scholarly journals An Observational Cohort Study and Nested Randomized Controlled Trial on Nutrition and Growth Outcomes in Moderate and Late Preterm Infants (FLAMINGO)

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas Kakaroukas ◽  
Marieke Abrahamse-Berkeveld ◽  
Janet E. Berrington ◽  
Richard J. Q. McNally ◽  
Christopher J. Stewart ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Longitudinal Growth ◽  
Daily Weight Gain ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Growth Outcomes ◽  
Observational Cohort ◽  
Nutritional Needs ◽  
Morbidity Risk

Background: Over the past decades, the preterm birth rate has increased, mostly due to a rise in late and moderate preterm (LMPT, 32–36 weeks gestation) births. LMPT birth affects 6–7% of all births in the United Kingdom and is associated with increased morbidity risk after birth in infancy as well as in adulthood. Early life nutrition has a critical role in determining infant growth and development, but there are limited data specifically addressing LMPT infants, which was the rationale for the design of the current study.Objective: The Feeding Late and Moderate Infants and Growth Outcomes (FLAMINGO) study aims to improve understanding of the longitudinal growth, nutritional needs, and body composition of LMPT infants as well as their microbiome development and neurodevelopment. In addition, having a nested non-inferiority trial enables evaluation of the nutritional adequacy of a concept IMF with large milk phospholipid-coated lipid droplets comprising dairy and vegetable lipids. The primary outcome of this RCT is daily weight gain until 3 months corrected age.Methods: A total of 250 healthy LMPT infants (32+0–36+6 weeks gestational age) with birth weight 1.25–3.0 kg will be recruited to the cohort, of which 140 infants are anticipated to be enrolled in the RCT. During six visits over the first 2 years of life, anthropometry, body composition (using dual energy X-Ray absorptiometry), feeding behavior, and developmental outcomes will be measured. Saliva and stool samples will be collected for oral and gut microbiota assessment.Discussion: The FLAMINGO study will improve understanding of the longitudinal growth, body composition development, and feeding characteristics of LMPT infants and gain insights into their microbiome and neurodevelopment.Study Registration:www.isrctn.com; Identifier ISRCTN15469594.

scholarly journals Outcomes of Neonates Exposed to Buprenorphine versus Methadone in Utero: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Safety in the Fetus and Neonate

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 185-194
Author(s):  
Hannah L. Christianson ◽  
Alea A. Sabry ◽  
Jinan E. G. Sous ◽  
Jacquelyn H. Adams ◽  
Kara K. Hoppe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Studies ◽  
Fetal Growth ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Academic Research ◽  
In Utero ◽  
P Value ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
Growth Outcomes ◽  
Observational Cohort ◽  
Buprenorphine Treatment

We assessed the prevalence of neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS) and fetal growth outcomes in neonates exposed to methadone compared to buprenorphine in utero. Three authors assessed the titles and abstracts of all potentially eligible studies. The selection criteria were randomized controlled trials and observational cohort studies from January 2000 to January 2020 which indexed and reported original data for occurrence of NAS and fetal growth outcomes in pregnant people who received methadone vs. buprenorphine treatment. The quality and possible bias of each study was assessed using the Cochrane-risk-of-bias tool. Data were pooled to compare the occurrence of NAS and fetal growth restriction among women who received methadone vs. buprenorphine treatment. Of the 106 articles screened, 1 randomized controlled trial and 5 observational cohort studies including 2041 pregnancies fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Buprenorphine is associated with less NAS and improved growth outcomes compared to methadone. (OR = 0.515; p-value < 0.001). Compared to methadone, buprenorphine is associated with less adverse neonatal outcomes in terms of gestational age at birth, birthweight, and head circumference. With the prevalence of NAS continuing to rise, this study adds to the expanding academic research aimed at creating safer treatment protocols.

