scholarly journals Nicotine Oral Administration Attenuates DSS-Induced Colitis Through Upregulation of Indole in the Distal Colon and Rectum in Mice

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akihito Nakajima ◽  
Tomoyoshi Shibuya ◽  
Takashi Sasaki ◽  
Yu Jie Lu ◽  
Dai Ishikawa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oral Administration ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Distal Colon ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Proximal Colon ◽  
Gut Contents ◽  
Male Mice ◽  
Histological Changes ◽  
Nicotine Administration ◽  
Colon And Rectum

Nicotine affects the gastrointestinal environment and modulates ulcerative colitis (UC). However, the associations among nicotine, gut metabolites, and UC are still largely unknown. We investigated whether orally administered nicotine affected gut metabolites and dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis. C57BL/6 male mice were orally administered nicotine solution in drinking water prior to inducing DSS-induced colitis. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and indole in gut contents and fecal samples were measured by GC-MS and hydroxylamine-based indole assays, respectively. Oral administration of nicotine increased indole concentration in feces, but, in contrast, SCFA values did not differ with nicotine administration. Indole levels were increased in the distal colon and rectum but not in the cecum and proximal colon. DSS-induced colitis was less severe clinically and histological changes were minimal in the rectum of orally nicotine-administered mice compared to mice drinking only water. 16S rRNA microbiome on the feces revealed an increasing in Clostridium and Porphyromonas in nicotine-administered mice. In conclusion, nicotine administration was associated with increased indole levels in the distal colon and rectum and attenuated DSS-induced colitis. Oral administration of nicotine may play a potential role in indole upregulation and prevention of UC.

scholarly journals Diurnal variations in the concentrations of volatile fatty acids in the alimentary tracts of wild rabbits

1972 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan J. Henning ◽  
F. J. R. Hird
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Distal Colon ◽  
Proximal Colon ◽  
Diurnal Variations ◽  
Gut Contents ◽  
Excretion Pattern ◽  
Colon And Rectum ◽  
High Concentrations

1. Wild rabbits were caught during both phases of the excretory cycle and their gut contents were analysed for volatile fatty acids (VFA).2. All rabbits were found to have high concentrations of VFA in the caecum and in the proximal colon. Acetic was the most abundant acid followed by n-butyric, then propionic.3. VFA concentrations in the caecum and in the proximal colon of rabbits caught during the day and during the night were similar. Hard pellets from the distal colon and rectum of rabbits caught during the night had considerably less VFA than did the soft pellets from rabbits caught during the day.4. Owing to the ingestion of soft faeces, the VFA content of stomach material was greater in rabbits caught during the day than in those caught at night.5. The results are discussed in terms of the mechanism of the diurnal excretion pattern and the role of coprophagy in the rabbit.

scholarly journals Mucosal biopsy shows immunologic changes of the colon in patients with early MS

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. e362 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrian Mathias Moser ◽  
Walter Spindelboeck ◽  
Heimo Strohmaier ◽  
Christian Enzinger ◽  
Thomas Gattringer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Cells ◽  
Colonic Mucosa ◽  
Distal Colon ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Proximal Colon ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Proof Of Concept ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Treatment Naïve ◽  
Stool Samples

Objective:To investigate immune cells of the colonic mucosa and fecal short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in treatment-naive patients with a clinically isolated syndrome (CIS) or early relapsing MS.Methods:In this cross-sectional proof-of-concept study, we obtained mucosal specimens during ileocolonoscopy from 15 untreated patients with CIS/MS and 10 controls. Mucosal immune cells were analyzed by FACS, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry measurements of stool samples served to determine SCFA.Results:The number of total dendritic cells (DCs), CD103+ tolerogenic DCs, and CD4+25+127–regulatory T cells (Tregs) was significantly reduced in the distal colon of patients with CIS/MS compared with controls, whereas we found no differences in the proximal colon. The patients' fecal samples also showed a substantially lower content of SCFA and especially lower levels of butyrate and acetate.Conclusions:Our findings indicate a disturbed homeostasis of colonic DCs and Tregs in patients with MS which could be associated with colonic SCFA depletion. Although not implying causality, these findings confirm parallel abnormalities of the gut in MS and warrant further research if modulation of the colonic SCFA profile or the colonic Treg pool can serve to modify the course of MS.

