scholarly journals Sexual Regional Dimorphism of Post-Adolescent and Middle Age Brain Maturation. A Multi-center 3T MRI Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giuseppe Delvecchio ◽  
Eleonora Maggioni ◽  
Alessandro Pigoni ◽  
B. Crespo-Facorro ◽  
Igor Nenadić ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brain Maturation ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Sex Effects ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Neurologic Disorders ◽  
Multiple Regions ◽  
3.0 T ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri ◽  
Mri Study ◽  
Developmental Phases

Sex-related differences are tied into neurodevelopmental and lifespan processes, beginning early in the perinatal and developmental phases and continue into adulthood. The present study was designed to investigate sexual dimorphism of changes in gray matter (GM) volume in post-adolescence, with a focus on early and middle-adulthood using a structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) dataset of healthy controls from the European Network on Psychosis, Affective disorders and Cognitive Trajectory (ENPACT). Three hundred and seventy three subjects underwent a 3.0 T MRI session across four European Centers. Age by sex effects on GM volumes were investigated using voxel-based morphometry (VBM) and the Automated Anatomical Labeling atlas regions (ROI). Females and males showed overlapping and non-overlapping patterns of GM volume changes during aging. Overlapping age-related changes emerged in bilateral frontal and temporal cortices, insula and thalamus. Both VBM and ROI analyses revealed non-overlapping changes in multiple regions, including cerebellum and vermis, bilateral mid frontal, mid occipital cortices, left inferior temporal and precentral gyri. These findings highlight the importance of accounting for sex differences in cross-sectional analyses, not only in the study of normative changes, but particularly in the context of psychiatric and neurologic disorders, wherein sex effects may be confounded with disease-related changes.

Development of the Corpus Callosum: An MRI Study

2016 ◽  
Vol 39 (1-4) ◽  
pp. 97-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert C. Vannucci ◽  
Todd F. Barron ◽  
Susan J. Vannucci
Keyword(s):  
Corpus Callosum ◽  
First Year ◽  
Height Ratio ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Female Brain ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri ◽  
Mri Study ◽  
Developmental Phases ◽  
First Year Of Life

The size and shape of the corpus callosum and its major components (genu, body, and splenium) were measured by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in 118 normocephalic individuals aged from 1 postnatal week to 18.7 years. Genu, body, splenial, and total corpus callosal areas increased by 40-100% during the first year of life (p < 0.05). The genu expanded to a greater extent than the splenium during the first 6 years, while the splenium expanded to a greater extent between 7 and 18 years. The age-related difference in the maximal expansion of these structures indicated an anterior to posterior wave of corpus callosal enlargement during maturation, probably the consequence of differential axonal myelination. No sex differences existed during these two developmental phases for the genu, splenial, or total corpus callosal areas with or without scaling to the cerebral hemispheric volume. During infancy (0-24 months), however, the mean female splenial ratio (length/height) of 0.79 was greater than the male ratio of 0.65 (p = 0.024). The cerebral hemispheric length/height ratio was also greater in females, indicating that during infancy the female brain (and its component the corpus callosal splenium) is relatively longer than the male brain. This sex difference was confined to the splenium and disappeared with increasing age.

scholarly journals Contrasting Measures of Cerebrovascular Reactivity Between MRI and Doppler: A Cross-Sectional Study of Younger and Older Healthy Individuals

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claire V. Burley ◽  
Susan T. Francis ◽  
Kate N. Thomas ◽  
Anna C. Whittaker ◽  
Samuel J. E. Lucas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Risk ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Cerebrovascular Reactivity ◽  
Imaging Modalities ◽  
Blood Oxygen Level ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Individual Participant ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri

Cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR) is used as an outcome measure of brain health. Traditionally, lower CVR is associated with ageing, poor fitness and brain-related conditions (e.g. stroke, dementia). Indeed, CVR is suggested as a biomarker for disease risk. However, recent findings report conflicting associations between ageing or fitness and CVR measures. Inconsistent findings may relate to different neuroimaging modalities used, which include transcranial Doppler (TCD) and blood-oxygen-level-dependant (BOLD) contrast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). We assessed the relationship between CVR metrics derived from two common imaging modalities, TCD and BOLD MRI, within the same individuals and with expected significant differences (i.e., younger vs. older) to maximise the expected spread in measures. We conducted two serial studies using TCD- and MRI-derived measures of CVR (via inspired 5% CO2 in air). Study 1 compared 20 younger (24 ± 7 years) with 15 older (66 ± 7 years) participants, Study 2 compared 10 younger (22 ± 2 years) with 10 older (72 ± 4 years) participants. Combining the main measures across studies, no significant correlation (r = 0.15, p = 0.36) was observed between individual participant TCD- and BOLD-CVR measures. Further, these measures showed differential effects between age groups; with TCD-CVR higher in the older compared to younger group (4 ± 1 vs. 3 ± 1 %MCAv/mmHg PETCO2; p &lt; 0.05, Hedges’ g = 0.75), whereas BOLD-CVR showed no difference (p = 0.104, Hedges’ g = 0.38). In Study 2 additional measures were obtained to understand the origin of the discrepancy: phase contrast angiography (PCA) MRI of the middle cerebral artery, showed a significantly lower blood flow (but not velocity) CVR response in older compared with younger participants (p &gt; 0.05, Hedges’ g = 1.08). The PCA CVR metrics did not significantly correlate with the BOLD- or TCD-CVR measures. The differing CVR observations between imaging modalities were despite expected, correlated (r = 0.62–0.82), age-related differences in resting CBF measures across modalities. Taken together, findings across both studies show no clear relationship between TCD- and BOLD-CVR measures. We hypothesize that CVR differences between imaging modalities are in part due to the aspects of the vascular tree that are assessed (TCD:arteries; BOLD:venules/veins). Further work is needed to understand the between-modality CVR response differences, but caution is needed when comparing CVR metrics derived from different imaging modalities.

The Regulation of MR Neuroimaging Research: Disentangling the Gordian Knot

2007 ◽  
Vol 33 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 295-317 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer J. Kulynych
Keyword(s):  
Brain Activity ◽  
Clinical Information ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Indirect Measurements ◽  
Electromagnetic Pulses ◽  
Serious Injury ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri ◽  
Mri Study ◽  
The Brain

In a typical magnetic resonance imaging (“MRI”) study of the brain, subjects are screened for contraindications before being placed in the bore of a large machine, the MRI scanner, which contains a powerful magnet. The scanner produces cross-sectional images of brain tissue as the subjects undergo a series of brief electromagnetic pulses, perceptible only as noise and vibration. If the protocol involves functional MRI (“fMRI”), a popular research technique for obtaining indirect measurements of brain activity, equipment might be used to present stimuli (sounds or pictures) during the scan, but generally the study involves no invasive procedures, no physical discomfort, and no ionizing radiation. Upon completion of the scan, MRI data is transferred to an investigator's computer for further analysis, often in combination with behavioral test results and clinical information obtained from subjects or their medical records.This procedure sounds benign, and usually is. But an MRI scanner is a powerful medical device, capable of causing serious injury or death if operated carelessly.

Histological and MRI Study of the Development of the Human Indusium Griseum

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (11) ◽  
pp. 4709-4724
Author(s):  
Mihaela Bobić Rasonja ◽  
Darko Orešković ◽  
Vinka Knezović ◽  
Ivana Pogledić ◽  
Daniela Pupačić ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adult Brain ◽  
Post Mortem ◽  
Cortical Organization ◽  
Differentiation Pattern ◽  
3.0 T ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri ◽  
Mri Study ◽  
Human Brains ◽  
Weighted Sequences

Abstract To uncover the ontogenesis of the human indusium griseum (IG), 28 post-mortem fetal human brains, 12–40 postconceptional weeks (PCW) of age, and 4 adult brains were analyzed immunohistochemically and compared with post-mortem magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of 28 fetal brains (14–41 PCW). The morphogenesis of the IG occurred between 12 and 15 PCW, transforming the bilateral IG primordia into a ribbon-like cortical lamina. The histogenetic transition of sub-laminated zones into the three-layered cortical organization occurred between 15 and 35 PCW, concomitantly with rapid cell differentiation that occurred from 18 to 28 PCW and the elaboration of neuronal connectivity during the entire second half of gestation. The increasing number of total cells and neurons in the IG at 25 and 35 PCW confirmed its continued differentiation throughout this period. High-field 3.0 T post-mortem MRI enabled visualization of the IG at the mid-fetal stage using T2-weighted sequences. In conclusion, the IG had a distinct histogenetic differentiation pattern than that of the neighboring intralimbic areas of the same ontogenetic origin, and did not show any signs of regression during the fetal period or postnatally, implying a functional role of the IG in the adult brain, which is yet to be disclosed.

scholarly journals Development of the P300 from childhood to adulthood: a multimodal EEG and MRI study

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Knut Overbye ◽  
Rene J. Huster ◽  
Kristine B. Walhovd ◽  
Anders M. Fjell ◽  
Christian K. Tamnes
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Temporal Cortex ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Inferior Temporal Cortex ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Attentional Processes ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Brain Responses ◽  
Component Strength ◽  
Mri Study

