Thinning Partially Mitigates the Impact of Atlantic Forest Replacement by Pine Monocultures on the Soil Microbiome

Communities of soil microorganisms (soil microbiomes) play a major role in biogeochemical cycles and support of plant growth. Here we focus primarily on the roles that the soil microbiome plays in cycling soil organic carbon and the impact of climate change on the soil carbon cycle. We first discuss current challenges in understanding the roles carried out by highly diverse and heterogeneous soil microbiomes and review existing knowledge gaps in understanding how climate change will impact soil carbon cycling by the soil microbiome. Because soil microbiome stability is a key metric to understand as the climate changes, we discuss different aspects of stability, including resistance, resilience, and functional redundancy.We then review recent research pertaining to the impact of major climate perturbations on the soil microbiome and the functions that they carry out. Finally, we review new experimental methodologies and modeling approaches under development that should facilitate our understanding of the complex nature of the soil microbiome to better predict its future responses to climate change.

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Total C and N storage and organic C pools of a Red-Yellow Podzolic under conventional and no tillage at the Atlantic Forest Zone, south-eastern Brazil

Soil Research ◽

10.1071/sr02037 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 41 (4) ◽

pp. 717 ◽

Cited By ~ 34

Author(s):

L. F. C. Leite ◽

E. S. Mendonça ◽

P. L. O. A. Machado ◽

E. S. Matos

Keyword(s):

Organic Carbon ◽

Atlantic Forest ◽

Soil Management ◽

Microbial Biomass C ◽

No Tillage ◽

Forest Zone ◽

Organic C ◽

C Stocks ◽

C And N ◽

The Impact

A 15-year experiment in a clayey Red-Yellow Podzolic in the tropical highlands of Viçosa, Brazil, was studied in 2000, aiming to evaluate the impact of different management systems (no tillage, disk plowing, heavy scratcher + disk plowing, and heavy scratched) on the total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (TN), and several organic carbon pools. A natural forest, adjacent to the experimental area, was used as reference. The greatest TOC and TN as well as microbial biomass C (CMB), light fraction C (CFL), and labile organic carbon (CL) stocks were observed in the Atlantic Forest, compared with all other systems. The long-term cultivation (±70 years) of this area, prior to the installation of the experiment, has led to soil degradation, slowing the C recovery. No tillage had the higher C and N stocks and greater CL pool at the surface (0–10 cm), indicating improvement in soil nutrient status, although none of the systems presented potential to sequester C-CO2. Sustainable tropical agricultural systems should involve high residue input and conservative soil management in order to act as a C-CO2 sink. The C stocks in the CMB, CFL, and CL compartments were more reduced in relation to the natural vegetation with higher intensity management than the TOC stocks. This result indicates that these C compartments are more sensitive to changes in the soil management.

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Rhizosphere Microbiome Regulates the Growth of Mustard under Organic Greenhouse Cultivation

Agriculture ◽

10.3390/agriculture11100987 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (10) ◽

pp. 987

Author(s):

Ting-Chung Liu ◽

Hui-Mei Peng ◽

Seth Wollney ◽

Chang-Hui Shen

Keyword(s):

Soil Microbiome ◽

Physiochemical Properties ◽

Tropical Regions ◽

Microbiome Composition ◽

Vegetable Growth ◽

Rhizosphere Microbiome ◽

Organic Cultivation ◽

Greenhouse Cultivation ◽

Next Generation Sequencing Ngs ◽

The Impact

Organic cultivation can improve soil fertility and biodiversity through the preservation of soil organic matter. Meanwhile, greenhouse cultivation can provide a controlled environment and therefore enables the management of every aspect of plant growth. In recent years, the combination of organic and greenhouse cultivation has slowly become a popular option in tropical regions to prevent the unpredictable impact of weather. Although it is known that organic cultivation significantly increases the density and species of microorganisms, the impact of soil microbiome on short-term vegetable growth under organic greenhouse cultivation is still not elucidated. In this study, we examined soil physiochemical properties as well as the rhizosphere microbiome from healthy and diseased mustard plants under organic greenhouse cultivation. Through next generation sequencing (NGS) analysis, our results revealed that the rhizosphere microbiome structure of healthy mustard plants was significantly different from those of the diseased mustard plants under organic greenhouse cultivation. Our findings suggest that soil microbiome composition can influence the growth of the vegetable significantly. As such, we have shown the impact of soil microbiome on vegetable growth under organic greenhouse cultivation and provide a possible strategy for sustainable agriculture.

