Breast Milk Cytokines and Early Growth in Gambian Infants

Early nutrition impacts preterm infant early growth rate and brain development but can have long lasting effects as well. Although human milk is the gold standard for feeding new born full-term and preterm infants, little is known about the effects of its bioactive compounds on breastfed preterm infants’ growth outcomes. This study aims to determine whether breast milk metabolome, glycome, lipidome, and free-amino acids profiles analyzed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry had any impact on the early growth pattern of preterm infants. The study population consisted of the top tercile-Z score change in their weight between birth and hospital discharge (“faster grow”, n = 11) and lowest tercile (“slower grow”, n = 15) from a cohort of 138 premature infants (27–34 weeks gestation). This holistic approach combined with stringent clustering or classification statistical methods aims to discriminate groups of milks phenotype and identify specific metabolites associated with early growth of preterm infants. Their predictive reliability as biomarkers of infant growth was assessed using multiple linear regression and taking into account confounding clinical factors. Breast-milk associated with fast growth contained more branched-chain and insulino-trophic amino acid, lacto-N-fucopentaose, choline, and hydroxybutyrate, pointing to the critical role of energy utilization, protein synthesis, oxidative status, and gut epithelial cell maturity in prematurity.

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Effects of Targeted Versus Adjustable Protein Fortification of Breast Milk on Early Growth in Very Low‐Birth‐Weight Preterm Infants: A Randomized Clinical Trial

Nutrition in Clinical Practice ◽

10.1002/ncp.10307 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 35 (2) ◽

pp. 335-343 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Ozgul Bulut ◽

Asuman Coban ◽

Ozan Uzunhan ◽

Zeynep Ince

Keyword(s):

Clinical Trial ◽

Birth Weight ◽

Breast Milk ◽

Low Birth Weight ◽

Randomized Clinical Trial ◽

Preterm Infants ◽

Very Low Birth Weight ◽

Early Growth

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Breast-feeding and later risk of CVD and obesity: evidence from randomised trials

Proceedings of The Nutrition Society ◽

10.1017/s0029665111000589 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 70 (4) ◽

pp. 472-477 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

Mary S. Fewtrell

Keyword(s):

Breast Milk ◽

Breast Feeding ◽

Observational Studies ◽

Cardiovascular Health ◽

Early Growth ◽

Randomised Control Trial ◽

Intervention Trial ◽

Randomised Trials ◽

Term Infants ◽

Randomised Control Trials

The relationship between breast-feeding and later cardiovascular health has been investigated in randomised trials and observational studies. This review focuses on randomised control trials, regarded as the ‘gold standard’ in establishing causal relationships between interventions and outcomes. Since it is not ethical to randomise healthy term infants to be breast- or formula-fed, only two randomised control trials have examined effects of breast-feeding on later health. In one randomised control trial, preterm infants randomised to receive banked donor breast milk had significantly lower blood pressure (BP), more favourable plasma lipid profile and reduced leptin resistance at age of 13–15 years compared with those who were fed preterm formula; with a dose–response relationship between the proportion of human milk and later outcomes. In contrast, a cluster-randomised control trial of a breast-feeding promotion intervention in healthy term infants (Promotion of Breast-feeding Intervention Trial study) found no effect of the intervention on adiposity or BP at 6 years, despite increased incidence, duration and exclusivity of breast-feeding. Potential explanations for the discrepancy between the two studies include: (i) beneficial effects of breast milk on cardiovascular health might be confined to preterm infants; (ii) effects on cardiovascular outcomes may not manifest until adolescence, a concept supported by other studies; (iii) if the underlying mechanism for the effect of breast-feeding on later cardiovascular outcome is slower early growth; a concept supported by data from animal models, human observational studies and now experimental studies in human subjects; it is plausible that differences in early growth between groups in the Promotion of Breast-feeding Intervention Trial were insufficient to produce a detectable effect on these outcomes.