Colonic formation of soft feces in rabbits: a role for endogenous prostaglandins

1986 ◽  
Vol 250 (3) ◽  
pp. G302-G308
Author(s):  
M. Pairet ◽  
T. Bouyssou ◽  
Y. Ruckebusch
Keyword(s):  
Circadian Rhythm ◽  
Motor Activity ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Distal Colon ◽  
Proximal Colon ◽  
Evening Meal ◽  
Endogenous Prostaglandins ◽  
Conscious Animals ◽  
Indomethacin Treatment ◽  
Stimulation Of

Rabbits produce hard and soft feces in a circadian rhythm. The motor activity of the haustrated proximal colon is inhibited during the formation of soft feces, whereas the spiking activity of the distal colon is stimulated. A potential role for endogenous prostaglandins (PG) in the control of the soft-feces elaboration by the rabbit colon was investigated in conscious animals by using PGE2 and PGF2 alpha and by inhibiting them with indomethacin. The infusion of both PGE2 and PGF2 alpha induced typical electromechanical events consisting of inhibition of the proximal and stimulation of the distal colon and was followed by soft-pellet defecation. Rabbits accustomed to be fed twice daily produced soft feces at fixed intervals of 252 +/- 32 min after the evening meal, with a soft-to-hard feces ratio of 1.45. After indomethacin treatment, this ratio was significantly (P less than 0.01) reduced to 0.92. These results are consistent with the concept that endogenous prostaglandins play a major role in the motor function involved in soft-feces formation by the rabbit.

Different types of contractions in rat colon and their modulation by oxidative stress

2001 ◽  
Vol 280 (4) ◽  
pp. G546-G554 ◽  
Author(s):  
Asensio Gonzalez ◽  
Sushil K. Sarna
Keyword(s):  
Potential Role ◽  
Contractile Response ◽  
Circular Muscle ◽  
Distal Colon ◽  
Proximal Colon ◽  
Rat Colon ◽  
Hla B27 ◽  
Different Types

The aim of this study was to investigate the modulation of in vitro rat colonic circular muscle contractions by dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced inflammation and in spontaneous inflammation in HLA-B27 rats. We also examined the potential role of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in modulating excitation-contraction coupling. The muscle strips from the middle colon generated spontaneous phasic contractions and giant contractions (GCs), the proximal colon strips generated primarily phasic contractions, and the distal colon strips were mostly quiescent. The spontaneous phasic contractions and GCs were not affected by inflammation, but the response to ACh was suppressed in DSS-treated rats and in HLA-B27 rats. H2O2production was increased in the muscularis of the inflamed colon. Incubation of colonic muscle strips with H2O2suppressed the spontaneous phasic contractions and concentration and time dependently reduced the response to ACh; in the middle colon, it also increased the frequency of GCs. We conclude that H2O2mimics the suppression of the contractile response to ACh in inflammation. H2O2also selectively suppresses phasic contractions and increases the frequency of GCs, as found previously in inflamed dog and human colons.

scholarly journals Red meat consumption and risk of cancers of the proximal colon, distal colon and rectum: The Swedish Mammography Cohort

2004 ◽  
Vol 113 (5) ◽  
pp. 829-834 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susanna C. Larsson ◽  
Joseph Rafter ◽  
Lars Holmberg ◽  
Leif Bergkvist ◽  
Alicja Wolk
Keyword(s):  
Meat Consumption ◽  
Distal Colon ◽  
Proximal Colon ◽  
Red Meat ◽  
Colon And Rectum

Digestive Physiology of the Ground Cuscus (Phalanger gymnotis), a New Guinean Phalangerid Marsupial

1997 ◽  
Vol 45 (6) ◽  
pp. 561 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. D. Hume ◽  
M. J. Runcie ◽  
J. M. Caton
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Distal Colon ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Proximal Colon ◽  
Brushtail Possum ◽  
Daily Production ◽  
Natural Diet ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
And Function

Digestive-tract morphology and function were studied in the ground cuscus (Phalanger gymnotis), reported to be the most frugivorous of eight species of New Guinean phalangerid marsupials. When offered a mixed diet of fruit and foliage, captive animals selected a diet of more than 90% fruit. Fibre digestibility was low and variable, but apparent digestibilities of both dry matter (90%) and energy (87%) were high, and intake of digestible energy was similar to that of the Australian phalangerid Trichosurus vulpecula (common brushtail possum) in captivity. The small intestine of P. gymnotis was the longest and heaviest region of the gastrointestinal tract, but the stomach contained more digesta. The total nitrogen content of digesta was low in the stomach and small intestine, but increased four-fold in the hindgut, because of microbial activity. No difference in nitrogen concentration or in the proportions of small or medium particles was found along the hindgut, but the caecum contained a smaller proportion of large particles than the distal colon. The transit time of a large particle marker was much longer than that of a solute marker, but mean retention times (MRTs) of the two markers did not differ. Both transit times and MRTs were long relative to those reported in T. vulpecula. Although fermentation rates in the caecum and proximal colon were similar to those in T. vulpecula on a foliage diet, fluid volumes were less than one-third those of T. vulpecula, and, consequently, daily production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) was less than half that in T. vulpecula, and contributed only 5% of digestible energy intake (v. 15% in T. vulpecula). These results are consistent with reports that the natural diet of P. gymnotis is based largely on fruit rather than on foliage.

