  
Vol 228 (1251) ◽  
pp. 127-132 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Life History ◽  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Water Flow ◽  
Reproductive Output ◽  
Life History Strategy ◽  
Colony Growth ◽  
Allocation Of Resources ◽  
Life History Variation ◽  
Male And Female

In colonies of the cheilostome bryozoan Celleporella hyalina (L.), water flow regime has a significant effect on colony growth rate and, indirectly, on the number of reproductive zooids produced. Higher growth rates occur under conditions of higher water flow. Sex ratio and reproductive output are not, however, significantly affected. Colonies of different genotypes show significant differences in their reproductive versus somatic investment, and in their allocation of resources to male and female functions. There is therefore genetically based variation in life history strategy within the population of colonies. This variation may reflect limitation of normalizing selection imposed by microenvironmental variability.

Trait-Based Approach to Fish Ecology

2019 ◽  
pp. 150-160
Author(s):  
Ken H. Andersen
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Life History ◽  
Life History Strategy ◽  
Somatic Growth ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
Life History Strategies ◽  
Asymptotic Size ◽  
Current State ◽  
Investment In Reproduction

This chapter proposes a shortlist of fish “master” traits and connects these traits to classic life-history strategy thinking. First, it sets the historical background for the current state-of-the-art thinking about fish life history strategies. From there, the chapter explains that the main axes of variation between fish species can be captured by three traits: the asymptotic size; the growth rate coefficient; and the adult–offspring mass ratio strategy. Together, these three traits determine the central demographic parameters: somatic growth rate, investment in reproduction, age at maturation, survival to maturation, mortality, and so on, and from there follows population-level quantities like population growth rate, population structure, fitness, and selection responses. The chapter concludes with a reflection on the trait-based approach and compares it to other methods of assessment.

scholarly journals Variation in the life history strategy underlies functional diversity of tumors

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tao Li ◽  
Jialin Liu ◽  
Jing Feng ◽  
Zhenzhen Liu ◽  
Sixue Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Evolutionary Ecology ◽  
Life History Strategy ◽  
Niche Separation ◽  
Rna Seq ◽  
Cancer Evolution ◽  
K Cells ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Distributions ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Trade Offs

Abstract Classical r- vs. K-selection theory describes the trade-offs between high reproductive output and competitiveness and guides research in evolutionary ecology. While its impact has waned in the recent past, cancer evolution may rekindle it. Herein, we impose r- or K- selection on cancer cell lines to obtain strongly proliferative r cells and highly competitive K cells to test ideas on life-history strategy evolution. RNA-seq indicates that the trade-offs are associated with distinct expression of genes involved in the cell cycle, adhesion, apoptosis, and contact inhibition. Both empirical observations and simulations based on an ecological competition model show that the trade-off between cell proliferation and competitiveness can evolve adaptively. When the r and K cells are mixed, they exhibit strikingly different spatial and temporal distributions. Due to this niche separation, the fitness of the entire tumor increases. The contrasting selective pressure may operate in a realistic ecological setting of actual tumors.

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