ABSTRACTMaturation of attentional processes is central to cognitive development. The electrophysiological P300 is associated with rapid allocation of attention, and bridges stimulus and response processing. P300 is among the most studied and robust electrophysiological components, but how different subcomponents of the P300 develop from childhood to adulthood and relate to structural properties of the cerebral cortex is not well understood. We investigated age-related differences in both early visual and P300 components, and how individual differences in these components related to cortical structure in a cross-sectional sample of participants 8-19 years (n=86). Participants completed a three-stimulus visual oddball task while high-density EEG was recorded. Cortical surface area and thickness were estimated from T1-weighthed MRI. Group-level blind source separation of the EEG data identified two P300-like components, a fronto-central P300 and a parietal P300, as well as a component reflecting N1 and P2. Differences in activity across age were found for the parietal P300, N1 and P2, with the parietal P300 showing stronger activity for older participants, while N1 and P2 were stronger for younger participants. Stronger P300 components were positively associated with task performance, independently of age, while negative associations were found for P2 strength. Parietal P300 strength was age-independently associated with larger surface area in a region in left lateral inferior temporal cortex. We suggest that the age differences in component strength reflect development of attentional mechanisms, with increased brain responses to task-relevant stimuli representing an increasing ability to focus on relevant information and to respond accurately and efficiently.

Homonymous Hemianopia in Children and Adolescents: An MRI Study

2018 ◽  
Vol 49 (02) ◽  
pp. 142-149 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susanne Trauzettel-Klosinski ◽  
Anna Krumm ◽  
Stephan Küster ◽  
Iliya Ivanov ◽  
Angelika Cordey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Brain Lesions ◽  
Homonymous Hemianopia ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Mri Study ◽  
Everyday Problems

Aim Diagnosing homonymous hemianopia (HH) in children can be difficult due to inability to comply with perimetry. Therefore, HH can often only be suspected by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showing lesions to the retrochiasmatic visual pathways. The aim of our retrospective observational cross-sectional study was to improve the radiologic detection of HH. Methods MRIs of 21 subjects (5–17 years old) with ophthalmologically confirmed HH (14 complete, 7 incomplete hemianopias) were analyzed. In addition, we asked four questions looking at everyday problems possibly related to the HH. The questions asked for (1) problems in avoiding objects/people, (2) bumping into objects/people, (3) difficulties in judging stairs, and (4) difficulties in grasping objects. Results We found neuroanatomical correlates of the HH in all 21 participants, with the optic radiation being involved in almost all participants (20/21). Everyday problems possibly related to the HH were reported for all nine patients with postneonatally acquired complete hemianopias. In contrast, no such problems were reported for seven patients with incomplete HH (7/7) and for 3/5 patients with complete hemianopias due to pre-, peri- or neonatally acquired brain lesions. Interpretation A dedicated radiologic analysis of the retrochiasmatic optic pathway should routinely be performed in children with brain lesions to identify children with HH. Early onset and incomplete HH are predictors for successful compensation.

Acceleration of hippocampal atrophy in a non-demented elderly population: the SNAC-K study

2009 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yi Zhang ◽  
Chengxuan Qiu ◽  
Olof Lindberg ◽  
Lena Bronge ◽  
Peter Aspelin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brain Atrophy ◽  
Elderly Population ◽  
Third Ventricle ◽  
Hippocampal Atrophy ◽  
Intracranial Volume ◽  
Elderly Persons ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Age Related ◽  
The Right ◽  
Mri Study

ABSTRACTBackground:Brain atrophy in Alzheimer's disease (AD) includes not only AD-specific brain atrophy but also the atrophy induced by normal aging. Atrophy of the hippocampus has been one diagnostic marker of AD, but it was also found to emerge in healthy adults, along with increasing age. It was reported that the important age when age-related shrinkage of the hippocampus starts was around the mid-40s. The aim is to study the aging atrophy speed and acceleration of brain atrophy in a cross-sectional database, to identify the age at which acceleration of hippocampal atrophy starts in non-demented elderly persons.Methods:544 subjects (aged 60–97 years; 318 female and 226 male) were recruited into the MRI study by using a subsample of an epidemiological sample of 3363 healthy non-demented elderly people (over 60 years of age). Hippocampus and ventricle sizes were measured.Results:The normalized volumes (by intracranial volume, ICV) of the hippocampus in males were smaller than those in females. The right hippocampus was larger than the left. The expansion of the lateral ventricles (2.80% per year in males, 2.95% in females) and third ventricle (1.58% and 2.28%, respectively) was more marked than the hippocampal shrinkage (0.68% and 0.79%, respectively). The suggested age at which acceleration of hippocampal atrophy starts is 72 years.Conclusions:Males present smaller hippocampus volumes (normalized by ICV) than females; however, females are more vulnerable to hippocampal atrophy in a non-demented elderly population. An acceleration of hippocampal atrophy may emerge and start around 72 years of age in a non-demented elderly population.

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