scholarly journals Consumption of Free Sugar Predicts Nutrient Intake of Saudi Children

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Walaa Abdullah Mumena
Keyword(s):  
Total Energy ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Nutrient Intake ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Total Energy Intake ◽  
World Health ◽  
Food Sources ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Free Sugar ◽  
Sugar Intake

Data concerning the association between free sugar intake and nutrient intake in children in the Middle East are not available. This study aimed to explore the association between the consumption of free sugar and nutrient intake among Saudi children. A cross-sectional study included 424 Saudi children ages between 6 and 12 years old and their mothers. An online survey collected sociodemographic data from mothers. Trained data collector personal contacted mothers to arrange for a phone interview in order to collect 24-h dietary recall to assess the dietary intake of children. Only 0.90% of children consumed free sugar within the recent recommendation of the World Health Organization (WHO) of <5% of total energy intake, whereas 10.6% of children consumed free sugar <10% of total energy intake. The percentage of free sugar intake was negatively associated with total energy intake. Multiple linear regression analysis of free sugar consumption and nutrient intake adjusted for children's age and sex indicated that a higher percentage of free sugar intake significantly predicted lower intake of saturated fat, fiber, sodium, potassium, calcium, iron, zinc, and vitamin B12. Excessive intake of free sugar predicted a lower intake of many essential nutrients. Interventions that aim to reduce the intake of free sugar are urgently needed in order to improve diet of growing children. Future research to explore top food sources of free sugar is needed to establish effective interventions that aim to limit free sugar intake among children.

scholarly journals Consumption of ultra-processed foods on free sugar intake of Portuguese infants: The Upper Project

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (Supplement_5) ◽  
Author(s):  
R Costa de Miranda ◽  
F Rauber ◽  
M Moraes ◽  
D Torres ◽  
C Lopes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Total Energy ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Total Energy Intake ◽  
Free Sugar ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Processed Foods ◽  
Food Groups ◽  
Sugar Intake ◽  
Dietary Content

Abstract Background The dietary share of ultra-processed foods (UPF) has been associated with low diet quality, including high content of free sugar, mainly in adults' populations. We aim to assess the influence of UPF consumption on free sugar intake of Portuguese infants. Methods Cross-sectional representative study including 573 infants (6-23 months old) who participated in the 2015-2016 National Food, Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey. Dietary intake was collected by two non-consecutive food diaries (time interval 8-15 days). Food items were classified according food processing degree by the NOVA system. Total energy intake and percentage provided by each NOVA food groups as well as the free sugar content of the overall diet were assessed. Mean free sugar intake was evaluated across quintiles (Q) of UPF consumption by linear regression adjusted for socioeconomic covariates. Results Mean energy intake was 935 kcal/day, in which 49.1% was derived from unprocessed/minimally processed foods, 7.2% from processed culinary ingredients, 7.0% from processed foods and 36.6% from UPF. The mean dietary share of UPF ranged from 12.5% (Q1) to 65.5% (Q5) of total energy. Within UPF, infant formulas (19.3%), milk-based drinks (6.7%) and sweet snacks (4.8%) contributed the most to energy intake. Mean free sugar intake in the overall diet accounted for 8.1% of total energy intake, in which 92.5% came from UPF. As the UPF consumption increased, the dietary content of free sugar increased significantly (β = 0.77; p < 0.001). Contribution of free sugar in total energy intake raised from 2.9% to 12.7%, representing an increment of 338% from the lower to the upper quintile of the dietary share of UPF. Conclusions Portuguese infants had an important intake of free sugar. Nearly all of this intake came from UPF, which calls for public health efforts to avoid UPF consumption by this population group. Funding FAPESP 2018/07391-9, 2019/05972-7 (MCR), 2016/14302-7 (FR); POCI-01-0145-FEDER-032090. Key messages Ultra-processed foods contributed with 36.6% of total energy intake and 92.5% of free sugar in the diets of Portuguese infants. As the ultra-processed foods consumption increased, the dietary content of free sugar increased significantly from 2.9% (Q1) to 12.7% (Q5), representing an increment of 338%.

scholarly journals Development and Validation of an Index Based on EAT-Lancet Recommendations: The Planetary Health Diet Index

