scholarly journals Effect of Bacterial Vaginosis (BV)-HIV-1 Co-existence on Maternal and Infant Health: A Secondary Data Analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ngugi Mwenda ◽  
Ruth Nduati ◽  
Mathew Kosgey ◽  
Gregory Kerich
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Vaginosis ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Neonatal Morbidity ◽  
Original Data ◽  
Morbidity And Mortality ◽  
Bloody Stool ◽  
Maternal Condition ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Infant Morbidity ◽  
Hiv 1

Background: The lactobacillus-rich microbiome forms a defense system against infections. Babies are born sterile and acquire their microbiome from exposure to the mothers' vaginal and rectal microbiota. Bacterial vaginosis (BV), which is characterized by a deficit of the Lactobacilli genera, may predispose women and their babies to an increased frequency of illness.Objective: To determine the effect of BV on HIV-infected women's post-delivery health as well as the morbidity and mortality of the exposed infant at birth, 6 months, and at 12 months of life.Study Design: A retrospective cohort study was conducted using previously collected data to investigate whether there was an association between BV-HIV-1 infected mothers and subsequent infant morbidity and mortality over a 12-month period.Methods: Data for this analysis were extracted from the original data set. Women were categorized into two groups according to whether they had a positive or negative laboratory-based diagnosis of BV using the Nugent method. The two groups were compared for socio-demographic characteristics, prior to the pregnancy experience in their current pregnancy outcome and at post-delivery morbidity, and for the duration of hospital stay. BV-exposed and unexposed infants were compared in terms of morbidity and mortality at birth, and in the periods between birth and 6 months, and between 6 and 12 months, respectively, based on prospectively collected data of the mother's past and present illness, and clinical examination at scheduled and unscheduled visits during the follow-up period of the original study. The generalized estimating equation (GEE) was used to analyze the longitudinally collected data. We used the Kaplan-Meier (KM) method to generate the cumulative hazard curve and compared the mortality in the first year of life between the two groups.Results: In total, 365 patients were included in the study. Exposure to BV was associated with an adverse maternal condition (Relative Risk [RR], 2.45; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.04–5.81, P = 0.04) and maternal hospital admission (RR, 1.99; 95% CI, 1.14–3.48, P = 0.02) but was not linked to any neonatal morbidity at birth. There was a higher frequency of gastro-intestinal morbidity among BV-exposed infants. At 6 months, infants of BV-exposed mothers had higher odds of bloody stool (Odds Ratio [OR], 3.08; 95% CI, 1.11–10.00, P = 0.04), dehydration (OR, 2.94; 95% CI, 1.44–6.37, P = 0.01), vomiting (OR, 1.64; 95% CI, 1.06–2.56, P = 0.03), and mouth ulcers (OR, 12.8; 95% CI, 2.27–241.21, P = 0.02). At 12 months, exposure to BV was associated with dehydration (OR, 1.81; 95% CI, 1.05–3.19, P = 0.03) and vomiting (OR, 1.39; 95% CI, 1.01–1.92, P = 0.04). KM survival analysis showed non-significant higher trends of deaths among BV-exposed infants (P = 0.65).Conclusion: This study demonstrates differences in maternal and infant morbidity outcomes associated with exposure to BV. Further research is required to determine whether treatment for maternal BV mitigates maternal and infant morbidity.

scholarly journals Morbidities and mortality among infants of HIV-1-infected mothers with bacterial vaginosis in Kenya

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ngugi Mwenda ◽  
Ruth Nduati ◽  
Mathew Kosgey ◽  
Gregory Kerich
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Vaginosis ◽  
Hospital Admissions ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Neonatal Morbidity ◽  
Estimating Equation ◽  
Morbidity And Mortality ◽  
Bloody Stool ◽  
Maternal Condition ◽  
Cumulative Hazard ◽  
Hazard Curve