scholarly journals Studies of the large intestine of sheep

1983 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 757-768 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. Dixon ◽  
J. V. Nolan
Keyword(s):  
Medicago Sativa ◽  
Large Intestine ◽  
Intravenous Infusion ◽  
Distal Colon ◽  
Proximal Colon ◽  
Irreversible Loss ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Pool Model ◽  
Colon And Rectum ◽  
Microbial N

1. A study was made of nitrogen kinetics in the large intestine of sheep given 800 g chopped lucerne (Medicago sativa) hay/d. Four sheepwere continuously infused with (15NH4)2SO4 into the caecum and three other sheep were infused intravenously with [15N]urea. A digesta marker, 51Cr complexed with EDTA (51Cr-EDTA), was infused into the rumen of each sheep to allow estimation of the rates of flow of digesta constituents. Infusions were continued until tracer concentrations reached plateaux in digesta and blood pools, after which the sheep were anaesthetized and slaughtered.2. Pre-infusion samples and samples on plateau were obtained before slaughter for subsequent analysis to give plasma urea and rumen ammonia-N concentration and enrichment. At slaughter, digesta were obtained from the ileum and segments of the large intestine. These were analysed for 51Cr-EDTA content and concentration and enrichment of ammonia-N, microbial N and non-urea non-ammonia-N (NU-NAN).3. N flows in segments of the large intestine were calculated and represented in a quantitative eight-pool model.4. Transfer of plasma urea across the wall of the caecum and proximal colon was negligible but there was an input of 0·8 g endogenous NU-NAN/d.5. Flow of urea plus ammonia-N in digesta from the ileum into the caecum contributed 1·0 g N/d to the caecal ammonia pool.6. Proteolysis and deamination produced a further 3·0 g ammonia-N/d in the caecum and proximal colon.7. The net absorption of N between the ileum and the rectum was 2·8 g N/d but 3·0 g ammonia-N/d was absorbed from the caecum and proximal colon and, in addition, at least 0·9 g ammonia-N/d from the distal colon and rectum.8. Ammonia-N was incorporated into caecal microbes (0·6 g N/d) and approximately 57% of the NU-NAN in caecal digesta was microbial N. The majority of the microbial N flowing from the caecum was excreted in faeces.9. The rate of irreversible loss of urea-N from plasma, measured by intravenous infusion of [15N]urea, was 13·6 g/d. On average 83 (SE 6·8)% of the 15NH3 apparently absorbed from the caecum was incorporated into plasma urea; caecal ammonia contributed 9–19% of the N in plasma urea and 0·2–3·1% of the N in rumen ammonia.

scholarly journals Acetate, butyrate and proline uptake in the caecum and colon of prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster)

1993 ◽  
Vol 176 (1) ◽  
pp. 285-297
Author(s):  
I. D. Hume ◽  
W. H. Karasov ◽  
B. W. Darken
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Distal Colon ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Proximal Colon ◽  
Microtus Ochrogaster ◽  
Short Chain ◽  
Prairie Voles ◽  
Acetate Butyrate ◽  
Chain Fatty Acids

We have measured unidirectional uptake (not transmural flux) of acetate, butyrate and proline by everted sleeves of intact tissue from the jejunum, caecum, proximal colon and distal colon of prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster). There was active (i.e. Na(+)-dependent) transport of L-proline in the jejunum, but we found no evidence for it in any region of the hindgut (i.e. the caecum, proximal colon and distal colon). Uptake of acetate was carrier-mediated in all three regions of the hindgut, but the Jmax and apparent Km (< or = 1.5 mmol l-1) were low, and uptake was primarily passive over the concentration range 10–50 mmol l-1, which spanned measured acetate levels in the caecum and proximal colon. At 100 mmol l-1, acetate uptake (nmol min-1 cm-2) was higher (P < 0.001) in distal colon (359 +/− 33) than in the proximal colon (225 +/− 17) and caecum (150 +/− 5) (mean +/− S.E., N = 8). Uptakes summed over the length of each region were also higher (P < 0.001) in the distal colon at 100 mmol l-1, but not at low concentrations (0.1 mmol l-1). Uptakes normalized to diffusion coefficients were higher for butyrate than acetate and were lowest for L-glucose (which is absorbed passively via an aqueous pathway) in all regions, indicating that uptake of the short-chain fatty acids involves solubilization in the lipid bilayer of the apical membrane. The short-chain fatty acids absorbed from the hindgut of the vole were equivalent to 22% of standard metabolic rate or 15% of resting (but fed) metabolic rate.

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