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 1698
Author(s):  
Leandro Teixeira Cacau ◽  
Eduardo De Carli ◽  
Aline Martins de Carvalho ◽  
Paulo Andrade Lotufo ◽  
Luis A. Moreno ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Total Energy ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Carbon Footprint ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Total Energy Intake ◽  
Dietary Quality ◽  
Cronbach’S Alpha ◽  
Multicenter Cohort Study ◽  
Planetary Health ◽  
Cronbach's Alpha

The EAT-Lancet Commission has proposed a planetary health diet. We propose the development of the Planetary Health Diet Index (PHDI) based on this proposed reference diet. We used baseline dietary data obtained through a 114-item FFQ from 14,779 participants of the Longitudinal Study on Adult Health, a multicenter cohort study conducted in Brazil. The PHDI has 16 components and a score from 0 to 150 points. Validation and reliability analyses were performed, including principal component analyses, association with selected nutrients, differences in means between groups (for example, smokers vs. non-smokers), correlations between components and total energy intake, Cronbach’s alpha, item-item correlations, and linear regression analysis between PHDI with carbon footprint and overall dietary quality. The mean PHDI was 60.4 (95% CI 60.2:60.5). The PHDI had six dimensions, was associated in an expected direction with the selected nutrients and was significantly (p < 0.001) lower in smokers (59.0) than in non-smokers (60.6). Cronbach’s alpha value was 0.51. All correlations between components were low, as well as between components and PHDI with total energy intake. After adjustment for age and sex, the PHDI score remained associated (p < 0.001) with a higher overall dietary quality and lower carbon footprint. Thus, we confirmed the PHDI validity and reliability.

Dietary Protein Intake and Distribution Patterns of Well-Trained Dutch Athletes

2017 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 105-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jenna B. Gillen ◽  
Jorn Trommelen ◽  
Floris C. Wardenaar ◽  
Naomi Y.J. Brinkmans ◽  
Joline J. Versteegen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Total Energy ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Adaptive Response ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Team Sport ◽  
Total Energy Intake ◽  
Food Sources ◽  
Dietary Protein Intake

Dietary protein intake should be optimized in all athletes to ensure proper recovery and enhance the skeletal muscle adaptive response to exercise training. In addition to total protein intake, the use of specific proteincontaining food sources and the distribution of protein throughout the day are relevant for optimizing protein intake in athletes. In the present study, we examined the daily intake and distribution of various proteincontaining food sources in a large cohort of strength, endurance and team-sport athletes. Well-trained male (n=327) and female (n=226) athletes completed multiple web-based 24-hr dietary recalls over a 2-4 wk period. Total energy intake, the contribution of animal- and plant-based proteins to daily protein intake, and protein intake at six eating moments were determined. Daily protein intake averaged 108±33 and 90±24 g in men and women, respectively, which corresponded to relative intakes of 1.5±0.4 and 1.4±0.4 g/kg. Dietary protein intake was correlated with total energy intake in strength (r=0.71, p <.001), endurance (r=0.79, p <.001) and team-sport (r=0.77, p <.001) athletes. Animal and plant-based sources of protein intake was 57% and 43%, respectively. The distribution of protein intake was 19% (19±8 g) at breakfast, 24% (25±13 g) at lunch and 38% (38±15 g) at dinner. Protein intake was below the recommended 20 g for 58% of athletes at breakfast, 36% at lunch and 8% at dinner. In summary, this survey of athletes revealed they habitually consume > 1.2 g protein/kg/d, but the distribution throughout the day may be suboptimal to maximize the skeletal muscle adaptive response to training.

scholarly journals The Importance of the World Health Organization Sugar Guidelines for Dental Health and Obesity Prevention

2018 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 149-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joao Breda ◽  
Jo Jewell ◽  
Amélie Keller
Keyword(s):  
Total Energy ◽  
World Health Organization ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Total Energy Intake ◽  
World Health ◽  
Strong Recommendation ◽  
Free Sugars ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization

The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends a reduced intake of free sugars throughout the life course (strong recommendation) with a reduction of free sugars intake to less than 10% of the total energy intake (strong recommendation) and preferably below 5% of the total energy intake (conditional recommendation) in both adults and children. Available data clearly show that people already consume significantly more sugar than they should, increasing the risk for dental caries, overweight and obesity. The WHO recommendations are intended for use by the policy makers as a benchmark for assessing intake of sugars by populations and as a driving force for policy change. To create a favorable environment, enabling the overall amount of free sugar intake to be as low as possible and to reduce the frequency of consumption of sugar-rich foods, a range of public health interventions is advised.

