scholarly journals Prototype-Scale Physical Model of Wave Attenuation Through a Mangrove Forest of Moderate Cross-Shore Thickness: LiDAR-Based Characterization and Reynolds Scaling for Engineering With Nature

2022 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kiernan Kelty ◽  
Tori Tomiczek ◽  
Daniel Thomas Cox ◽  
Pedro Lomonaco ◽  
William Mitchell
Keyword(s):  
Drag Coefficient ◽  
Physical Model ◽  
Wave Height ◽  
Mangrove Forest ◽  
Wave Attenuation ◽  
Decay Rates ◽  
Emergent Vegetation ◽  
Effective Diameter ◽  
Projected Area ◽  
Drag Coefficients

This study investigates the potential of a Rhizophora mangrove forest of moderate cross-shore thickness to attenuate wave heights using an idealized prototype-scale physical model constructed in a 104 m long wave flume. An 18 m long cross-shore transect of an idealized red mangrove forest based on the trunk-prop root system was constructed in the flume. Two cases with forest densities of 0.75 and 0.375 stems/m2 and a third baseline case with no mangroves were considered. LiDAR was used to quantify the projected area per unit height and to estimate the effective diameter of the system. The methodology was accurate to within 2% of the known stem diameters and 10% of the known prop root diameters. Random and regular wave conditions seaward, throughout, and inland of the forest were measured to determine wave height decay rates and drag coefficients for relative water depths ranging 0.36 to 1.44. Wave height decay rates ranged 0.008–0.021 m–1 for the high-density cases and 0.004–0.010 m–1 for the low-density cases and were found to be a function of water depth. Doubling the forest density increased the decay rate by a factor two, consistent with previous studies for other types of emergent vegetation. Drag coefficients ranged 0.4–3.8, and were found to be dependent on the Reynolds number. Uncertainty in the estimates of the drag coefficient due to the measured projected area and measured wave attenuation was quantified and found to have average combined standard deviations of 0.58 and 0.56 for random and regular waves, respectively. Two previous reduced-scale studies of wave attenuation by mangroves compared well with the present study when their Reynolds numbers were re-scaled by λ3/2 where λ is the prototype-to-model geometric scale ratio. Using the combined data sets, an equation is proposed to estimate the drag coefficient for a Rhizophora mangrove forest: CD = 0.6 + 3e04/ReDBH with an uncertainty of 0.69 over the range 5e03 < ReDBH < 1.9e05, where ReDBH is based on the tree diameter at breast height. These results may improve engineering guidance for the use of mangroves and other emergent vegetation in coastal wave attenuation.

Bulk drag coefficient of a subaquatic vegetation subjected to irregular waves: Influence of Reynolds and Keulegan-Carpenter numbers

2020 ◽  
pp. 34-42
Author(s):  
Thibault Chastel ◽  
Kevin Botten ◽  
Nathalie Durand ◽  
Nicole Goutal
Keyword(s):  
Drag Coefficient ◽  
Wave Height ◽  
Wave Attenuation ◽  
Empirical Relationship ◽  
Breaking Waves ◽  
Irregular Waves ◽  
Geometrical Parameters ◽  
Flume Experiments ◽  
Seagrass Meadows ◽  
Artificial Vegetation

Seagrass meadows are essential for protection of coastal erosion by damping wave and stabilizing the seabed. Seagrass are considered as a source of water resistance which modifies strongly the wave dynamics. As a part of EDF R & D seagrass restoration project in the Berre lagoon, we quantify the wave attenuation due to artificial vegetation distributed in a flume. Experiments have been conducted at Saint-Venant Hydraulics Laboratory wave flume (Chatou, France). We measure the wave damping with 13 resistive waves gauges along a distance L = 22.5 m for the “low” density and L = 12.15 m for the “high” density of vegetation mimics. A JONSWAP spectrum is used for the generation of irregular waves with significant wave height Hs ranging from 0.10 to 0.23 m and peak period Tp ranging from 1 to 3 s. Artificial vegetation is a model of Posidonia oceanica seagrass species represented by slightly flexible polypropylene shoots with 8 artificial leaves of 0.28 and 0.16 m height. Different hydrodynamics conditions (Hs, Tp, water depth hw) and geometrical parameters (submergence ratio α, shoot density N) have been tested to see their influence on wave attenuation. For a high submergence ratio (typically 0.7), the wave attenuation can reach 67% of the incident wave height whereas for a low submergence ratio (< 0.2) the wave attenuation is negligible. From each experiment, a bulk drag coefficient has been extracted following the energy dissipation model for irregular non-breaking waves developed by Mendez and Losada (2004). This model, based on the assumption that the energy loss over the species meadow is essentially due to the drag force, takes into account both wave and vegetation parameter. Finally, we found an empirical relationship for Cd depending on 2 dimensionless parameters: the Reynolds and Keulegan-Carpenter numbers. These relationships are compared with other similar studies.

