scholarly journals The Viral Founder Effect and Economic-Driven Human Mobility Shaped the Distinct Epidemic Pattern of HIV-1 CRF01_AE in Northeast China

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Minghui An ◽  
Bin Zhao ◽  
Lin Wang ◽  
Zhenxing Chu ◽  
Junjie Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Founder Effect ◽  
Northeast China ◽  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
Reproduction Number ◽  
Human Mobility ◽  
Sampling Bias ◽  
Sample Density ◽  
History Of ◽  
Sex With Men ◽  
Hiv 1

Background: In China, two distinct lineages shaped the epidemic of HIV-1 CRF01_AE among men who have sex with men (MSM), of which the uneven distributions were observed geographically. One lineage spread across China, while another dominated in Northeast China. Understanding the drivers of viral diffusion would provide guidelines for identifying the source and hotspots of HIV transmission among MSM to target interventions in China.Methods: We collected the pol sequences between 2002–2017 to reconstruct the spatiotemporal history of CRF01_AE lineages in Shenyang, one economic center of Northeast China, using the Bayesian phylogeographic and phylodynamic approaches. Importantly, for the datasets with the high sample density, we did the down-sampling to avoid the sampling bias.Results: Two lineages accounted for 97%, including 426 and 1516 sequences, and homosexuals and bisexuals were above 80%. One lineage appeared earlier 7 years than another (1993 vs. 2002) among homosexuals and bisexuals, whereas among heterosexuals, both lineages were observed firstly in 2002. 96% viral migrations within one lineage were from homosexuals toward bisexuals (49%) and male-heterosexuals (46%). Within another, except for homosexuals (72%), bisexuals (23%) served as the top second source, and female-heterosexuals (11%) were the third recipients following bisexuals (44%) and male-heterosexuals (39%). Although the basic reproduction number (R0) of two lineages were similar and both of the effective production number (Re) fell below 1 at the most recent sampling time, the starts of the Re declining varied.Conclusions: Our findings revealed that throughout the viral national spread chain, Shenyang is the source for the initial expanding of one lineage, where is only a sink of another, proving that the viral founder effect and regional human mobility contributed to the uneven distribution of two lineages, and emphasizing the important roles of the area where the virus originated and economy-driven migrants in HIV transmission.

scholarly journals Research on HIV Spreading by Macroscopic Based on Molecular Phylogeny in Anhui Province, China

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhen Wang ◽  
Zhiyuan Zhang ◽  
Xin Jin ◽  
Hui Wu ◽  
Yuhua Ruan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Dynamic Model ◽  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
Reproduction Number ◽  
Anhui Province ◽  
Entire Population ◽  
Bisexual Men ◽  
Gene Sequences ◽  
Hiv Virus ◽  
History Of

Abstract BackgroundAcquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is a global pandemic. The disease remains the most challenging public health issue of common concern in all countries because of its high fatality rate, the widespread susceptibility of the entire population to HIV, and the lack of an effective vaccine or cure. Therefore, it is of great significance to study and analyze the spread of HIV/AIDS.MethodsWe applied Bayesian phylogenetic methods to the gene sequence of the two main subtypes (CRF 01AE and CRF 07BC, 340 in total) of the HIV virus in Anhui Province to infer the nearest ancestor and its effective reproduction number (Re) to trace the history of HIV transmission in Anhui Province. Based on the characteristics of HIV transmission between heterosexuals and homosexuals, we established a dynamic model to predict the future trend of HIV drug resistance transmission. Through fitting the two effective reproduction numbers (Re) from the two different methods above, we got some important parameter values. By analyzing the sensitive factors affecting the transmission situation, we proposed relevant measures to reduce the transmission of HIV-resistant strains and effectively prevent and control the HIV epidemic.ResultsThrough the study of gene sequences, it was inferred that the nearest ancestor of the 150 CRF 01AE subtypes was in 1982, while the nearest ancestor of the 190 CRF 07BC subtypes was later (1992). Moreover, the effective reproduction number Re of HIV transmission in Anhui Province has been stable at first, then increased, and then remained stable, from 1.33 in 1992 to 2.20 in 2018. The study of macro-transmission dynamics model found that simply increasing the treatment rate had little effect on reducing the infection rate of the entire population, but would lead to the increase of drug resistance rate instead. This may be due to the inverse ratio between the prevalence of HIV and the lifespan of infected patients after treatment. According to the Sensitivity analysis, a more effective way to control transmission is reducing the number of sexual partners of the MSM population. In addition, we also have unexpected new findings regarding the traditional belief that "bisexual men play a bridge role in the transmission of HIV virus": if simply cutting o the sexual relationship between women and bisexual men, the HIV epidemic will be significantly enhanced instead.ConclusionStudy on gene sequences told us the history of HIV/AIDS spreading in Anhui province and the dynamic model told us its future. The link between them is the the effective reproduction number Re.