The Chinese Total Diet Study in 1990. Part II. Nutrients

1993 ◽  
Vol 76 (6) ◽  
pp. 1206-1213 ◽  
Author(s):  
Junshi Chen ◽  
Junquan Gao
Keyword(s):  
Total Energy ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Total Energy Intake ◽  
World Health ◽  
Fat Intake ◽  
The South ◽  
Total Diet Study ◽  
High Sodium ◽  
Total Diet ◽  
Diet Study

Abstract This paper reports the intakes of 72 nutrients and their dietary sources obtained from the Chinese total diet study in 1990. Most of the nutrient intakes are close or equal to their corresponding recommended daily allowances (RDAs). Both the total energy intake (2203 kcal) and the proportions contributed by protein, fat, and carbohydrate meet the current Chinese RDAs and the World Health Organization (WHO) nutrient goals. The average protein intake was 64 g/day. The intake of essential amino acids all exceeded the Chinese RDA, and their proportions were generally consistent with the WHO recommended pattern. The average fat intake was 51.2 g/day (21.2% of the total energy intake). However, the dietary fat intake has been increasing significantly in the Chinese diet and the proportion of animal fat has reached 53% of the total fat intake. The total saturated:total monounsaturated:total polyunsaturated fatty acid ratio was 1.0:1.5:1.0. Although the average cholesterol intake was only 179 mg/day, it was 248 mg/day in the South 1 region. The intakes of thiamine and riboflavin were below the RDA. Retinol intakes in all the 4 regions were low. Most (80%) of the retinol (equivalent) intakes were from carotenoids. The average intake of total tocopherol was 89% of the RDA, and among the 4 regions, only the South 2 region has relatively low intake. The intakes of iron, copper, manganese, sodium, and phosphorus were adequate. The intakes of calcium, zinc, and potassium were insufficient, and intakes of selenium and magnesium were a little low. High sodium and low potassium intake is a traditional problem in the Chinese diet.

scholarly journals Estimates of food and macronutrient intake in a random sample of Northern Ireland adolescents

1994 ◽  
Vol 72 (3) ◽  
pp. 343-352 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. J. Strain ◽  
P. J. Robson ◽  
M. B. E. Livingstone ◽  
E. D. Primrose ◽  
J. M. Savage ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Northern Ireland ◽  
Total Energy ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Dairy Products ◽  
Meat Products ◽  
Total Energy Intake ◽  
Food Sources ◽  
Macronutrient Intake ◽  
Daily Total

Estimates of food consumption and macronutrient intake were obtained from a randomly selected population sample (2%) of 1015 adolescents aged 12 and 15 years in Northern Ireland during the 1990/1991 school year. Dietary intake was assessed by diet history with photographic album to estimate portion size. Reported median energy intakes were 11.0 and 13.1 MJ/d for boys aged 12 and 15 years respectively and 9.2 and 9.1 MJ/d for girls of these ages. Protein, carbohydrate and total sugars intakes as a percentage of total energy varied little between the age and sex groups and were approximately 11, 49 and 20 % respectively of daily total energy intakes. Median dietary fibre intakes were approximately 20 and 24 g/d for boys aged 12 and 15 years respectively and 18 and 19 g/d for girls of these ages. Major food sources of energy (as a percentage of total energy intakes) were bread and cereals (15–18 %), cakes and biscuits (12–14%), chips and crisps (13–14%), dairy products (9-ll%), meat and meat products (9–11%) and confectionery (9%). Fruit and vegetable intakes were low at about 2.5% and 1.5% respectively of total energy intakes. Median fat intakes were high at 39% of total daily energy intakes. Major food sources of fat as a percentage of total fat intakes were from the food groupings: chips and crisps (16–19%), meat and meat products (14–17%), fats and oils (14–16%), cakes and biscuits (13–16%) and dairy products (12–15%). Median intakes of saturated fatty acids were also high at approximately 15% of daily total energy intake while intakes of monounsaturated fatty acids averaged 12% of daily total energy intake. Median polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) intakes were low, comprising 5.2 and 5.5 % of daily total energy intake for boys aged 12 and 15 years respectively and were lower than the PUFA intakes (59 and 6.3% of daily total energy intake) for girls of these ages. About 1.3 % for boys and 1.4 % for girls of daily total energy intake was in the form of n-3 PUFA. Ca and Mg intakes were adequate for both sexes. Based on these results, some concern about the dietary habits and related health consequences in Northern Ireland adolescents appears justified.