scholarly journals LABORATORY SIMULATIONS OF WAVE ATTENUATION BY AN EMERGENT VEGETATION OF ARTIFICIAL PHRAGMITES AUSTRALIS: AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF AN OPEN-CHANNEL WAVE FLUME

2015 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 251-266 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li YIPING ◽  
Desmond Ofosu ANIM ◽  
Ying WANG ◽  
Chunyang TANG ◽  
Wei DU ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
Phragmites Australis ◽  
Wave Height ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Wave Attenuation ◽  
Emergent Vegetation ◽  
Irregular Waves ◽  
Shore Protection ◽  
Near Shore ◽  
Wave Conditions

This paper presents a well-controlled laboratory experimental study to evaluate wave attenuation by artificial emergent plants (Phragmites australis) under different wave conditions and plant stem densities. Results showed substantial wave damping under investigated regular and irregular wave conditions and also the different rates of wave height and within canopy wave-induced flows as they travelled through the vegetated field under all tested conditions. The wave height decreased by 6%–25% at the insertion of the vegetation field and towards the downstream at a mean of 0.2 cm and 0.32 cm for regular and irregular waves respectively. The significant wave height along the vegetation field ranged from 0.89–1.76 cm and 0.8–1.28 cm with time mean height of 1.38 cm and 1.11 cm respectively for regular and irregular waves. This patterns as affected by plant density and also location from the leading edge of vegetation is investigated in the study. The wave energy attenuated by plant induced friction was predicted in terms of energy dissipation factor (fe) by Nielsen’s (1992) empirical model. Shear stress as a driving force of particle resuspension and the implication of the wave attenuation on near shore protection from erosion and sedimentation was discussed. The results and findings in this study will advance our understanding of wave attenuation by an emergent vegetation of Phragmites australis, in water system engineering like near shore and bank protection and restoration projects and also be employed for management purposes to reduce resuspension and erosion in shallow lakes.

scholarly journals Wave energy dissipation in the mangrove vegetation off Mumbai, India

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samiksha S. Volvaiker ◽  
Ponnumony Vethamony ◽  
Prasad K. Bhaskaran ◽  
Premanand Pednekar ◽  
MHamsa Jishad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Dissipation ◽  
Drag Coefficient ◽  
Wave Height ◽  
Wave Attenuation ◽  
Coastal Region ◽  
Measured Data ◽  
Vegetation Density ◽  
Mangrove Vegetation ◽  
Wave Height Attenuation ◽  
Set Up

Abstract. Coastal regions of India are prone to sea level rise, cyclones, storm surges and human induced activities, resulting in flood, erosion, and inundation. The primary aim of the study is to estimate wave attenuation by mangrove vegetation using SWAN model in standalone mode, as well as SWAN nested with WW3 model for the Mumbai coastal region. To substantiate the model results, wave measurements were carried out during 5–8 August 2015 at 3 locations in a transect normal to the coast using surface mounted pressure level sensors under spring tide conditions. The measured data presents wave height attenuation of the order of 52 %. The study shows a linear relationship between wave height attenuation and gradual changes in water level in the nearshore region, in phase with the tides. Model set-up and sensitivity analyses were conducted to understand the model performance to vegetation parameters. It was observed that wave attenuation increased with an increase in drag coefficient (Cd), vegetation density, and stem diameter. For a typical set-up for Mumbai coastal region having vegetation density of 0.175 per m2, stem diameter of 0.3 m and drag coefficient varying from 0.4 to 1.5, the model reproduced attenuation, ranging from 49 to 55 %, which matches well with the measured data. Spectral analysis performed for the cases with and without vegetation very clearly portrays energy dissipation in the vegetation area as well as spectral changes. This study has the potential of improving the quality of wave prediction in vegetation areas, especially during monsoon season and extreme weather events.