scholarly journals Evaluation of HIV Transmission Clusters among Natives and Foreigners Living in Italy

Viruses ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 791 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lavinia Fabeni ◽  
Maria Mercedes Santoro ◽  
Patrizia Lorenzini ◽  
Stefano Rusconi ◽  
Nicola Gianotti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Hiv Infections ◽  
Public Health Response ◽  
Health Response ◽  
Drug Naïve ◽  
Recent Diagnosis ◽  
Sex With Men ◽  
Italian Origin ◽  
Hiv 1

We aimed at evaluating the characteristics of HIV-1 molecular transmission clusters (MTCs) among natives and migrants living in Italy, diagnosed between 1998 and 2018. Phylogenetic analyses were performed on HIV-1 polymerase (pol) sequences to characterise subtypes and identify MTCs, divided into small (SMTCs, 2–3 sequences), medium (MMTCs, 4–9 sequences) and large (LMTCs, ≥10 sequences). Among 3499 drug-naïve individuals enrolled in the Italian Cohort Naive Antiretroviral (ICONA) cohort (2804 natives; 695 migrants), 726 (20.8%; 644 natives, 82 migrants) were involved in 228 MTCs (6 LMTCs, 36 MMTCs, 186 SMTCs). Migrants contributed 14.4% to SMTCs, 7.6% to MMTCs and 7.1% to LMTCs, respectively. HIV-1 non-B subtypes were found in 51 MTCs; noteworthy was that non-B infections involved in MTCs were more commonly found in natives (n = 47) than in migrants (n = 4). Factors such as Italian origin, being men who have sex with men (MSM), younger age, more recent diagnosis and a higher CD4 count were significantly associated with MTCs. Our findings show that HIV-1 clustering transmission among newly diagnosed individuals living in Italy is prevalently driven by natives, mainly MSM, with a more recent diagnosis and frequently infected with HIV-1 non-B subtypes. These results can contribute to monitoring of the HIV epidemic and guiding the public health response to prevent new HIV infections.

scholarly journals Herpes simplex virus 2 serostatus and viral loads of HIV-1 in blood and semen as risk factors for HIV transmission among men who have sex with men

AIDS ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 22 (13) ◽  
pp. 1667-1671 ◽  
Author(s):  
David M Butler ◽  
Davey M Smith ◽  
Edward R Cachay ◽  
George K Hightower ◽  
Charles Thomas Nugent ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Herpes Simplex Virus ◽  
Herpes Simplex ◽  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
Viral Loads ◽  
Sex With Men ◽  
Simplex Virus ◽  
Herpes Simplex Virus 2 ◽  
Hiv 1

scholarly journals Evolutionary History of HIV-1 Subtype B and CRF01_AE Transmission Clusters among Men Who Have Sex with Men (MSM) in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

PLoS ONE ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. e67286 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kim Tien Ng ◽  
Lai Yee Ong ◽  
Sin How Lim ◽  
Yutaka Takebe ◽  
Adeeba Kamarulzaman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Kuala Lumpur ◽  
Subtype B ◽  
History Of ◽  
Sex With Men ◽  
Hiv 1

scholarly journals Contribution of Epidemiological Predictors in Unraveling the Phylogeographic History of HIV-1 Subtype C in Brazil