The Weight Loss Effects of Branched Chain Amino Acids and Vitamin B6: A Randomized Controlled Trial on Obese and Overweight Women

2018 ◽  
Vol 88 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 80-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zahra Shakibay Novin ◽  
Saeed Ghavamzadeh ◽  
Alireza Mehdizadeh
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Weight Loss ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Vitamin B6 ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Branched Chain Amino Acids ◽  
Model Assessment ◽  
Waist To Hip Ratio ◽  
Branched Chain

Abstract. Branched chain amino acids (BCAA), with vitamin B6 have been reported to improve fat metabolism and muscle synthesis. We hypothesized that supplementation with BCAA and vitamin B6 would result in more weight loss and improve body composition and blood markers related to cardiovascular diseases. Our aim was to determine whether the mentioned supplementation would affect weight loss, body composition, and cardiovascular risk factors during weight loss intervention. To this end, we performed a placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial in 42 overweight and obese women (BMI = 25–34.9 kg/m2). Taking a four-week moderate deficit calorie diet (–500 kcal/day), participants were randomized to receive BCAA (6 g/day) with vitamin B6 (40 mg/day) or placebo. Body composition variables measured with the use of bioelectrical impedance analysis, homeostatic model assessment, and plasma insulin, Low density lipoprotein, High density lipoprotein, Total Cholesterol, Triglyceride, and fasting blood sugar were measured. The result indicated that, weight loss was not significantly affected by BCAA and vitamin B6 supplementation (–2.43 ± 1.02 kg) or placebo (–1.64 ± 1.48 kg). However, significant time × treatment interactions in waist to hip ratio (P = 0.005), left leg lean (P = 0.004) and right leg lean (P = 0.023) were observed. Overall, supplementation with BCAA and vitamin B6 could preserve legs lean and also attenuated waist to hip ratio.

A Comparative Study of the State of Ethics in Youth Work Practice in Jamaica, Australia, New Zealand and the United Kingdom

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cleopatra Monique Parkins
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Code Of Ethics ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Work Practice ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Youth Work ◽  
Youth Workers ◽  
Ethical Practices ◽  
The United Kingdom

Even though youth work has played a critical role in fostering the holistic development of today’s youth, much controversy has surrounded the practice. Nevertheless, youth workers are slowly being accorded professional status, and a code of ethics has been developed in some jurisdictions. Some states are still to adopt this code; consequently the credibility of youth workers and the sector in general sway with the wind. This article presents a comparative analysis of ethical practices of youth work in Jamaica, Australia, New Zealand and the United Kingdom, examining current trends in observing ethics and addressing ethical issues. In the case of Jamaica, the researcher used the non-probability convenience sampling technique and collected primary data from a questionnaire administered to a sample of youth workers. The perspective of the ministerial arm responsible for youth work in Jamaica was also captured through an interview. In the case of Australia, New Zealand and the United Kingdom, the framework of the profession and specifically matters pertaining to ethical practices were examined through the use of secondary data sources, which included reports on youth work practices in the selected countries. A mixed methodology was employed in analysing the data collected. The major findings of this study confirmed that advancing youth work as a profession is dependent on the acceptance and integration of a formal code of ethics, that youth workers must receive training on ethics and that a national youth work policy is important to guide youth work practice. In accordance with the findings, the researcher makes a number of recommendations and highlights notable best practices that may help with the overall professionalisation of the sector.

Impact of Temperature on Injection-Related Pain Caused by Subcutaneous Administration of Ustekinumab: A Three-arm Crossover Open-label Randomized Controlled Trial

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 117-127
Author(s):  
Yasaman Mansouri ◽  
Yasmin Amir ◽  
Michelle Min ◽  
Raveena Khanna ◽  
Ruiqi Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Subcutaneous Administration ◽  
Open Label ◽  
Post Dose ◽  
Subcutaneous Injections ◽  
Pain Scores ◽  
Observational Cohort ◽  
Vas Scores ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
To Receive