Wave Steepness and Relative Width: Influence on Transmission Coefficient of Horizontal Interlaced, Multilayered, Moored Floating Pipe Breakwater With Five Layers

2011 ◽  
Vol 45 (5) ◽  
pp. 20-27
Author(s):  
Sacchi Rajappa ◽  
Arkal Vittal Hegde ◽  
Subba Rao ◽  
Veena Channegowda
Keyword(s):  
Physical Model ◽  
Transmission Coefficient ◽  
Wave Height ◽  
Incident Wave ◽  
Wave Attenuation ◽  
Transmitted Wave ◽  
Relative Width ◽  
Wave Steepness ◽  
Transmission Characteristics ◽  
Time Period

AbstractThis paper presents the results of a series of physical model scale experiments conducted to determine the transmission characteristics of a horizontal interlaced, multilayered, moored floating pipe breakwater. The studies are conducted on physical breakwater models having five layers of PVC pipes. The wave steepness (Hi/gT2, where Hi is incident wave height, g is acceleration due to gravity, and T is time period) was varied between 0.063 and 0.849, relative width (W/L, where W is width of breakwater and L is the wavelength) was varied between 0.4 and 2.65, and relative spacing (S/D, where S is horizontal centre to centre spacing of pipes and D is the diameter of pipes) was set equal to 2. The transmitted wave height is measured, and the gathered data are analyzed by plotting nondimensional graphs depicting the variation of Kt (transmission coefficient) with Hi/gT2 for values of d/W (d is depth of water) and of Kt with W/L for values of Hi/d. It is observed that Kt decreases as Hi/gT2 increases for the range of d/W between 0.082 and 0.139. It is also observed that Kt decreases with an increase in W/L values for the range of Hi/d from 0.06 to 0.40. The maximum wave attenuation achieved with the present breakwater configuration is 78%.

Assessment of the wave attenuation capacity of a mangrove forest based on its age and the incident wave conditions

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Maza ◽  
Javier L. Lara ◽  
Iñigo J. Losada
Keyword(s):  
Wave Height ◽  
Water Depth ◽  
Mangrove Forest ◽  
Wave Attenuation ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Coastal Protection ◽  
Local Flow ◽  
Ecosystem Properties ◽  
Wave Decay ◽  
Wave Conditions

&lt;p&gt;Although mangroves reduce annual flooding to millions of people there is not a methodology to implement these solutions and it is still difficult to estimate the protection provided by them under different environmental conditions and ecosystem properties. To move forward in the consecution of an engineering approach when implementing these solutions for coastal defense, the first step to make is to better understand and parameterize the basic physical processes involved in flow-mangroves interaction. With the aim of getting a new formulation for wave decay provided by Rhizophora mangrove forests based on flow and ecosystem properties, an experimental campaign was carried out where both wave attenuation and forces on mangrove individuals were measured under different wave conditions. Both, the hydrodynamic conditions and the mangrove forest, were scaled according to field conditions for short waves. The detailed wave attenuation and drag force measurements obtained in these experiments allowed to obtain new formulations of wave decay produced by the forest depending on the flow, i.e.: water depth, wave height and period, and on the forest characteristics, i.e.: individuals submerged solid volume fraction and density. These formulations are used to get attenuation rates under different flow and ecosystem conditions. The resultant curves provide with the wave decay produced by a specific Rhizophora forest subjected to the defined wave conditions. The forest is defined on the basis of its age, considering the differences in individual trees depending on their maturity and the density of the forest as the number of trees per unit area. Wave conditions are defined by the root mean square wave height and the peak period and water depth is also considered. The obtained curves allow to estimate the width of the forest necessary to reach a certain level of protection considering the local flow conditions and the forest age. This can assist in the inclusion of nature-based solutions in the portfolio of coastal protection measures.&lt;/p&gt;

scholarly journals NUMERICAL WAVE DISSIPATION OVER IDEALIZED MARSH PLATFORM

2018 ◽  
pp. 104
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Holzenthal ◽  
David F. Hill
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Model ◽  
Wave Height ◽  
Incident Wave ◽  
Wave Attenuation ◽  
Decay Rates ◽  
Wave Dissipation ◽  
Dissipation Model ◽  
Numerical Wave ◽  
Two Parameter ◽  
Submergence Depth

Combined tidal and wave events are simulated over an idealized marsh environment to quantifiably characterize the cross-shore attenuation of wave height as a function of bottom roughness and submergence depth. Dissipation calculated by the numerical model is compared with existing analytically derived parametric wave height decay models. We propose an alternative two-parameter dissipation model that better captures the limited decay of wave attenuation over a kilometer of propagation. The results suggest that cross-shore decay rates are sensitive to incident wave conditions as well as bottom roughness.