Abstract Background: This study aimed to assess the effects of maternal bacterial vaginosis (BV) on the morbidity and mortality of HIV-exposed infants of women enrolled in a randomized controlled trial (pre-dating antiretroviral therapy) at birth, 6 months, and 12 months. Methods: Four hundred and twenty-five HIV-positive pregnant women were enrolled in this trial and were categorized as exposed if they had a laboratory-based diagnosis of BV (Nugent method). We compared the morbidity and mortality of infants of the mothers at birth, 6 months, and 12 months. We assessed morbidities from the mother’s history and clinical examination during scheduled and non-scheduled visits. The data that were collected longitudinally were then analyzed via multiple logistic regression with the generalized estimating equation. An independent correlation structure was assumed to evaluate the specific morbidity risks to infants associated with exposure to BV. We used the Kaplan–Meier method to generate the cumulative hazard curve, to determine mortalities at different stages between the two groups. Overall, only data for 328 infants were complete and used in the analysis.Results: Data were available for 159 and 171 BV exposed and non-exposed mothers, respectively. Exposure to BV was not associated with any neonatal morbidity at birth, but was associated with adverse maternal condition (unadjusted odds ratio [OR], 2.93; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.19–7.20, P=0.02) and maternal hospital admissions (unadjusted OR, 1.95; 95% CI, 1.08–3.51, P=0.02). At 6 months, infants of BV exposed mothers had higher odds of bloody stool (adjusted OR, 3.08; 95% CI, 1.11–10.00, P=0.04), dehydration (adjusted OR, 2.94; 95% CI, 1.44–6.37, P=0.01), vomiting (adjusted OR, 1.64; 95% CI, 1.06–2.56, P=0.03), and mouth ulcers (adjusted OR, 12.8; 95% CI, 2.27–241.21, P=0.02). At 12 months, exposure to BV was associated with dehydration (adjusted OR, 1.81; 95% CI, 1.05–3.19, P=0.03) and vomiting (adjusted OR, 1.39; 95% CI, 1.01–1.92, P=0.04). Kaplan­–Meier survival analysis showed no association of BV with infant mortality (P=0.65); however, the cumulative hazard curve showed a higher trend toward deaths among BV exposed infants.Conclusion: Our findings demonstrate that BV is a good predictor of maternal and infant morbidities. Infants of both HIV and BV exposed mothers can manifest these symptoms at any stage within a year of growth. Adverse maternal condition and hospitalization of mothers after birth could indicate exposure to BV. Bloody stool, dehydration, vomiting, and mouth ulcers could indicate exposure to BV among infants.

Rotational Characteristics of the Green Solar Corona: 1947-1991

1994 ◽  
Vol 144 ◽  
pp. 139-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Rybák ◽  
V. Rušin ◽  
M. Rybanský
Keyword(s):  
Solar Corona ◽  
World Wide ◽  
Rotation Period ◽  
Original Data ◽  
Coronal Emission ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Data Set ◽  
The World ◽  
Coronal Emission Line ◽  
Homogeneous Data

AbstractFe XIV 530.3 nm coronal emission line observations have been used for the estimation of the green solar corona rotation. A homogeneous data set, created from measurements of the world-wide coronagraphic network, has been examined with a help of correlation analysis to reveal the averaged synodic rotation period as a function of latitude and time over the epoch from 1947 to 1991.The values of the synodic rotation period obtained for this epoch for the whole range of latitudes and a latitude band ±30° are 27.52±0.12 days and 26.95±0.21 days, resp. A differential rotation of green solar corona, with local period maxima around ±60° and minimum of the rotation period at the equator, was confirmed. No clear cyclic variation of the rotation has been found for examinated epoch but some monotonic trends for some time intervals are presented.A detailed investigation of the original data and their correlation functions has shown that an existence of sufficiently reliable tracers is not evident for the whole set of examinated data. This should be taken into account in future more precise estimations of the green corona rotation period.

