Gender Differences in Hemocyte Immune Parameters of Hong Kong Oyster Crassostrea hongkongensis During Immune Stress

Gender differences in individual immune responses to external stimuli have been elucidated in many invertebrates. However, it is unclear if gender differences do exist in the Hong Kong oyster Crassostrea hongkongensis, one of the most valuable marine species cultivated along the coast of South China. To clarify this, we stimulated post-spawning adult C. hongkongensis with Vibrio harveyi and lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Gender-based differences in some essential functional parameters of hemocytes were studied via flow cytometry. Obvious gender-, subpopulation-, and immune-specific alterations were found in the hemocyte immune parameters of C. hongkongensis. Three hemocyte subpopulations were identified: granulocytes, semi-granulocytes, and agranulocytes. Granulocytes, the chief phagocytes and major producers of esterase, reactive oxygen species, and nitric oxide, were the main immunocompetent hemocytes. Immune parameter alterations were notable in the accumulation of granulocyte esterase activities, lysosomal masses, nitric oxide levels, and granulocyte numbers in male oysters. These results suggest that post-spawning-phase male oysters possess a more powerful immune response than females. Gender and subpopulation differences in bivalve immune parameters should be considered in the future analysis of immune parameters when studying the impact of pathogenic or environmental factors.

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The Gendered Analysis of Self-Control on Theft and Violent Delinquency

Crime & Delinquency ◽

10.1177/0011128712470992 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 62 (12) ◽

pp. 1648-1677 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

Wing Hong Chui ◽

Heng Choon (Oliver) Chan

Keyword(s):

Gender Differences ◽

Hong Kong ◽

Control Level ◽

Western Hemisphere ◽

Self Control ◽

Future Research ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Violent Delinquency ◽

National Boundaries ◽

Gender Based

Despite previous gender-based studies of Gottfredson and Hirschi’s self-control theory, limited empirical attempts have been made outside of the Western hemisphere. This study is set to examine the cross-cultural and/or national boundaries generalizability of the self-control concepts in predicting gender differences on theft and violent delinquency in a rarely examined Hong Kong adolescent population. In addition, this study is among the first to investigate the age-effect gender differences on delinquency in the East. Using a cross-sectional design, 1,377 randomly selected native-Chinese secondary school–aged male and female adolescents of nine stratified randomly selected schools were surveyed. Multivariate analyses were used to examine gender differences, with and without controlling for the adolescent age, aside from the general offending propensity among Hong Kong adolescents with respect to their self-control level. Overall findings suggest that the relationship between low self-control indicators and types of delinquency differs across gender. Hence, findings of previous gender-based self-control studies conducted in the West are generally supported in this study. Implications, limitations, and future research directions are outlined.

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The impact of gender differences on the relationship between satisfaction and loyalty: a case of the Hong Kong mobile phone industry services

Journal of Korea Service Management Society ◽

10.15706/jksms.2010.11.1.003 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 53-85

Author(s):

하홍열

Keyword(s):

Gender Differences ◽

Hong Kong ◽

Mobile Phone ◽

The Impact ◽

The Relationship

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Cash, non-cash, or mix? Gender matters! The impact of monetary, non-monetary, and mixed incentives on performance

Journal of Business Economics ◽

10.1007/s11573-020-00992-0 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 90 (8) ◽

pp. 1253-1284

Author(s):

Hanna M. Sittenthaler ◽

Alwine Mohnen

Keyword(s):

Gender Differences ◽

Market Value ◽

Monetary Incentives ◽

Men And Women ◽

Performance Pressure ◽

Perceived Performance ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Gender Based ◽

The Impact ◽

Better Than

Abstract Standard economic theory asserts that cash incentives are always better than non-cash ones, or at least not worse. This study employs a real effort experiment to analyze the impact of monetary, non-monetary, and a combination of monetary and non-monetary incentives on performance, where non-monetary incentives are defined as tangible incentives with market value. Our overall results suggest that there exists no significant difference in performance in response to monetary, non-monetary, and mixed incentives. However, gender-based differentiation reveals a different picture: the performances of men and women depend upon the type of incentive used. Whereas men’s performance is significantly higher in response to monetary incentives compared to non-monetary ones, women’s performance is significantly higher in response to non-monetary incentives. The gender differences in the effectiveness of monetary and non-monetary incentives do not seem to be triggered by the perceived attractiveness of the non-monetary incentives but rather by the differences between men and women in the feelings of appreciation and perceived performance pressure in a tournament setting. Therefore, our results indicate that gender differences must be considered when implementing incentives.