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Breast Milk Lipidome Is Associated with Early Growth Trajectory in Preterm Infants

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu10020164 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 164 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

Marie-Cécile Alexandre-Gouabau ◽

Thomas Moyon ◽

Véronique Cariou ◽

Jean-Philippe Antignac ◽

El Qannari ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Breast Milk ◽

Preterm Infants ◽

Early Growth ◽

Growth Trajectory

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Correction: Alexandre-Gouabau et al. “Comprehensive Preterm Breast Milk Metabotype Associated with Optimal Infant Early Growth Pattern”, Nutrients, 2019, 11, 528

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu12010162 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

pp. 162

Author(s):

Marie-Cécile Alexandre-Gouabau ◽

Thomas Moyon ◽

Agnès David-Sochard ◽

François Fenaille ◽

Sophie Cholet ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Breast Milk ◽

Growth Pattern ◽

Early Growth

The authors wish to make a correction to Section 2 [...]

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DO CYTOKINES IN BREAST MILK AFFECT EARLY GROWTH OUTCOMES IN GAMBIAN INFANTS?

10.26226/morressier.5ad774dfd462b80296ca6b6b ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Anja Saso

Keyword(s):

Breast Milk ◽

Early Growth ◽

Growth Outcomes

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Breast Milk Lipidome Is Associated with Early Growth Trajectory in Preterm Infants

10.20944/preprints201712.0068.v1 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Marie-Cécile Alexandre-Gouabau ◽

Thomas Moyon ◽

Véronique Cariou ◽

Jean-Philippe Antignac ◽

El Mostafa Qannari ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Growth Rate ◽

Breast Milk ◽

Preterm Infants ◽

High Resolution Mass Spectrometry ◽

Early Growth ◽

Milk Lipid ◽

Initial Growth ◽

Z Score ◽

Very Preterm Infants ◽

Lipid Species

Human milk is recommended for feeding preterm infant. Yet the potential impact of specific breast-milk lipid components on the initial growth rate of very-preterm infants has received scant attention. The current pilot study aims to determine whether breast-milk lipidome had any impact on the early growth pattern of preterm infants fed their own mother’s milk. A prospective monocentric observational birth cohort was established, enrolling 147 preterm infants, who received their own mother’s breast-milk throughout hospital stay. Among that cohort, infants who experienced slow (n=15) or fast (n=11) growth were selected, based on the change in their weight Z-score between birth and hospital discharge (-1.54± 0.42 and -0.48± 0.19 Z-score, respectively). Liquid chromatography-high resolution-mass spectrometry was used to obtain lipidomic signatures in breast-milk. Multivariate analyses made it possible to identify breast-milk lipid species that allowed clear-cut discrimination between the 2 infants’ groups. Validation of the selected biomarkers was performed by means of various multidimensional statistical techniques, false-discovery rate and ROC curve computation. Breast-milk associated with fast growth contained more medium chain-saturated fatty acid and -sphingomyelin, dihomo-γ-linolenic acid (DGLA)-containing phosphethanolamine, and less oleic acid-containing triglyceride and DGLA-oxylipin. Their predictive ability of preterm early-growth rate was validated in presence of confounding clinical factors. 

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Observations oh Nucleation and Growth of Voids in Nickel

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100069065 ◽

1970 ◽

Vol 28 ◽

pp. 414-415

Author(s):

J. L. Brimhall ◽

H. E. Kissinger ◽

B. Mastel

Keyword(s):

High Purity ◽

Growth Stage ◽

Elevated Temperatures ◽

Early Growth ◽

Nucleation And Growth ◽

Pure Nickel ◽

Different Temperatures ◽

Total Fluence ◽

Neutron Exposure ◽

Growth Of Voids

Some information on the size and density of voids that develop in several high purity metals and alloys during irradiation with neutrons at elevated temperatures has been reported as a function of irradiation parameters. An area of particular interest is the nucleation and early growth stage of voids. It is the purpose of this paper to describe the microstructure in high purity nickel after irradiation to a very low but constant neutron exposure at three different temperatures.Annealed specimens of 99-997% pure nickel in the form of foils 75μ thick were irradiated in a capsule to a total fluence of 2.2 × 1019 n/cm2 (E > 1.0 MeV). The capsule consisted of three temperature zones maintained by heaters and monitored by thermocouples at 350, 400, and 450°C, respectively. The temperature was automatically dropped to 60°C while the reactor was down.

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