scholarly journals Total, Added, and Free Sugar Consumption and Adherence to Guidelines in Switzerland: Results from the First National Nutrition Survey menuCH

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 1117 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angeline Chatelan ◽  
Pierre Gaillard ◽  
Maaike Kruseman ◽  
Amelie Keller
Keyword(s):  
Daily Intake ◽  
World Health ◽  
Food Sources ◽  
Free Sugar ◽  
Sugar Consumption ◽  
Nutrition Survey ◽  
Younger Adults ◽  
Free Sugars ◽  
Sugar Intake ◽  
National Nutrition Survey

The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends reducing free sugars to less than 10% of total energy intake (TEI) due to their potential implications in weight gain and dental caries. Our objectives were to (1) estimate the intake of total, added, and free sugars, (2) define the main sugar sources, and (3) evaluate the adherence to sugar guidelines. The first national nutrition survey 2014–2015 included non-institutional adults aged 18–75 years. Diet was assessed with two non-consecutive 24-hour dietary recalls in 2057 participants. Added and free sugar content was systematically estimated by two dietitians using available information from the manufacturer and/or standard recipe/composition. Usual daily intake distributions were modeled and weighted for sampling design, non-response, weekdays, and seasons. Total, added, and free sugar intake was respectively 107 g (±44), 53 g (±36), and 65 g (±40), representing 19%, 9%, and 11% of TEI. Sugar consumption was higher among younger adults and lower among people living in the Italian-speaking region. The three main food sources of free sugars were: (1) sweet products (47% of total free sugars), in particular sweet spreads (15%) and cakes/cookies (11%); (2) beverages (29%), mainly fruit and vegetable juices (13%), and sugar-sweetened beverages (12%, but 20% in younger adults); and (3) dairy products (9%), with yogurt accounting for 6%. Respectively, 44% of women and 45% of men had free sugar intake below 10% of TEI. Of people aged between 18–29, 30–64, and 65–75 years, 36%, 45%, and 53% had free sugar intake below 10% of TEI, respectively. The prevalence of Swiss people with free sugar intake that was <5% of the TEI was 8%. Adherence to the WHO recommendations guidelines was generally low in Switzerland, particularly among young adults, and in line with other high-income countries.

scholarly journals Drink Choice is Important: Beverages Make a Substantial Contribution to Energy, Sugar, Calcium and Vitamin C Intake among Australians

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1389 ◽  
Author(s):  
Riley ◽  
Hendrie ◽  
Baird
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin C ◽  
Total Energy ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Calcium Intake ◽  
Fruit Juice ◽  
Soft Drinks ◽  
Total Energy Intake ◽  
Substantial Contribution ◽  
Sugar Intake ◽  
Alcoholic Drinks

It is important to understand the role of beverages in population dietary intake in order to give relevant advice. Population estimates were derived from one-day food recall dietary data from 12,153 participants in the 2011–2012 Australian National Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey. Almost all Australians (99.9%) consumed at least one beverage on the day of the survey, accounting for 16.6% of the total energy intake for adults (aged 19 years and over) and 13.0% for children (aged 2–18 years). Similarly, beverages contributed 26–29% to calcium intake, 22–28% to vitamin C intake, and 35–36% to sugar intake. Water was consumed on the day of the survey by 84.1% of Australian adults and 90.5% of children. For adults, the greatest beverage contributors to total energy intake were alcoholic drinks (5.6%), coffee (3.1%), and soft drinks (1.9%), and for children, plain milk (3.1%), flavoured milk (2.8%), and fruit juice (2.6%). Coffee (10.6%) made the greatest contribution to calcium intake for adults; and plain milk (9.9%) and flavoured milk (7.6%) for children. The greatest contributors to vitamin C intake were fruit juice (13.4%) and alcoholic drinks (6.1%) for adults; and fruit juice (23.4%) for children. For total sugar intake, soft drinks (8.0%), coffee (8.4%), and fruit juice (5.9%) made the highest contribution for adults; and fruit juice (9.8%) and soft drinks (8.7%) for children. The type and amount of beverage consumption has considerable relevance to dietary quality for Australians.