2015 ◽  
Vol 89 (24) ◽  
pp. 12341-12348 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tiago Gräf ◽  
Bram Vrancken ◽  
Dennis Maletich Junqueira ◽  
Rúbia Marília de Medeiros ◽  
Marc A. Suchard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
Sampling Bias ◽  
Alternative View ◽  
Subtype C ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Federal States ◽  
Subtype B ◽  
Phylogeographic History ◽  
History Of ◽  
Hiv 1

ABSTRACTThe phylogeographic history of the Brazilian HIV-1 subtype C (HIV-1C) epidemic is still unclear. Previous studies have mainly focused on the capital cities of Brazilian federal states, and the fact that HIV-1C infections increase at a higher rate than subtype B infections in Brazil calls for a better understanding of the process of spatial spread. A comprehensive sequence data set sampled across 22 Brazilian locations was assembled and analyzed. A Bayesian phylogeographic generalized linear model approach was used to reconstruct the spatiotemporal history of HIV-1C in Brazil, considering several potential explanatory predictors of the viral diffusion process. Analyses were performed on several subsampled data sets in order to mitigate potential sample biases. We reveal a central role for the city of Porto Alegre, the capital of the southernmost state, in the Brazilian HIV-1C epidemic (HIV-1C_BR), and the northward expansion of HIV-1C_BR could be linked to source populations with higher HIV-1 burdens and larger proportions of HIV-1C infections. The results presented here bring new insights to the continuing discussion about the HIV-1C epidemic in Brazil and raise an alternative hypothesis for its spatiotemporal history. The current work also highlights how sampling bias can confound phylogeographic analyses and demonstrates the importance of incorporating external information to protect against this.IMPORTANCESubtype C is responsible for the largest HIV infection burden worldwide, but our understanding of its transmission dynamics remains incomplete. Brazil witnessed a relatively recent introduction of HIV-1C compared to HIV-1B, but it swiftly spread throughout the south, where it now circulates as the dominant variant. The northward spread has been comparatively slow, and HIV-1B still prevails in that region. While epidemiological data and viral genetic analyses have both independently shed light on the dynamics of spread in isolation, their combination has not yet been explored. Here, we complement publically available sequences and new genetic data from 13 cities with epidemiological data to reconstruct the history of HIV-1C spread in Brazil. The combined approach results in more robust reconstructions and can protect against sampling bias. We found evidence for an alternative view of the HIV-1C spatiotemporal history in Brazil that, contrary to previous explanations, integrates seamlessly with other observational data.

scholarly journals Genetic Characterization and Recombinant History of a Novel Emerging HIV-1 Second-Generation Circulating Recombinant Form (CRF120_0107) Identified Among Sexually Transmitted Infections in Shenzhen, China

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bo Zhu ◽  
Jin Zhao ◽  
Xiaorui Wang ◽  
Hanping Li ◽  
Yongjian Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Dual Infection ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
History Of ◽  
High Bootstrap ◽  
Sex With Men ◽  
Full Length Genome ◽  
Monophyletic Branch ◽  
Hiv 1