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Evidence of mutagenic and lethal effects of herbicides on Amazonian frogs

Acta Amazonica ◽

10.1590/1809-4392202000562 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 50 (4) ◽

pp. 363-366

Author(s):

Lucas FERRANTE ◽

Philip M. FEARNSIDE

Keyword(s):

Atlantic Forest ◽

Chemical Compounds ◽

Brazilian Amazon ◽

Chemical Pollution ◽

Lethal Effects ◽

Rhinella Marina ◽

Local Extinctions ◽

Morphological Anomalies ◽

Ecosystem Changes ◽

The Impact

ABSTRACT Amphibians are excellent bioindicators because they are sensitive to chemical pollution and can indicate ecosystem changes due to the presence of or exposure to chemical compounds. Here we report evidence of the impact of herbicides, including glyphosate, on amphibians in a locality in the central Brazilian Amazon and compare it with data from other biomes in Brazil. We observed malformations in three species of Leptodactylus and local extinctions of Scinax ruber and Rhinella marina from reproductive sites close to an area where herbicides had been applied. The observations in the Amazon are similar to reports from Brazil’s Atlantic forest on morphological anomalies and mortality in amphibians exposed to herbicides. We warn of the threat of expanding crops for the production of biofuels in the Amazon due to their cultivation being associated with agrochemicals, including glyphosate, posing a threat to the biodiversity of the Amazon biome.

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Urban expansion in the Atlantic Forest: applying the Nature Futures Framework to develop a conceptual model and future scenarios

Biota Neotropica ◽

10.1590/1676-0611-bn-2019-0904 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 20 (suppl 1) ◽

Author(s):

Rafael Cavalcanti Lembi ◽

Cecilia Cronemberger ◽

Caroline Picharillo ◽

Sheina Koffler ◽

Pedro H. Albuquerque Sena ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Ecosystem Services ◽

Conceptual Model ◽

Atlantic Forest ◽

Urban Expansion ◽

Well Being ◽

Integrative Approach ◽

Natural Ecosystems ◽

Social Ecological ◽

Trade Offs ◽

The Impact

Abstract: The Atlantic Forest is an important hotspot of biodiversity and ecosystem services that contributes to the well-being of its 125 million human inhabitants, about three quarters of the Brazilian population. In the coming decades, forecasts show that urban areas in the Atlantic Forest will grow at the expense of natural ecosystems, leading to increasing pressure on biodiversity and ecosystem services. We used the Nature Futures Framework (NFF) for envisioning positive scenarios for cities in the Atlantic Forest. First, we developed a conceptual model based on the Driver-Pressure-State-Impact-Response (DPSIR) approach to describe consequences of urban growth for the three NFF perspectives: Nature for Society, Nature for Nature and Nature as Culture. Second, we proposed scenario storylines that encompass multiple social-ecological values of nature and could be used by policy makers to plan desirable futures for the Atlantic Forest. Then, we discussed the impact of distinct policies on these values, identifying the different ways in which the management of urban green and blue spaces, natural ecosystems, and urban densities can lead to different social-ecological outcomes. We further detail the complexity, trade-offs, and synergies regarding city development, nature conservation, and human well-being in this tropical hotspot. Applying NFF can contribute to the ongoing debate regarding urban sustainability, by providing an interdisciplinary and integrative approach that explicitly incorporates multiple values of nature and the visualization of positive futures.