Wind turbulence over misaligned surface waves and air-sea momentum flux. Part I: Waves following and opposing wind

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nyla T. Husain ◽  
Tetsu Hara ◽  
Peter P. Sullivan
Keyword(s):  
Drag Coefficient ◽  
Wind Profile ◽  
Wave Attenuation ◽  
Decay Rates ◽  
Smooth Transition ◽  
Wave Form ◽  
Flow Perturbation ◽  
Eddy Simulation ◽  
Scalar Fluxes ◽  
The Mean

AbstractAir-sea momentum and scalar fluxes are strongly influenced by the coupling dynamics between turbulent winds and a spectrum of waves. Because direct field observations are difficult, particularly in high winds, many modeling and laboratory studies have aimed to elucidate the impacts of the sea state and other surface wave features on momentum and energy fluxes between wind and waves as well as on the mean wind profile and drag coefficient. Opposing wind is common under transient winds, for example under tropical cyclones, but few studies have examined its impacts on air-sea fluxes. In this study, we employ a large eddy simulation for wind blowing over steep sinusoidal waves of varying phase speeds, both following and opposing wind, to investigate impacts on the mean wind profile, drag coefficient, and wave growth/decay rates. The airflow dynamics and impacts rapidly change as the wave age increases for waves following wind. However, there is a rather smooth transition from the slowest waves following wind to the fastest waves opposing wind, with gradual enhancement of a flow perturbation identified by a strong vorticity layer detached from the crest despite the absence of apparent airflow separation. The vorticity layer appears to increase the effective surface roughness and wave form drag (wave attenuation rate) substantially for faster waves opposing wind.

scholarly journals A study on the drag coefficient in wave attenuation by vegetation

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (9) ◽  
pp. 4825-4834
Author(s):  
Zhilin Zhang ◽  
Bensheng Huang ◽  
Chao Tan ◽  
Xiangju Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Drag Coefficient ◽  
Wave Height ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Wave Attenuation ◽  
Hydraulic Parameters ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Incoming Wave ◽  
Local Wave ◽  
Wave Height Attenuation

Abstract. Vegetation in wetlands is a large-scale nature-based resource providing a myriad of services for human beings and the environment, such as dissipating incoming wave energy and protecting coastal areas. For understanding wave height attenuation by vegetation, there are two main traditional calibration approaches to the drag effect acting on the vegetation. One of them is based on the rule that wave height decays through the vegetated area by a reciprocal function and another by an exponential function. In both functions, the local wave height reduces with distance from the beginning of the vegetation depending on damping factors. These two damping factors, which are usually obtained from calibration by measured local wave height, are linked to the drag coefficient and measurable parameters, respectively. So the drag coefficient that quantifies the effect of the vegetation can be calculated by different methods, followed by connecting this coefficient to hydraulic parameters to make it predictable. In this study, two relations between these two damping factors and methods to calculate the drag coefficient have been investigated by 99 laboratory experiments. Finally, relations between the drag coefficient and relevant hydraulic parameters were analyzed. The results show that emergent conditions of the vegetation should be considered when studying the drag coefficient; traditional methods which had overlooked this condition cannot perform well when the vegetation was emerged. The new method based on the relation between these two damping factors performed as well as the well-recognized method for emerged and submerged vegetation. Additionally, the Keulegan–Carpenter number can be a suitable hydraulic parameter to predict the drag coefficient and only the experimental setup, especially the densities of the vegetation, can affect the prediction equations.

scholarly journals A study on the drag coefficient in wave attenuation by vegetation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhilin Zhang ◽  
Bensheng Huang ◽  
Chao Tan ◽  
Hui Chen ◽  
Xiangju Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Drag Coefficient ◽  
Wave Height ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Wave Attenuation ◽  
Damping Factor ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Incoming Wave ◽  
Local Wave ◽  
Wave Height Attenuation ◽  
New Equation

Abstract. Vegetation in wetlands is a large-scale nature-based resource providing a myriad of services for human beings and the environment, such as dissipating incoming wave energy and protecting coastal areas. For understanding wave height attenuation by vegetation, there are two main traditional calibration approaches to the drag effect acting on the vegetation. One of them is based on the rule that wave height decays through the vegetated area by a reciprocal function and another by an exponential function. In both functions, the local wave height reduces with distance from the beginning of the vegetation depending on a damping factor (Eqs. (1) and (4)). These damping factors α' and k' are linked to the drag coefficient CD and measurable parameters (Eqs. (3) and (5)). So there are two methods to predict CD that quantify the effect of vegetation. In this study, a new equation is derived that connects these two damping factors (Eq. (12)). The different relations and methods to predicting the drag coefficient CD have been investigated by 99 laboratory experiments. Finally, different relations between CD and relevant parameters (Re, KC, and Ur) have been analyzed. The results show that α' approximately equals k' only for fully submerged vegetation, while the new equation can be used for both emerged and submerged canopy. It appears that the methods for predicting CD by Dean (1979) and Kobayashi et al. (1993) are consistent with the well-recognized method by Dalrymple et al. (1984) for submerged vegetated canopy. But when the vegetation emerges, only the new method based on Eq. (12) leads to almost the same results as Dalrymple et al. (1984). Hence, Eq. (12) has built a bridge between these two approaches for the wave attenuation by vegetation and has proved applicable to emergent conditions of vegetation as well.

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