Abstract Under the background of the main epidemic HIV strains (CRF01_AE and CRF07_BC) co-circulation in China, more HIV second-generation recombinant (SGR) strains with CRF01_AE and CRF07_BC as the backbone are emerging. In this study, we analyzed the characteristics and evolutionary history of a newly emerging HIV-1 CRF120_0107 composed of CRF01_AE and CRF07_BC based on the near full-length genome (NFLG) in Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China. NFLG phylogenetic analysis revealed that these sequences formed a distinct monophyletic branch with a high bootstrap value (>90%), distantly related to all known HIV-1 genotypes. Recombination analysis showed that CRF120_0107 was composed of the predominant HIV-1 strains in China: CRF01_AE and CRF07_BC. Further subregional phylogenetic analysis was performed that possible parental lineages of CRF07_BC segments (Ⅰ, Ⅲ, and Ⅴ) belonged to the CRF07_BC men who have sex with men cluster (MSM cluster), other CRF01_AE segments also mainly belonged to MSM Cluster (such as CRF01_AE Cluster 5). Bayesian analysis results inferred that CRF120_0107 placed its emergence in Shenzhen approximately between 2009-2011. The appearance of CRF120_0107 further highlights that more and more HIV-1 SGR strains containing CRF01_AE and CRF07_BC will be more generated frequently and will most likely be more conducive to accelerating the spread of HIV in China. This highlighted it is necessary to monitor MSM high-risk individuals with HIV-1 CRF01_AE and CRF07_BC dual infection to prevent the generation of CRF01_AE/CRF07_BC recombinant strains, thus reducing the possibility of HIV-1 genotype resistance and the complexity of treatment in China.

scholarly journals HIV-1 Infection and Transmission Networks of Younger People in Chicago, Illinois, 2005-2011

2016 ◽  
Vol 132 (1) ◽  
pp. 48-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ethan Morgan ◽  
Alexandra M. Oster ◽  
Stephanie Townsell ◽  
Donna Peace ◽  
Nanette Benbow ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
Black People ◽  
Multivariable Analysis ◽  
Transmission Networks ◽  
Metropolitan Regions ◽  
Infected People ◽  
Sex With Men ◽  
High Level ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Hiv 1

Objective: Analysis of HIV nucleotide sequences can be used to identify people with highly similar HIV strains and understand transmission patterns. The objective of this study was to identify groups of people highly connected by HIV transmission and the extent to which transmission occurred within and between geographic areas in Chicago, Illinois. Methods: We analyzed genetic sequences in the HIV-1 pol region in samples collected from people participating in the VARHS program in Chicago during 2005-2011. We determined pairwise genetic distance, inferred potential transmission events between HIV-infected people whose sequences were ≤1.5% genetically distant, and identified clusters of connected people. We used multivariable analysis to determine demographic characteristics and risk attributes associated with degree of connectivity. Results: Of 1154 sequences, 177 (15.3%) were tied to at least 1 other sequence. We determined that younger people, men, non-Hispanic black people, and men who have sex with men were more highly connected than other HIV-infected people. We also identified a high degree of geographic heterogeneity—48 of 67 clusters (71.6%) contained people from >1 Chicago region (north, south, or west sides). Conclusion: Our results indicate a need to address HIV transmission through the networks of younger non-Hispanic black men who have sex with men. The high level of geographic heterogeneity observed suggests that HIV prevention programs should be targeted toward networks of younger people rather than geographic areas of high incidence. This study could also guide prevention efforts in other diverse metropolitan regions with characteristics similar to those of Chicago.

Genetic transmission networks reveal the transmission patterns of HIV-1 CRF01_AE in China

2017 ◽  
Vol 94 (2) ◽  
pp. 111-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoshan Li ◽  
Rong Gao ◽  
Kexin Zhu ◽  
Feiran Wei ◽  
Kun Fang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
Public Health Issue ◽  
Transmission Networks ◽  
Major Public Health Issue ◽  
Genetic Transmission ◽  
Heterosexual Women ◽  
Sex With Men ◽  
Migrant People ◽  
Hiv 1