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Encounter rate and behavior of Alouatta guariba clamitans in the Ilha Grande State Park, Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil

Zoologia (Curitiba) ◽

10.3897/zoologia.37.e36846 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 37 ◽

pp. 1-10

Author(s):

Atilla C. Ferreguetti ◽

Amanda B. M. de Oliveira ◽

Bruno C. Pereira ◽

Ricardo T. Santori ◽

Lena Geise ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Population Size ◽

Atlantic Forest ◽

Yellow Fever ◽

Rio De Janeiro ◽

Encounter Rate ◽

Starting Point ◽

Alouatta Guariba Clamitans ◽

And Behavior ◽

The Impact ◽

Janeiro State

Alouatta guariba clamitans Cabrera, 1940 is an endemic species of the Atlantic Forest that occurs from south Bahia, Brazil, extending south to the province of Misiones, Argentina. In Rio de Janeiro state, the species was classified as threatened, indicating that attention is needed for the conservation of this taxon. Additionally, an outbreak of yellow fever spread throughout the southeastern states of Brazil from January 2017 until March 2018 seriously threatening Rio de Janeiro populations of the species. Herein, we aimed to provide the first estimates of A. g. clamitans encounter rate, density, and population size in the Ilha Grande State Park (PEIG), which is part of the Atlantic Forest biome of Brazil. Data were collected in two different periods, the first between December 2003 and May 2005, and the second from August 2009 to May 2010, and information on encounter rates and behavior was collected to better understand aspects of species' ecology. The estimated encounter rate in the first period through the distance sampling method was 0.04 ± 0.01 individuals per kilometer. Nine groups were recorded in the second period of the study, with 47 individuals along 3 km. Our estimates of encounter rate, density and population size were low and reinforces the need to initiate species monitoring and assess the impact that yellow fever outbreaks may have on PEIG populations. The results presented here can be a starting point to support future strategic actions for the species, to measure impacts and to the management of the species, and for a conservation program.

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Tillage, Glyphosate and Beneficial Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi: Optimising Crop Management for Plant–Fungal Symbiosis

Agriculture ◽

10.3390/agriculture10110520 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (11) ◽

pp. 520 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Thomas I. Wilkes ◽

Douglas J. Warner ◽

Keith G. Davies ◽

Veronica Edmonds-Brown

Keyword(s):

Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽

Fungal Biomass ◽

Negative Impact ◽

Cropping Systems ◽

Fungal Growth ◽

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽

Am Fungi ◽

Soil Microbiome ◽

Epsp Synthase ◽

The Impact

Zero till cropping systems typically apply broad-spectrum herbicides such as glyphosate as an alternative weed control strategy to the physical inversion of the soil provided by cultivation. Glyphosate targets 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate (EPSP) synthase in plants. There is growing evidence that this may have a detrimental impact on non-target organisms such as those present in the soil microbiome. Species of commercial importance, such as arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi that form a symbiotic relationship with plant roots are an important example. This study investigates the impact of soil cultivation and glyphosate application associated with conventional tillage (CT) and zero tillage (ZT) respectively on AM fungi populations under field and glasshouse conditions. Topsoil (<10 cm) was extracted from CT and ZT fields cropped with winter wheat, plus non-cropped control plots within the same field boundary, throughout the cropping year. Glyphosate was applied in glasshouse experiments at rates between 0 and 350 g L−1. Ergosterol, an indicator of fungal biomass, was measured using high performance liquid chromatography before and after glyphosate application. Fungal root arbuscules, an indicator of AM fungi–root symbiosis, were quantified from the roots of wheat plants. Under glasshouse conditions root arbuscules were consistently higher in wheat grown in ZT field extracted soils (P = 0.01) compared to CT. Glyphosate application however inhibited fungal biomass in both the ZT (P < 0.00001) and CT (P < 0.001) treatments. In the absence of glyphosate, the number of stained root arbuscules increased significantly. Ergosterol levels, used as a proxy for fungal biomass, remained lower in the soil post glyphosate application. The results suggest that CT has a greater negative impact on AM fungal growth than ZT and glyphosate, but that glyphosate is also detrimental to AM fungal growth and hinders subsequent population recovery.