Background: Adherence to subcutaneous biologic agents for the treatment of psoriasis can be negatively influenced by injection pain.Objective: To explore the differences in injection site pain when patients are pre-treated with heat or cold, versus no pre-treatment prior to administration of a subcutaneous biologic agent.Methods: In an observational cohort study, patients receiving subcutaneous injections of ustekinumab were randomly assigned to receive pretreatment with ice, heat, or no intervention over three visits. Post-dose, patients rated pain on a 100 mm visual analogue scale (VAS).Results: There was an increase in the VAS score for both heat (2.51, P=0.30) and ice (3.33, P=0.16), compared to no intervention. No differences were found between the two intervention groups (-0.83, P=0.73). On average, females had the same VAS scores with ice compared to that of no intervention (-0.12, P=0.97) and a non–significant decrease of 3.29 points (P=0.38) with heat. Males had increased pain scores by 5.65 points (P=0.07) with ice and by 6.39 points (P=0.04) with heat.Limitations: Pain is a subjective measurement and objective quantification is difficult.Conclusions: On average, neither heat nor cold application reliably reduced pain. Our results do not support the application of heat or cold prior to ustekinumab injection.

scholarly journals Correction to: The effect of moderate intermittent versus continuous energy restriction on body composition and resting metabolic rate in resistance-trained females: A randomized controlled trial

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Madelin R. Siedler ◽  
Eric T. Trexler ◽  
Megan N. Humphries ◽  
Priscila Lamadrid ◽  
Brian Waddell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Randomized Controlled Trial ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Resting Metabolic Rate ◽  
Energy Restriction ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
Continuous Energy

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via the original article.

Correctional oversight bodies’ resources and protections across the European Union: Are their hands tied?

2021 ◽  
pp. 174889582098696
Author(s):  
Eva Aizpurua ◽  
Mary Rogan
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Financial Independence ◽  
Staff Members ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Equal Importance ◽  
Protection Mechanisms ◽  
Human Rights Standards ◽  
International Instruments

Oversight bodies play a critical role in upholding human rights standards in prison. Several international instruments require states to establish independent forms of prison oversight and to give them the powers they need to conduct their work. Resources are central to the effectiveness and independence of oversight bodies. Of equal importance is the ability of prison oversight bodies to offer protections against reprisals for those who choose to speak to them and for their own staff. In this article, we provide results from the first survey of prison oversight bodies in the European Union and the United Kingdom, focusing on the resources and protections which prison oversight bodies in these states have to enable them to conduct their work. Our results suggest the need to strengthen the financial independence of prison oversight bodies, with slightly less than half of the bodies having their own budget to monitor prisons. Bodies which had their own budgets had a greater number of staff members and a greater variety of professional backgrounds among their members, likely influencing their ability to fulfil their mandate. Our results also point to the need to develop further protection mechanisms against reprisals for those who speak with inspectors as well as for staff from prison oversight bodies.

scholarly journals Ethnic Disparities in the Development of Sight-Threatening Diabetic Retinopathy in a UK Multi-Ethnic Population with Diabetes: An Observational Cohort Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 740
Author(s):  
Manjula D. Nugawela ◽  
Sarega Gurudas ◽  
Andrew Toby Prevost ◽  
Rohini Mathur ◽  
John Robson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Ethnic Differences ◽  
Minority Groups ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Ethnic Disparities ◽  
Ethnic Minority Groups ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Observational Cohort ◽  
General Practices

There is little data on ethnic differences in incidence of DR and sight threatening DR (STDR) in the United Kingdom. We aimed to determine ethnic differences in the development of DR and STDR and to identify risk factors of DR and STDR in people with incident or prevalent type II diabetes (T2DM). We used electronic primary care medical records of people registered with 134 general practices in East London during the period from January 2007–January 2017. There were 58,216 people with T2DM eligible to be included in the study. Among people with newly diagnosed T2DM, Indian, Pakistani and African ethnic groups showed an increased risk of DR with Africans having highest risk of STDR compared to White ethnic groups (HR: 1.36 95% CI 1.02–1.83). Among those with prevalent T2DM, Indian, Pakistani, Bangladeshi and Caribbean ethnic groups showed increased risk of DR and STDR with Indian having the highest risk of any DR (HR: 1.24 95% CI 1.16–1.32) and STDR (HR: 1.38 95% CI 1.17–1.63) compared with Whites after adjusting for all covariates considered. It is important to optimise prevention, screening and treatment options in these ethnic minority groups to avoid health inequalities in diabetes eye care.

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