Electing the Senate

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wendy J. Schiller ◽  
Charles Stewart III
Keyword(s):  
Original Data ◽  
State Legislators ◽  
Internal Conflict ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Senate Elections ◽  
Political Actors ◽  
The Public ◽  
Seventeenth Amendment ◽  
The People ◽  
Election Process

From 1789 to 1913, U.S. senators were not directly elected by the people—instead the Constitution mandated that they be chosen by state legislators. This radically changed in 1913, when the Seventeenth Amendment to the Constitution was ratified, giving the public a direct vote. This book investigates the electoral connections among constituents, state legislators, political parties, and U.S. senators during the age of indirect elections. The book finds that even though parties controlled the partisan affiliation of the winning candidate for Senate, they had much less control over the universe of candidates who competed for votes in Senate elections and the parties did not always succeed in resolving internal conflict among their rank and file. Party politics, money, and personal ambition dominated the election process, in a system originally designed to insulate the Senate from public pressure. The book uses an original data set of all the roll call votes cast by state legislators for U.S. senators from 1871 to 1913 and all state legislators who served during this time. Newspaper and biographical accounts uncover vivid stories of the political maneuvering, corruption, and partisanship—played out by elite political actors, from elected officials, to party machine bosses, to wealthy business owners—that dominated the indirect Senate elections process. The book raises important questions about the effectiveness of Constitutional reforms, such as the Seventeenth Amendment, that promised to produce a more responsive and accountable government.

Pengaruh Reputasi Underwriter, Umur Perusahaan, dan Persentase Penawaran Saham 53 kepada Publik terhadap Underpricing

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-74
Author(s):  
Maria Jeanne ◽  
Chermian Eforis
Keyword(s):  
Initial Public Offering ◽  
Stock Price ◽  
Stock Exchange ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Secondary Market ◽  
Financial Statement ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Multiple Regression Method ◽  
Underwriter Reputation ◽  
Public Offering

The objective of this research is to obtain empirical evidence about the effect of underwriter reputation, company age, and the percentage of share’s offering to public toward underpricing. Underpricing is a phenomenon in which the current stock price initial public offering (IPO) was lower than the closing price of shares in the secondary market during the first day. Sample in this research was selected by using purposive sampling method and the secondary data used in this research was analyzed by using multiple regression method. The samples in this research were 72 companies conducting initial public offering (IPO) at the Indonesian Stock Exchange in the period January 2010 - December 2014; perform initial offering of shares; suffered underpricing; has a complete data set forth in the company's prospectus, IDX monthly statistics, financial statement and stock price site (e-bursa); and use Rupiah currency. Results of this research were (1) underwriter reputation significantly effect on underpricing; (2) company age do not effect on underpricing; and (3) the percentage of share’s offering to public do not effect on undepricing. Keywords: company age, the percentage of share’s offering to public, underpricing, underwriter reputation.

Immiserizing Growth

2019 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Political Economy ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Household Survey ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Poverty Measures ◽  
Entry Points ◽  
Country Analysis ◽  
Cross Country

Immiserizing Growth occurs when growth fails to benefit, or harms, those at the bottom. It is not a new concept, appearing such figures as Malthus, Ricardo and Marx. It is also not empirically insignificant, occurring in between 10% and 35% of cases, depending on the data set and the growth and poverty measures used. In spite of this, it has not received its due attention in the academic literature, dominated by the prevailing narrative that ‘growth is good for the poor’. The chapters in this volume aim to arrive at a better understanding of when, why and how growth fails the poor. They combine discussion of mechanisms of Immiserizing Growth with empirical data on trends in growth, poverty and related welfare indicators. In terms of mechanisms, politics and political economy are chosen as useful entry points to explain IG episodes. The disciplinary focus is diverse, drawing on economics, political economy, applied social anthropology, and development studies. A number of methodological approaches are represented including statistical analysis of household survey and cross-country data, detailed ethnographic work and case study analysis drawing on secondary data. Geographical coverage is wide including Bolivia, the Dominican Republic, Ecuador, India, Indonesia, Mexico, Nigeria, the People’s Republic of China, Singapore, and South Korea, in addition to cross-country analysis. As the first book-length treatment of Immiserizing Growth in the literature, we believe that this volume constitutes an important step in redirecting attention to this issue.

scholarly journals Vulnerable Older Adults in Disasters: Effects of Hurricane Irma on Nursing Homes and Assisted Living

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 733-734
Author(s):  
Lindsay Peterson ◽  
David Dosa ◽  
Patricia D’Antonio
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Assisted Living ◽  
Gulf Coast ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Morbidity And Mortality ◽  
Term Care ◽  
The Face ◽  
Qualitative Methodologies ◽  
Hurricane Irma