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Soil hydrology drives ecological niche differentiation in a native prairie microbiome

FEMS Microbiology Ecology ◽

10.1093/femsec/fiz163 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 96 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

James S Griffin ◽

Loren A Haug ◽

Vivien A Rivera ◽

Liliana M Hernandez Gonzalez ◽

John J Kelly ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Hydrological Regime ◽

Niche Differentiation ◽

Soil Microbiome ◽

Sand Ridge ◽

Edaphic Factors ◽

Soil Hydrology ◽

Data Set ◽

Microbiome Composition ◽

Terrestrial Environments ◽

The Impact

ABSTRACT While the impacts of soil moisture on soil microbiome diversity and composition are well characterized, the influence of hydrological regime has been overlooked. As precipitation patterns are altered by climate change, understanding the impact of soil hydrology on community structure and function is critical. In this work, water level was continuously monitored for over a year in a Midwestern prairie-wetland at 10 cm depth increments up to a depth of 120 cm in 10 locations. We analyzed microbiome composition and edaphic factors in soil cores collected from this unique spatially distributed, longitudinal data set. We demonstrate that the fraction of time that each sample was inundated explains more variability in diversity and composition across this site than other commonly assessed edaphic factors, such as soil pH or depth. Finally, we show that these compositional changes influence abundance of ammonia oxidizers. The observed patterns in community composition and diversity are fundamentally regulated by the interaction of water with a structured landscape, particularly an elevated sand ridge characterized by drier conditions and a lower-lying wetland with more clayey soils. Similar processes are generally expected to influence the biogeography of many terrestrial environments, as morphology, hydrology and soil properties generally co-vary.

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Land use changes after the period commodities rising price in the Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil

Ciência Rural ◽

10.1590/0103-8478cr20160647 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 47 (4) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Vicente Celestino Pires Silveira ◽

◽

José Antonio González ◽

Eliana Lima da Fonseca ◽

◽

...

Keyword(s):

Land Use ◽

Atlantic Forest ◽

Rio Grande ◽

Raw Material ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

World Population ◽

Rio Grande Do Sul ◽

Early 21St Century ◽

Pampa Biome ◽

The Impact

ABSTRACT: At the end of the 20th and early 21st century, agricultural systems incorporated definitively a new mission: to generate goods for a world population that continues to grow and whose way of life demand food with low environmental impact. Soybean is the main raw material for the production of biodiesel in Brazil, accountably responsible for 82.4% of the total produced between 2006 and 2013. The Brazilian state of Rio Grande do Sul (RS), which is formed by the Pampa and the Atlantic forest biomes, was responsible for 35.7% of the country's biodiesel production in the referred period. The aim of this paper was to verify the impact of the increased area of soybean cultivation in land use in Rio Grande do Sul State, in the period between 1990 and 2015, considering separately its two biomes (Pampa and Atlantic Forest) original areas, using both census dataset and satellite images. We used the period from 1990 to 2000 as before commodity rising price (BCRP) and the period from 2000 to 2013 as commodity rising price (CRP). The 505,162 ha from Atlantic Forest biome and 1,192,115ha from Pampa biome were added to soybean production in the CRP period. In the Atlantic Forest, this enlargement occurred in the border of the main production area, while in Pampa biome conversion of natural grassland to crop land was the main reason for the large increment in the cultivated area.

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First report of Gongylonema sp. in a free ranging callitrichid from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest: case report

Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia ◽

10.1590/1678-4162-10760 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 71 (3) ◽

pp. 777-781

Author(s):

A.R. Oliveira ◽

T.D. Souza ◽

M.C. Flecher ◽

C.H. Gardiner ◽

R.L. Santos

Keyword(s):

Atlantic Forest ◽

Poor Prognosis ◽

Brazilian Atlantic Forest ◽

Epithelial Layer ◽

Juvenile Male ◽

First Report ◽

Histological Processing ◽

Free Ranging ◽

The Impact ◽

Callithrix Geoffroyi

ABSTRACT This is the first report of parasitism by Gongylonema sp. in a free-ranging callitrichid from the Atlantic forest of Espírito Santo, Brazil. A juvenile male of Geoffroy's marmoset (Callithrix geoffroyi) was euthanized due to poor prognosis, then necropsied. Samples of the tongue were collected for routine histological processing. Microscopically, there were transversal sections of adult nematodes within the epithelial layer of the mucosa of the tongue. Lingual scraping demonstrated a small number of oval embryonated eggs with a thick capsule. The morphology of the adult parasites and the eggs, associated with its location, were compatible with the Spirurida nematode of the genus Gongylonema. Further studies are needed to evaluate the impact of this parasite on free-ranging callitrichid populations.

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