scholarly journals Transcriptomic and Genetic Profiling of HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorders

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Ojeda-Juárez ◽  
Marcus Kaul
Keyword(s):  
Complex Disease ◽  
Small Animal ◽  
Neurocognitive Disorders ◽  
People Living With Hiv ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Genetic Studies ◽  
Genetic Profiling ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Living With Hiv ◽  
Hiv Associated Neurocognitive Disorders

Early in the HIV pandemic, it became evident that people living with HIV (PLWH) develop a wide range of neurological and neurocognitive complications. Even after the introduction of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART), which dramatically improved survival of PLWH, the overall number of people living with some form of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) seemed to remain unchanged, although the incidence of dementia declined and questions about the incidence and diagnosis of the mildest form of HAND arose. To better understand this complex disease, several transcriptomic analyses have been conducted in autopsy samples, as well as in non-human primates and small animal rodent models. However, genetic studies in the HIV field have mostly focused on the genetic makeup of the immune system. Much less is known about the genetic underpinnings of HAND. Here, we provide a summary of reported transcriptomic and epigenetic changes in HAND, as well as some of the potential genetic underpinnings that have been linked to HAND, and discuss future directions with hurdles to overcome and angles that remain to be explored.

scholarly journals HIV Nef and Antiretroviral Therapy Have an Inhibitory Effect on Autophagy in Human Astrocytes that May Contribute to HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorders

Cells ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 1426
Author(s):  
Laura Cheney ◽  
Hillary Guzik ◽  
Frank P. Macaluso ◽  
Fernando Macian ◽  
Ana Maria Cuervo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Neurocognitive Disorders ◽  
Autophagic Flux ◽  
People Living With Hiv ◽  
Autophagosome Formation ◽  
Human Astrocytes ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Living With Hiv ◽  
Hiv Associated Neurocognitive Disorders

A significant number of people living with HIV (PLWH) develop HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) despite highly effective antiretroviral therapy (ART). Dysregulated macroautophagy (autophagy) is implicated in HAND pathogenesis. The viral protein Nef, expressed even with suppressive ART, and certain antiretrovirals affect autophagy in non-CNS cells. Astrocytes, vital for CNS microenvironment homeostasis and neuronal health, require autophagy for their own homeostasis. We hypothesized that extracellular Nef and/or ART impact astrocyte autophagy, thus contributing to HAND. We studied in-bulk and selective autophagic flux in primary human astrocytes treated with extracellular Nef and/or a combination of tenofovir+emtricitabine+raltegravir (ART) using Western blotting, a tandem fluorescent LC3 reporter, and transmission electron microscopy/morphometry. We show that after 24 h treatment, Nef and ART decrease autophagosomes through different mechanisms. While Nef accelerates autophagosome degradation without inducing autophagosome formation, ART inhibits autophagosome formation. Combination Nef+ART further depletes autophagosomes by inducing both abnormalities. Additionally, extracellular Nef and/or ART inhibit lysosomal degradation of p62, indicating Nef and/or ART affect in-bulk and selective autophagy differently. Dysregulation of both autophagic processes is maintained after 7 days of Nef and/or ART treatment. Persistent autophagy dysregulation due to chronic Nef and/or ART exposure may ultimately result in astrocyte and neuronal dysfunction, contributing to HAND.

scholarly journals Depression and Apathy Among People Living with HIV: Implications for Treatment of HIV Associated Neurocognitive Disorders

2014 ◽  
Vol 19 (8) ◽  
pp. 1430-1437 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vaughn E. Bryant ◽  
Nicole E. Whitehead ◽  
Larry E. Burrell ◽  
Vonetta M. Dotson ◽  
Robert L. Cook ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neurocognitive Disorders ◽  
People Living With Hiv ◽  
Living With Hiv ◽  
Hiv Associated Neurocognitive Disorders

scholarly journals The essential role of physiotherapists in providing rehabilitation services to people living with HIV in South Africa

2013 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Cobbing ◽  
V. Chetty ◽  
J. Hanass-Hancock ◽  
J. Jelsma ◽  
H. Myezwa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
South African ◽  
Policy Formulation ◽  
People Living With Hiv ◽  
Highly Active ◽  
Hiv Epidemic ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Living With Hiv ◽  
Education Courses

Despite increased access to highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART) in South Africa, there remains a high risk of people living with HIV (PLHIV) developing a wide range of disabilities. Physiotherapists are trained to rehabilitate individuals with the disabilities related to HIV. Not only can South African physiotherapists play a significant role in improving the lives of PLHIV, but by responding proactively to the HIV epidemic they can reinforce the relevance and value of the profession in this country at a time when many newly qualified therapists are unable to secure employment. This paper offers recommendations that may help to fuel this response. These ideas include enhancing HIV curricula at a tertiary level, designing and attending continuing education courses on HIV and researching Southern African rehabilitation interventions for HIV at all levels of practice. furthermore, it is vital that physiotherapists are at the forefront of directing multi-disciplinary responses to the rehabilitation of PLHIV in order to influence stakeholders who are responsible for health policy formulation. it is hoped that this paper stimulates discussion and further ideas amongst physiotherapists and other health professionals in order to improve the quality and access to care available to PLHIV in South Africa.