Abstract Preparedness of residents in long-term care (LTC) in the face of hurricane emergencies is a contested and largely unanswered question. Our prior work involving the U.S. Gulf Coast hurricanes of 2005-08 showed that exposure to various storms on nursing home (NH) residents resulted in significantly more deaths than reported by health care officials. This work also highlighted that evacuation of NH residents, compared to sheltering in place, was independently associated with morbidity and mortality. Hurricane Irma struck Florida on Sept. 10, 2017, prompting the evacuation of thousands of NH and assisted living community (ALC) residents. This symposium will discuss the effects of Hurricane Irma on vulnerable older adults residing in NHs and ALCs using mixed quantitative and qualitative methodologies. The first presentation will discuss morbidity and mortality of NH residents exposed to Hurricane Irma and will stratify by long stay/short stay status and hospice enrollment. The second presentation will discuss improvements and continued barriers to NH preparedness based on interviews with 30 administrators following Hurricane Irma. Using a novel methodology to identify residents of ALCs using secondary data sources, the third presentation will document AL resident morbidity and mortality risk following Hurricane Irma. The final presentation will highlight results of interviews with 70 stakeholders from small and large ALCs concerning the hurricane experiences of residents, including those with dementia. This symposium offers a multi-faceted view of a disaster’s effects on LTC residents across Florida, including novel data from the NH environment and lesser-examined ALCs.

Styles of Representation in Constituencies in the Homeland and Abroad: The Case of Italy

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eva Østergaard-Nielsen ◽  
Stefano Camatarri
Keyword(s):  
Original Data ◽  
Role Orientation ◽  
International Mobility ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Democratic Representation ◽  
Public Debates ◽  
At Home

Abstract The role orientation of political representatives and candidates is a longstanding concern in studies of democratic representation. The growing trend in countries to allow citizens abroad to candidate in homeland elections from afar provides an interesting opportunity for understanding how international mobility and context influences ideas of representation among these emigrant candidates. In public debates, emigrant candidates are often portrayed as delegates of the emigrant constituencies. However, drawing on the paradigmatic case of Italy and an original data set comprising emigrant candidates, we show that the perceptions of styles of representation abroad are more complex. Systemic differences between electoral districts at home and abroad are relevant for explaining why and how candidates develop a trustee or delegate orientation.

Do the Heterogeneous Determinants of Repayment Affect Differently across Borrowers of Diverse Credit Sources in Rural Assam? A Double Hurdle Approach

2021 ◽  
pp. 245513332110316
Author(s):  
Tiken Das ◽  
Pradyut Guha ◽  
Diganta Das
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Probit Model ◽  
Original Data ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Brahmaputra Valley ◽  
Double Hurdle ◽  
Instrumental Variable Probit ◽  
Instrumental Variable Probit Model

This study made an attempt to answer the question: Do the heterogeneous determinants of repayment affect the borrowers of diverse credit sources differently? The study is based on data collected from 240 households from three districts in the lower Brahmaputra valley of Assam through a carefully designed primary survey. Besides, the study uses the double hurdle approach and the instrumental variable probit model to reduce possible selection bias. It observes better repayment performance among formal borrowers, followed by semiformal borrowers, while occupation wise it is prominent among organised employees. It has been found that in general, the household characteristics, loan characteristics and location-specific characteristics significantly affect repayment performance of borrowers. However, the nature of impact of the factors influencing repayment performance is remarkably different across credit sources. It ignores the role of traditional community-based organisations in rural Assam while analysing the determinants of repayment performance. The study also recommends for ensuring productive opportunities and efficient market linkages in rural areas of Assam. The study is based on an original data set that has specially been collected to examine question that—do the heterogeneous determinants of repayment affect the borrowers of diverse credit sources differently in the lower Brahmaputra valley of Assam—which has not been studied before.

scholarly journals Racial and Economic Neighborhood Segregation, Site of Delivery, and Very Preterm Neonatal Morbidity and Mortality

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Teresa Janevic ◽  
Jennifer Zeitlin ◽  
Natalia N. Egorova ◽  
Paul Hebert ◽  
Amy Balbierz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neonatal Morbidity ◽  
Morbidity And Mortality ◽  
Very Preterm ◽  
Neighborhood Segregation
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