scholarly journals The Use of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles to Reprogram Macrophage Responses and the Immunological Tumor Microenvironment

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladimir Mulens-Arias ◽  
José Manuel Rojas ◽  
Domingo F. Barber
Keyword(s):  
Iron Oxide ◽  
Cancer Immunotherapy ◽  
Iron Oxide Nanoparticles ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Macrophage Polarization ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Tissue Response ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Oxide Nanoparticles ◽  
Theranostic Agents

The synthesis and functionalization of iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) is versatile, which has enhanced the interest in studying them as theranostic agents over recent years. As IONPs begin to be used for different biomedical applications, it is important to know how they affect the immune system and its different cell types, especially their interaction with the macrophages that are involved in their clearance. How immune cells respond to therapeutic interventions can condition the systemic and local tissue response, and hence, the final therapeutic outcome. Thus, it is fundamental to understand the effects that IONPs have on the immune response, especially in cancer immunotherapy. The biological effects of IONPs may be the result of intrinsic features of their iron oxide core, inducing reactive oxygen species (ROS) and modulating intracellular redox and iron metabolism. Alternatively, their effects are driven by the nanoparticle coating, for example, through cell membrane receptor engagement. Indeed, exploiting these properties of IONPs could lead to the development of innovative therapies. In this review, after a presentation of the elements that make up the tumor immunological microenvironment, we will review and discuss what is currently known about the immunomodulatory mechanisms triggered by IONPs, mainly focusing on macrophage polarization and reprogramming. Consequently, we will discuss the implications of these findings in the context of plausible therapeutic scenarios for cancer immunotherapy.

scholarly journals Iron Oxide Nanoparticles as Theranostic Agents in Cancer Immunotherapy

Nanomaterials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 1950
Author(s):  
Rossella Canese ◽  
Federica Vurro ◽  
Pasquina Marzola
Keyword(s):  
Iron Oxide ◽  
Contrast Agents ◽  
Cancer Immunotherapy ◽  
Iron Oxide Nanoparticles ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Macrophage Polarization ◽  
Mri Contrast Agents ◽  
Oxide Nanoparticles ◽  
Diagnostic Potential ◽  
Theranostic Agents

Starting from the mid-1990s, several iron oxide nanoparticles (NPs) were developed as MRI contrast agents. Since their sizes fall in the tenths of a nanometer range, after i.v. injection these NPs are preferentially captured by the reticuloendothelial system of the liver. They have therefore been proposed as liver-specific contrast agents. Even though their unfavorable cost/benefit ratio has led to their withdrawal from the market, innovative applications have recently prompted a renewal of interest in these NPs. One important and innovative application is as diagnostic agents in cancer immunotherapy, thanks to their ability to track tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) in vivo. It is worth noting that iron oxide NPs may also have a therapeutic role, given their ability to alter macrophage polarization. This review is devoted to the most recent advances in applications of iron oxide NPs in tumor diagnosis and therapy. The intrinsic therapeutic effect of these NPs on tumor growth, their capability to alter macrophage polarization and their diagnostic potential are examined. Innovative strategies for NP-based drug delivery in tumors (e.g., magnetic resonance targeting) will also be described. Finally, the review looks at their role as tracers for innovative, and very promising, imaging techniques (magnetic particle imaging-MPI).

scholarly journals The Intrinsic Biological Identities of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles and Their Coatings: Unexplored Territory for Combinatorial Therapies

Nanomaterials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 837 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladimir Mulens-Arias ◽  
José Manuel Rojas ◽  
Domingo F. Barber
Keyword(s):  
Iron Oxide ◽  
Iron Oxide Nanoparticles ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Complex Dynamics ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Oxide Nanoparticles ◽  
Theranostic Agents

Over the last 20 years, iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) have been the subject of increasing investigation due to their potential use as theranostic agents. Their unique physical properties (physical identity), ample possibilities for surface modifications (synthetic identity), and the complex dynamics of their interaction with biological systems (biological identity) make IONPs a unique and fruitful resource for developing magnetic field-based therapeutic and diagnostic approaches to the treatment of diseases such as cancer. Like all nanomaterials, IONPs also interact with different cell types in vivo, a characteristic that ultimately determines their activity over the short and long term. Cells of the mononuclear phagocytic system (macrophages), dendritic cells (DCs), and endothelial cells (ECs) are engaged in the bulk of IONP encounters in the organism, and also determine IONP biodistribution. Therefore, the biological effects that IONPs trigger in these cells (biological identity) are of utmost importance to better understand and refine the efficacy of IONP-based theranostics. In the present review, which is focused on anti-cancer therapy, we discuss recent findings on the biological identities of IONPs, particularly as concerns their interactions with myeloid, endothelial, and tumor cells. Furthermore, we thoroughly discuss current understandings of the basic molecular mechanisms and complex interactions that govern IONP biological identity, and how these traits could be used as a stepping stone for future research.

scholarly journals The Role of Neurotrophic Factors Conjugated to Iron Oxide Nanoparticles in Peripheral Nerve Regeneration:In VitroStudies