Emotional Management, Psychological Issues, and Motivational Interviewing

2019 ◽  
pp. 115-122
Author(s):  
Pierre N. Azzam
Keyword(s):  
Psychological Distress ◽  
General Population ◽  
Motivational Interviewing ◽  
Psychiatric Symptoms ◽  
People Living With Hiv ◽  
Patient Centered ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Psychological Issues ◽  
Emotional Management ◽  
Living With Hiv

People living with HIV (PLWH) experience significant psychological distress and are at risk of developing psychiatric symptoms and disorders similar to those seen in the general population. This chapter summarizes and reviews the psychological issues and challenges experienced by PLWH and discusses the integration of motivational interviewing (MI) into the patient-centered multifaceted medical and psychological care of PLWH. In the closing section, the author looks at future directions for using MI to care for PLWH and suffering from depression, anxiety, and/or trauma-based disorders and argues that further studies are needed to elucidate the efficacy, advantages, and potential limitations of MI for mitigating emotional distress specifically in PLWH.

scholarly journals Carpal tunnel syndrome in HIV-positive patients coinfected with HCV

Reumatismo ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 69 (4) ◽  
pp. 164
Author(s):  
A. Mastroianni ◽  
F. Allegrini ◽  
S. Nardi ◽  
D. Donatucci ◽  
F. Girelli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
General Population ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
People Living With Hiv ◽  
Hiv Disease ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Rheumatic Manifestations ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Inflammatory State ◽  
Advanced Hiv Disease ◽  
Living With Hiv

A wide range of rheumatic and peripheral nervous system disorders may develop in patients with HIV infection, leading to pain, sensory symptoms, and muscle weakness. Over the past three decades, the progress in management of HIV disease with anti-retroviral therapy (ART) has resulted in increased life expectancy for people living with HIV disease. With this new chronicity of the disease has a constellation of chronic musculoskeletal, orthopaedic and rheumatic manifestations has emerged, as potential complications of the disease itself and/or the results of ART treatment regimen and/or because of expected age-related symptoms/manifestations. The incidence of CTS in the general population is around 3.8% with clinical examination and, when electroneuromyography is used, it is 2.7%. In the HIV-positive population, the incidence is very close to that of the general population. The aim of this study was to evaluate the incidence of CTS and to identify factors influencing the development of CTS in HIV-infected patients attending our clinic. This syndrome has been associated with advanced HIV disease and the use of ART possibly due to an increased inflammatory state and the presence of concurrent HCV infection.

scholarly journals Monthly or Weekly Supplementation with Cholecalciferol 20,000 IU in People Living with HIV: Results from a Nested Cohort Study

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastian Noe ◽  
Christine I. Moeckel ◽  
Christiane Schwerdtfeger ◽  
Celia Oldenbuettel ◽  
Hans Jaeger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Cohort Study ◽  
Vitamin D Deficiency ◽  
Clinical Care ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Vitamin D Supplementation ◽  
People Living With Hiv ◽  
Weekly Dose ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Living With Hiv

Background. There is still considerable uncertainty in handling vitamin D deficiency in people living with HIV (PLWH), due to a lack of comparative data and the wide range of recommended daily intake. Nondaily supplementation might be preferred in many PLWH, but recommendation on dosing has not been established. We aimed to compare the efficacy of weekly versus monthly supplementation with cholecalciferol 20,000 IU in a group of PLWH with vitamin D deficiency in Western Europe. Study Design. Longitudinal, retrospective nested cohort study of PLWH from two large clinical care centers in Munich, Germany. Results. Of 307 patients with vitamin D deficiency, 124 patients received vitamin D supplementation (weekly supplementation in 84 (67.7%)). 46.4% and 22.5% of patients achieved 25(OH)D levels ≥30 ng/mL after 12 months of weekly and monthly supplementation with cholecalciferol 20,000 IU, respectively (p=0.011). Dosing interval as well as 25(OH)D baseline levels >15 ng/mL were associated with the normalization of 25(OH)D. Conclusion. A higher rate of 25(OH)D level normalization can be achieved via weekly supplementation. For several PLWH, even a weekly dose of cholecalciferol 20,000 IU might not be adequate to maintain 25(OH)D levels >30 ng/mL without an initial “loading” dose. The response to supplementation is poorly predictable at an individual level.

Cerebrovascular Contributions to Neurocognitive Disorders in people living with HIV.