scholarly journals Total and Free Sugars Consumption in a Slovenian Population Representative Sample

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 1729 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nina Zupanič ◽  
Hristo Hristov ◽  
Matej Gregorič ◽  
Urška Blaznik ◽  
Nataša Delfar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Total Energy ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Elderly Population ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Total Energy Intake ◽  
World Health ◽  
Net Income ◽  
Free Sugars ◽  
Slovenian Population

Excessive free sugars consumption is associated with poor health outcomes. Thus, the World Health Organization (WHO) recommends limiting free sugars intake to no more than 10% of total energy intake. To evaluate current intakes of dietary sugars and monitor the adherence to the guidelines, the objective of this study was to comprehensively assess total and free sugars consumption of different age groups within the Slovenian population. The Slovenian national food consumption survey SI.Menu 2017/18 was conducted on representative samples of adolescents (10–17 years), adults (18–64 years), and the elderly (65–74 years) using two non-consecutive 24-h dietary recalls. The analyses were carried out on a sample of 1248 study participants. Free sugars content in food was estimated based on previously established databases. The population weighted median free sugars intake accounted for 10.1% of total energy intake (TEI) among adolescents, 6.4% among adults, and 6.5% in the elderly population. Both total and free sugars consumption in the percentage of TEI were higher among women than men, in participants with lower education, and those with higher family net income. The main sources of free sugars in adolescents were beverages, cakes, muffins, pastry, and dairy products; for adults and the elderly, the key sources of free sugars were beverages, cakes, muffins, pastry, and sugars, honey, and related products. A total of 56% of adolescents, 84% of adults, and 81% of the elderly population adhered to the WHO free sugars guidelines. Additional measures will be required to further decrease free sugars consumption among the teenage population, in which dietary patterns are still of greatest concern.

scholarly journals Associations of added sugar from all sources and sugar-sweetened beverages with regional fat deposition in U.S. adolescents: NHANES 1999–2006

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine E Cioffi ◽  
Jean A Welsh ◽  
Jessica A Alvarez ◽  
Terryl J Hartman ◽  
K M Venkat Narayan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Total Energy ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Total Energy Intake ◽  
Upper Body ◽  
Sugar Sweetened Beverages ◽  
Added Sugar ◽  
Sugar Intake ◽  
Sweetened Beverages ◽  
Total Fat

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND The relative distribution of upper- versus lower-body fat may be an important determinant of cardiometabolic disease risk in youth. Dietary correlates of adolescent regional body fat distribution are under-studied. OBJECTIVE To evaluate associations of added sugar intake overall and from sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) with relative upper-body fat deposition in U.S. adolescents. METHODS This was a cross-sectional analysis of data from 6,585 adolescents (12–19 years) in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey cycles 1999–2006. Trunk, leg, and total fat mass were assessed by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Participants were grouped into categories of total and SSB added sugar intake as a percentage of total energy intake (TEI) in 5% increments. Stepwise multivariable linear regression was used to examine associations of added sugar intake with trunk fat/leg fat ratio (TLR) and trunk fat/total fat ratio (TTR). RESULTS There were no associations of total added sugar intake with TLR or TTR. For SSB added sugar, compared to the lowest category of intake (<2% TEI), the highest category (>22% TEI) was associated with higher log-TLR (β (95% CI).>22% TEI vs. < 2% TEI: 0.05 (0.01, 0.09)] and TTR [1.30 (0.53, 2.07)] in the partially-adjusted model with sex, age, race/ethnicity, income, physical activity, smoking status as covariates (P-trend = 0.0001 for both). When body mass index (BMI) z-score and total energy intake were added as covariates, the magnitude of the associations were attenuated, but remained significant [log-TLR β (95% CI): 0.03 (0.005, 0.06), P-trend = 0.0018; TTR β (95% CI): 0.75 (0.27, 1.23), P-trend = 0.0004]. CONCLUSIONS These findings support that added sugar from beverages is associated with higher upper-body adiposity, though the magnitude and clinical significance of the associations may be small, especially when adjusted for BMI and TEI. Additional studies are needed to elucidate the underlying biological mechanisms to explain these findings.

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