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ofra Ziv-Polat ◽  
Abraham Shahar ◽  
Itay Levy ◽  
Hadas Skaat ◽  
Sara Neuman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Iron Oxide ◽  
Growth Factor ◽  
Peripheral Nerve ◽  
Iron Oxide Nanoparticles ◽  
Neurotrophic Factors ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Oxide Nanoparticles ◽  
Neural Repair ◽  
Long Acting

Local delivery of neurotrophic factors is a pillar of neural repair strategies in the peripheral nervous system. The main disadvantage of the free growth factors is their short half-life of few minutes. In order to prolong their activity, we have conjugated to iron oxide nanoparticles three neurotrophic factors: nerve growth factor (βNGF), glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), and basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF-2). Comparative stability studies of free versus conjugated factors revealed that the conjugated neurotrophic factors were significantly more stable in tissue cultures and in medium at 37°C. The biological effects of free versus conjugated neurotrophic factors were examined on organotypic dorsal root ganglion (DRG) cultures performed in NVR-Gel, composed mainly of hyaluronic acid and laminin. Results revealed that the conjugated neurotrophic factors enhanced early nerve fiber sprouting compared to the corresponding free factors. The most meaningful result was that conjugated-GDNF, accelerated the onset and progression of myelin significantly earlier than the free GDNF and the other free and conjugated factors. This is probably due to the beneficial and long-acting effect that the stabilized conjugated-GDNF had on neurons and Schwann cells. These conclusive results make NVR-Gel enriched with conjugated-GDNF, a desirable scaffold for the reconstruction of severed peripheral nerve.

scholarly journals Iron oxide nanoparticles inhibit tumour growth by inducing pro-inflammatory macrophage polarization in tumour tissues

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 986-994 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saeid Zanganeh ◽  
Gregor Hutter ◽  
Ryan Spitler ◽  
Olga Lenkov ◽  
Morteza Mahmoudi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Iron Oxide ◽  
Iron Oxide Nanoparticles ◽  
Tumour Growth ◽  
Macrophage Polarization ◽  
Oxide Nanoparticles ◽  
Inhibit Tumour Growth ◽  
Inflammatory Macrophage

scholarly journals Immunotherapy for cancer: effects of iron oxide nanoparticles on polarization of tumor-associated macrophages

Nanomedicine ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Camila Sales Nascimento ◽  
Érica Alessandra Rocha Alves ◽  
Celso Pinto de Melo ◽  
Rodrigo Corrêa-Oliveira ◽  
Carlos Eduardo Calzavara-Silva
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Iron Oxide ◽  
Iron Oxide Nanoparticles ◽  
Iron Metabolism ◽  
Therapeutic Strategy ◽  
Macrophage Polarization ◽  
Metabolic Reprogramming ◽  
Oxide Nanoparticles ◽  
Tumor Associated Macrophages ◽  
Fight Against Cancer

Cancer immunotherapy is the most promising trend in oncology, focusing on helping or activating the patient's immune system to identify and fight against cancer. In the last decade, interest in metabolic reprogramming of tumor-associated macrophages from M2-like phenotype (promoting tumor progression) to M1-like phenotypes (suppressing tumor growth) as a therapeutic strategy against cancer has increased considerably. Iron metabolism has been standing out as a target for the reprogramming of tumor-associated macrophages to M1-like phenotype with therapeutic purposes against cancer. Due to the importance of the iron levels in macrophage polarization states, iron oxide nanoparticles can be used to change the activation state of tumor-associated macrophages for a tumor suppressor phenotype and as an anti-tumor strategy.

scholarly journals Iron Oxide Nanoparticles in Bioimaging – An Immune Perspective

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Geppert ◽  
Martin Himly
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Iron Oxide ◽  
Iron Oxide Nanoparticles ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Tumor Therapy ◽  
Short Review ◽  
Oxide Nanoparticles ◽  
Human Immune System ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
Immunological Effects

Iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) bear big hopes in nanomedicine due to their (potential) applications in tumor therapy, drug delivery or bioimaging. However, as foreign entities, such particles may be recognized by the immune system and, thus, lead to inflammation, hypersensitivity or anaphylactic shock. In addition, an overload with iron is known to cause oxidative stress. In this short review, we summarize the biological effects of such particles with a major focus on IONP-formulations used for bioimaging purposes and their effects on the human immune system. We conclude that especially the characteristics of the particles (size, shape, surface charge, coating, etc.) as well as the presence of bystander substances, such as bacterial endotoxin are important factors determining the resulting biological and immunological effects of IONPs. Further studies are needed in order to establish clear structure-activity relationships.

Unveiling the role of surface, size, shape and defects for theranostic applications of iron oxide nanoparticles

Nanoscale ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geoffrey Cotin ◽  
Cristina Blanco-Andujar ◽  
Francis Perton ◽  
Laura Asin ◽  
Jesus M de la Fuente ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Iron Oxide ◽  
Contrast Agents ◽  
Iron Oxide Nanoparticles ◽  
Oxide Nanoparticles ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Theranostic Agents ◽  
Theranostic Applications

Iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) are well-known contrast agents for MRI for a wide range of sizes and shapes. Their use as theranostic agents requires a better understanding of their magnetic...

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