scholarly journals Macrophage-Osteoclast Associations: Origin, Polarization, and Subgroups

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yang Sun ◽  
Jiangbi Li ◽  
Xiaoping Xie ◽  
Feng Gu ◽  
Zhenjiang Sui ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Bone Metabolism ◽  
Bone Remodeling ◽  
Significant Contribution ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Bone Microenvironment ◽  
Bone Morphology ◽  
High Importance ◽  
Normal Bone

Cellular associations in the bone microenvironment are involved in modulating the balance between bone remodeling and resorption, which is necessary for maintaining a normal bone morphology. Macrophages and osteoclasts are both vital components of the bone marrow. Macrophages can interact with osteoclasts and regulate bone metabolism by secreting a variety of cytokines, which make a significant contribution to the associations. Although, recent studies have fully explored either macrophages or osteoclasts, indicating the significance of these two types of cells. However, it is of high importance to report the latest discoveries on the relationships between these two myeloid-derived cells in the field of osteoimmunology. Therefore, this paper reviews this topic from three novel aspects of the origin, polarization, and subgroups based on the previous work, to provide a reference for future research and treatment of bone-related diseases.

scholarly journals The Influence of Radiation on Bone and Bone Cells—Differential Effects on Osteoclasts and Osteoblasts

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (17) ◽  
pp. 6377
Author(s):  
Anna-Jasmina Donaubauer ◽  
Lisa Deloch ◽  
Ina Becker ◽  
Rainer Fietkau ◽  
Benjamin Frey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Remodeling ◽  
Bone Cells ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Bone Homeostasis ◽  
Bone Microenvironment

The bone is a complex organ that is dependent on a tight regulation between bone formation by osteoblasts (OBs) and bone resorption by osteoclasts (OCs). These processes can be influenced by environmental factors such as ionizing radiation (IR). In cancer therapy, IR is applied in high doses, leading to detrimental effects on bone, whereas radiation therapy with low doses of IR is applied for chronic degenerative and inflammatory diseases, with a positive impact especially on bone homeostasis. Moreover, the effects of IR are of particular interest in space travel, as astronauts suffer from bone loss due to space radiation and microgravity. This review summarizes the current state of knowledge on the effects of IR on bone with a special focus on the influence on OCs and OBs, as these cells are essential in bone remodeling. In addition, the influence of IR on the bone microenvironment is discussed. In summary, the effects of IR on bone and bone remodeling cells strongly depend on the applied radiation dose, as differential results are provided from in vivo as well as in vitro studies with varying doses of IR. Furthermore, the isolated effects of IR on a single cell type are difficult to determine, as the bone cells and bone microenvironment are building a tightly regulated network, influencing on one another. Therefore, future research is necessary in order to elucidate the influence of different bone cells on the overall radiation-induced effects on bone.

scholarly journals The Macrophage-Osteoclast Axis in Osteoimmunity and Osteo-Related Diseases

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yao Yao ◽  
Xiaoyu Cai ◽  
Fujia Ren ◽  
Yiqing Ye ◽  
Fengmei Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Effective Strategy ◽  
Bone Morphology ◽  
Knowledge Framework ◽  
Joint Cavity ◽  
Normal Bone ◽  
Bone Damage

Osteoimmunity is involved in regulating the balance of bone remodeling and resorption, and is essential for maintaining normal bone morphology. The interaction between immune cells and osteoclasts in the bone marrow or joint cavity is the basis of osteoimmunity, in which the macrophage-osteoclast axis plays a vital role. Monocytes or tissue-specific macrophages (macrophages resident in tissues) are an important origin of osteoclasts in inflammatory and immune environment. Although there are many reports on macrophages and osteoclasts, there is still a lack of systematic reviews on the macrophage-osteoclast axis in osteoimmunity. Elucidating the role of the macrophage-osteoclast axis in osteoimmunity is of great significance for the research or treatment of bone damage caused by inflammation and immune diseases. In this article, we introduced in detail the concept of osteoimmunity and the mechanism and regulators of the differentiation of macrophages into osteoclasts. Furthermore, we described the role of the macrophage-osteoclast axis in typical bone damage caused by inflammation and immune diseases. These provide a clear knowledge framework for studying macrophages and osteoclasts in inflammatory and immune environments. And targeting the macrophage-osteoclast axis may be an effective strategy to treat bone damage caused by inflammation and immune diseases.