ObjectivesThe epidemic of HIV-1 CRF01_AE has become a major public health issue in China. This study aimed to characterise the transmission patterns of genetic networks for CRF01_AE nationwide and elucidate possible opportunities for prevention.MethodsWe isolated and conducted genetic transmission network analysis of all available CRF01_AE pol sequences (n=4704) from China in the Los Alamos HIV sequence database.ResultsA total of 1391 (29.6%) sequences were identified as belonging to 400 separate networks. Of men who have sex with men (MSM) in the networks, 93.8% were linked to other MSM and only 2.4% were linked to heterosexual women. However, 11.8% heterosexual women in the networks were linked to MSM. Lineages composed mainly of MSM had higher transmission than those that were mostly heterosexuals. Of the 1391 individuals in networks, 513 (36.9%) were linked to cases diagnosed in different provinces. The proportion of individuals involved in inter-province links was interrelated with the number of migrant people (Spearman’s r=0.738, p=0.001).ConclusionsThe outcome of this study could help improve our ability to understand HIV transmission among various regions and risk groups in China, and highlighted the importance of targeting MSM and migrants by prevention and intervention efforts.

scholarly journals Patterns and risk of HIV-1 transmission network among men who have sex with men in Guangxi, China

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xianwu Pang ◽  
Hui Wei ◽  
Jinghua Huang ◽  
Qin He ◽  
Kailing Tang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Resistance ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
Transmitted Drug Resistance ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Effective Strategies ◽  
Route Of Transmission ◽  
Sex With Men ◽  
Hiv 1

AbstractThe prevalence of HIV-1 in Guangxi is very high, and the rate of HIV-1 infection among men who have sex with men (MSM) has been increasing. Therefore, it is necessary to explore the patterns and risk factors of HIV transmission in Guangxi. For this purpose, individuals diagnosed with HIV-1 during 2013–2018 in Guangxi were recruited. Phylogenetic relationship, transmission clusters, and genotypic drug resistance analyses were performed based on HIV-1 pol sequences. Related factors were analysed to assess for their association with HIV-1 transmission. CRF07_BC (50.4%) and CRF01_AE (33.4%) were found to be the predominant subtypes. The analysed 1633 sequences (50.15%, Guangxi; 49.85%, other provinces) were segregated into 80 clusters (size per cluster, 2–704). We found that 75.3% of the individuals were in three clusters (size ˃ 100), and 73.8% were high-risk spreaders (links ≥ 4). Infection time, marital status, and subtype were significantly associated with HIV-1 transmission. Additionally, 80.2% of recent infections were linked to long-term infections, and 46.2% were linked to other provinces. A low level of transmitted drug resistance was detected (4.8%). Our findings indicated superclusters and high-risk HIV-1 spreaders among the MSM in Guangxi. Effective strategies blocking the route of transmission should be developed.

scholarly journals BAD BLOOD: THE CONDITIONS OF THE BLOOD BAN

Aletheia ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Faris Mecklai
Keyword(s):  
General Public ◽  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
Blood Donation ◽  
Sexual Encounter ◽  
Specific Population ◽  
Good Citizen ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Sex With Men ◽  
Hiv Aids

In Canada, men who have sex with men (MSM) are not able to donate blood until three months after their last sexual encounter in order to protect the national blood supply from HIV. This policy has been regarded as highly homophobic and prejudicial as it unjustly discriminates against a specific population. The context that first called for the Blood Ban some 40 years ago no longer exists. As such, in this paper, I determine and critically analyze the conditions that have allowed the Blood Ban to not only survive, but thrive in Canada. The first condition is Canada’s history of homophobia and stigma towards HIV/AIDS. The Blood Ban was first introduced when HIV/AIDS was thought to be exclusive to the MSM community. Homophobia allowed the world to wrongfully stigmatize MSM as disease-ridden and impure and thus further perpetuated MSM discrimination and the Blood ban. The second condition is fear of possible HIV transmissions to the general public. In Canadian Blood Services (CBS) history, there have been some instances of HIV transmission occurring via blood donation. As a way to mitigate any more scandals and calm public outrage, CBS has kept the outdated Blood Ban in place. The last condition is the delegitimization of citizenship for MSM who wish to be altruistic. Altruism allows individuals to be good citizens and should be considered a right. By denying MSM to donate blood, their right to be altruistic and thus act as a good citizen is taken away and their citizenship is infringed upon. These three conditions are nuanced and act independently and in cooperation with each other to perpetuate the existence, survival, and longevity of the Blood Ban.

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