2021 ◽  
Vol Publish Ahead of Print ◽  
Author(s):  
Jose Gutierrez ◽  
Tiffany N Porras ◽  
Moka Yoo-Jeong ◽  
Farid Khasiyev ◽  
Kay C Igwe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neurocognitive Disorders ◽  
People Living With Hiv ◽  
Living With Hiv

scholarly journals Multicenter Validation of Commercial Antigenuria Reagents To Diagnose Progressive Disseminated Histoplasmosis in People Living with HIV/AIDS in Two Latin American Countries

2018 ◽  
Vol 56 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Diego H. Cáceres ◽  
Blanca E. Samayoa ◽  
Narda G. Medina ◽  
Angela M. Tobón ◽  
Brenda J. Guzmán ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Latin American ◽  
Histoplasma Capsulatum ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
People Living With Hiv ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Disseminated Histoplasmosis ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Progressive Disseminated Histoplasmosis ◽  
Living With Hiv ◽  
Hiv Aids

ABSTRACTHistoplasmosis is an important cause of mortality in patients with AIDS, especially in countries with limited access to antiretroviral therapies and diagnostic tests. However, many disseminated infections in Latin America go undiagnosed. A simple, rapid method to detectHistoplasma capsulatuminfection in regions where histoplasmosis is endemic would dramatically decrease the time to diagnosis and treatment, reducing morbidity and mortality. The aim of this study was to validate a commercial monoclonalHistoplasmagalactomannan (HGM) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (Immuno-Mycologics [IMMY], Norman, OK, USA) in two cohorts of people living with HIV/AIDS (PLHIV). We analyzed urine samples from 589 people (466 from Guatemala and 123 from Colombia), including 546 from PLHIV and 43 from non-PLHIV controls. Sixty-three of these people (35 from Guatemala and 28 from Colombia) had confirmed histoplasmosis by isolation ofH. capsulatum. Using the standard curve provided by the quantitative commercial test, the sensitivity was 98% (95% confidence interval [CI], 95 to 100%) and the specificity was 97% (95% CI, 96 to 99%) (cutoff = 0.5 ng/ml). Semiquantitative results, using a calibrator of 12.5 ng/ml ofHistoplasmagalactomannan to calculate an enzyme immunoassay index value (EIV) for the samples, showed a sensitivity of 95% (95% CI, 89 to 100%) and a specificity of 98% (95% CI, 96 to 99%) (cutoff ≥ 2.6 EIV). This relatively simple-to-perform commercial antigenuria test showed a high performance with reproducible results in both countries, suggesting that it can be used to detect progressive disseminated histoplasmosis in PLHIV in a wide range of clinical laboratories in countries where histoplasmosis is endemic.

scholarly journals Time Estimation and Production in HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorders (HAND)

2015 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 175-181 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katie L. Doyle ◽  
Erin E. Morgan ◽  
Erica Weber ◽  
Steven Paul Woods ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Time Estimation ◽  
Neurocognitive Disorders ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Hiv Disease ◽  
Interval Duration ◽  
Persons Living With Hiv ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Living With Hiv ◽  
Level Effect ◽  
Hiv Associated Neurocognitive Disorders

AbstractThe ability to accurately perceive the passage of time relies on several neurocognitive abilities, including attention, memory, and executive functions, which are domains commonly affected in persons living with HIV disease. The current study examined time estimation and production and their neurocognitive correlates in a sample of 53 HIV+ individuals with HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND), 120 HIV+ individuals without HAND, and 113 HIV− individuals. Results revealed a moderate main effect of HAND on time estimation and a trend-level effect on time production, but no interaction between HAND and time interval duration. Correlational analyses revealed that time estimation in the HIV+ group was associated with attention, episodic memory and time-based prospective memory. Findings indicate that individuals with HAND evidence deficits in time interval judgment suggestive of failures in basic attentional and memory processes. (JINS, 2015, 21, 175–181)

The burden of HIV-associated neurocognitive impairment in Australia and its estimates for the future

Sexual Health ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 541 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucette A. Cysique ◽  
Margaret P. Bain ◽  
Bruce J. Brew ◽  
John M. Murray
Keyword(s):  
Neurocognitive Disorders ◽  
Cost Of Care ◽  
People Living With Hiv ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Hiv Dementia ◽  
Older Individuals ◽  
Hospital Data ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
The Future ◽  
Living With Hiv

Background The growing number of older individuals with HIV in Australia implies that the prevalence of dementia and additional HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders will increase. There are currently no estimates of the future burden of neurocognitive disease in this population. Methods: We estimated the number and age profile of people living with HIV to the end of 2009 using HIV/AIDS Registry data, and extrapolated these estimates to 2030. Prevalence of HIV-associated dementia (HAD) from 2005 to 2010 from a large Sydney hospital and cost estimates from the AIDS Dementia and HIV Psychiatry Service were used to estimate future HAD burden and costs. Results: Based on our calculations, the number of HIV-positive individuals in Australia will increase from 16 228 men and 1797 women in 2009 to 26 963 men and 5224 women in 2030, while the number of individuals aged 60+ years will increase from 1140 men and 78 women to 5442 men and 721 women, i.e. a 377% increase of older men and an 825% increase in older women. Based on a 7.8% (157/2004) HAD prevalence obtained from hospital data, individuals with HAD will increase in number from 1314 men and 143 women in 2009 to 2204 men and 421 women in 2030. An estimated 22 men and 2 women with non-HIV dementia in 2009 will increase to 104 men and 12 women by 2030. The annual cost of care will increase from ~$29 million in 2009 to $53 million in 2030, mostly for full-time residential care. Conclusions: Neurocognitive disorders will place an increasing burden on resources, especially as those living with HIV age. Because it is unclear if HAD is an increased risk factor for non-HIV dementia, our calculations may be conservative.

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