Bone and Bone Marrow Blood Flow in Blastic Crisis of Chronic Granulocytic Leukaemia

1979 ◽  
Vol 18 (06) ◽  
pp. 290-292 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Lahtinen ◽  
T. Lahtinen
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Cell Proliferation ◽  
Blood Flow ◽  
Proximal Femur ◽  
Blastic Crisis ◽  
Normal Bone ◽  
Chronic Granulocytic Leukaemia ◽  
Washout Curves ◽  
Bone Marrow Blood

SummaryA l33Xe washout method has been used for measuring changes of blood flow in the proximal femur of a patient with the blastic crisis of chronic granulocytic leukaemia. In the hyperplastic phase the blood flow was highly increased and over three times greater than in the hypoplastic phase of the disease and over thirteen times greater than the value in normal bone. The bone circulation and especially the first component of the two-exponential bone washout curves appeared to reflect cell proliferation and neoplastic activity of the whole bone marrow. The method may provide clinically important information in the follow-up of selected haematological diseases.

scholarly journals The Role of the Bone Marrow Microenvironment in the Response to Infection

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Courtney B. Johnson ◽  
Jizhou Zhang ◽  
Daniel Lucas
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Bone Marrow Microenvironment ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Multipotent Stem Cells ◽  
Hematopoietic Stem

Hematopoiesis in the bone marrow (BM) is the primary source of immune cells. Hematopoiesis is regulated by a diverse cellular microenvironment that supports stepwise differentiation of multipotent stem cells and progenitors into mature blood cells. Blood cell production is not static and the bone marrow has evolved to sense and respond to infection by rapidly generating immune cells that are quickly released into the circulation to replenish those that are consumed in the periphery. Unfortunately, infection also has deleterious effects injuring hematopoietic stem cells (HSC), inefficient hematopoiesis, and remodeling and destruction of the microenvironment. Despite its central role in immunity, the role of the microenvironment in the response to infection has not been systematically investigated. Here we summarize the key experimental evidence demonstrating a critical role of the bone marrow microenvironment in orchestrating the bone marrow response to infection and discuss areas of future research.

scholarly journals Genes associated with inflammation and bone remodeling are highly expressed in the bone of patients with the early-stage cam-type femoroacetabular impingement

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Guanying Gao ◽  
Ruiqi Wu ◽  
Rongge Liu ◽  
Jianquan Wang ◽  
Yingfang Ao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Bone Tissue ◽  
Bone Remodeling ◽  
Femoroacetabular Impingement ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Expression Levels ◽  
Normal Bone ◽  
Impingement Zone

Abstract Background Recent studies have shown high expression levels of certain inflammatory, anabolic, and catabolic genes in the articular cartilage from the impingement zone of the hips with femoroacetabular impingement (FAI), representing an increased metabolic state. Nevertheless, little is known about the molecular properties of bone tissue from the impingement zone of hips with FAI. Methods Bone tissue samples from patients with early-stage cam-type FAI were collected during hip arthroscopy for treatment of cam-type FAI. Control bone tissue samples were collected from six patients who underwent total hip replacement because of a femoral neck fracture. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed to determine the gene expression associated with inflammation and bone remodeling. The differences in the gene expression in bone tissues from the patients with early-stage cam-type FAI were also evaluated based on clinical parameters. Results In all, 12 patients with early-stage cam-type FAI and six patients in the control group were included in this study. Compared to the control samples, the bone tissue samples from patients with FAI showed higher expression levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), receptor activator of nuclear factor-kB ligand (RANKL), and osteoprotegerin (OPG) (P < 0.05). IL-1 expression was detected only in the control group. On the other hand, there was no significant difference in IL-8 expression between the patients with FAI and the control group. The patients with FAI having a body mass index (BMI) of >24 kg/m2 showed higher ALP expression (P < 0.05). Further, the expression of IL-6 and ALP was higher in the patients with FAI in whom the lateral center-edge angle was >30° (P < 0.05). Conclusions Our results indicated the metabolic condition of bone tissues in patients with early-stage cam-type FAI differed from that of normal bone in the femoral head-neck junction. The expression levels of the genes associated with inflammation and bone remodeling were higher in the bone tissue of patients with early-stage cam-type FAI than in the patients with normal bone tissue.

Effects of imatinib mesylate on normal bone marrow cells from chronic myeloid leukemia patients in complete cytogenetic response

2009 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 170-173 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fermin M. Sanchez-Guijo ◽  
Jesus M. Hernandez ◽  
Eva Lumbreras ◽  
Patricia Morais ◽  
Carlos Santamaría ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Chronic Myeloid Leukemia ◽  
Imatinib Mesylate ◽  
Myeloid Leukemia ◽  
Bone Marrow Cells ◽  
Cytogenetic Response ◽  
Normal Bone Marrow ◽  
Normal Bone ◽  
Complete Cytogenetic Response ◽  
Marrow Cells
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