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Natural Feed Additives Modulate Immunity and Mitigate Infection with Sphaerospora molnari (Myxozoa: Cnidaria) in Common Carp: A Pilot Study

Pathogens ◽

10.3390/pathogens9121013 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (12) ◽

pp. 1013

Author(s):

Vyara O. Ganeva ◽

Tomáš Korytář ◽

Hana Pecková ◽

Charles McGurk ◽

Julia Mullins ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Nitric Oxide ◽

B Cell ◽

Common Carp ◽

Specific Antibody ◽

Feed Additives ◽

Human Consumption ◽

Nitric Oxide Production ◽

Oxide Production ◽

Immune Parameters ◽

The Impact

Myxozoans are a diverse group of cnidarian parasites, including important pathogens in different aquaculture species, without effective legalized treatments for fish destined for human consumption. We tested the effect of natural feed additives on immune parameters of common carp and in the course of a controlled laboratory infection with the myxozoan Sphaerospora molnari. Carp were fed a base diet enriched with 0.5% curcumin or 0.12% of a multi-strain yeast fraction, before intraperitoneal injection with blood stages of S. molnari. We demonstrate the impact of these treatments on respiratory burst, phagocytosis, nitric oxide production, adaptive IgM+ B cell responses, S. molnari-specific antibody titers, and on parasite numbers. Both experimental diets enriched B cell populations prior to infection and postponed initial parasite proliferation in the blood. Curcumin-fed fish showed a decrease in reactive oxygen species, nitric oxide production and B cell density at late-stage infection, likely due to its anti-inflammatory properties, favoring parasite propagation. In contrast, multi-strain yeast fraction (MsYF)-fed fish harbored the highest S. molnari-specific antibody titer, in combination with the overall lowest parasite numbers. The results demonstrate that yeast products can be highly beneficial for the outcome of myxozoan infections and could be used as effective feed additives in aquaculture.

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The Impact of Gender-Based Family Roles on Criminal Sentencing

Social Problems ◽

10.1525/sp.1991.38.3.03a00050 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 38 (3) ◽

pp. 372-394 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Gayle S. Bickle ◽

Ruth D. Peterson

Keyword(s):

Family Roles ◽

Criminal Sentencing ◽

Gender Based ◽

The Impact

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GENDER-BASED VIOLENCE AMONGST WOMEN WITH DISABILITIES: A CASE STUDY OF MWENEZI DISTRICT, ZIMBABWE

Gender Questions ◽

10.25159/2412-8457/822 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

pp. 97-113 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Tafadzwa Rugoho ◽

France Maphosa

Keyword(s):

Violence Against Women ◽

Community Perceptions ◽

Gender Based Violence ◽

Group Discussions ◽

Women With Disabilities ◽

Qualitative Research Design ◽

Disabled Women ◽

Gender Based ◽

The Impact

This article is based on a study of gender-based violence against women with disabilities. The study sought to examine the factors that make such women vulnerable, to investigate the communityâ€™s responses to gender-based violence against women with disabilities, and to determine the impact of gender-based violence on the wellbeing and health of women with disabilities. The study adopted a qualitative research design so as to arrive at an in-depth understanding of the phenomenon under study. The study sample consisted of 48 disabled women living in marital or common law unions, selected using purposive sampling. Of the 48 women in the sample, 16 were visually impaired while the remaining 32 had other physical disabilities. Focus group discussions were used for data collection. The data were analysed using the thematic approach. The finding was that women with disabilities also experience gender-based violence. The study makes recommendations whose thrust is to change community perceptions on disability as the only guarantee towards eradicating gender-based violence against women with disabilities.

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