scholarly journals Ramulus Mori (Sangzhi) Alkaloids (SZ-A) Ameliorate Glucose Metabolism Accompanied by the Modulation of Gut Microbiota and Ileal Inflammatory Damage in Type 2 Diabetic KKAy Mice

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Quan Liu ◽  
Shuainan Liu ◽  
Hui Cao ◽  
Wenming Ji ◽  
Caina Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Metabolism ◽  
Glucose Metabolism ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Insulin Response ◽  
Mucosal Barrier ◽  
Inflammatory Damage ◽  
Kkay Mice ◽  
Mucosal Barrier Function

The novel Traditional Chinese Medicine Ramulus Mori (Sangzhi) alkaloid tablets (SZ-A) are approved by The China National Medical Products Administration for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). However, the extensive pharmacological characteristics and the underlying mechanism are unknown. This study investigated the mechanisms by which SZ-A ameliorates glucose metabolism in KKAy mice, an animal model of T2DM. Diabetic KKAy mice were treated intragastrically with SZ-A once daily for 8 weeks, after which glucose levels, lipid metabolism, gut microbiome, systemic inflammatory factors, luminal concentrations of short-chain fatty acids (fecal samples), and ileal proteomic changes were evaluated. The ileum tissues were collected, and the effects of SZ-A on pathological inflammatory damage were evaluated by hematoxylin and eosin staining, immunofluorescence, and immunohistochemistry. The mRNA and protein expression levels of various inflammatory markers, including monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and phosphorylated nuclear factor kappa B p65, were detected in the ileum tissues. SZ-A improved glucose metabolism with enhanced insulin response and elevated glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) nearly 2.7-fold during the glucose tolerance test in diabetic KKAy mice. Gut microbiota analysis demonstrated that SZ-A administration elevated the abundance of Bacteroidaceae and Verrucomicrobia, reduced the levels of Rikenellaceae and Desulfovibrionaceae; and increased the concentrations of fecal acetic and propionic acids compared to the diabetic model group. Additionally, SZ-A markedly improved ileal inflammatory injury and pro-inflammatory macrophage infiltration and improved intestinal mucosal barrier function in diabetic KKAy mice. SZ-A also attenuated the levels of circulating endotoxin, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and chemokines in the mice sera. Collectively, SZ-A ameliorated the overall metabolic profile including glucose and lipid metabolism in KKAy mice, which may be associated with an improvement in GLP-1 and insulin secretion, at least in part by modulating the gut microbiome and relieving the degree of ileal and systemic inflammation.

A Novel Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ramulus Mori (Sangzhi) Alkaloids Ameliorate Glucose Metabolism Accompanied by the Modulation of Gut Microbiota and Ileal Inflammatory Damage in Type 2 Diabetic KKAy Mice

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Quan Liu ◽  
Shuainan Liu ◽  
Hui Cao ◽  
Wenming Ji ◽  
Caina Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Metabolism ◽  
Chinese Medicine ◽  
Glucose Metabolism ◽  
Traditional Chinese Medicine ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Inflammatory Damage ◽  
Kkay Mice ◽  
Mucosal Barrier Function

Abstract Background: The novel Traditional Chinese Medicine Ramulus Mori (Sangzhi) alkaloid tablets (SZ-A) are approved by The China National Medical Products Administration for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). However, the extensive pharmacological characteristics and the underlying mechanism are unknown. This study investigated the mechanisms by which SZ-A ameliorates glucose metabolism in KKAy mice, an animal model of T2DM.Methods: Diabetic KKAy mice were treated intragastrically with SZ-A once daily for 8 weeks, after which glucose levels, lipid metabolism, gut microbiome, systemic inflammatory factors, luminal concentrations of short-chain fatty acids (fecal samples), and ileal proteomic changes were evaluated. The ileum tissues were collected, and the effects of SZ-A on pathological inflammatory damage were evaluated by hematoxylin and eosin staining, immunofluorescence, and immunohistochemistry. The mRNA and protein expression levels of various inflammatory markers, including monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and phosphorylated nuclear factor kappa B p65, were detected in the ileum tissues. Results: SZ-A improved glucose metabolism with enhanced insulin response and elevated glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) during the glucose tolerance test in diabetic KKAy mice. Gut microbiota analysis demonstrated that SZ-A administration elevated the abundance of Bacteroidaceae and Verrucomicrobia, reduced the levels of Rikenellaceae and Desulfovibrionaceae; and increased the concentrations of fecal acetic and propionic acids compared to the diabetic model group. Additionally, SZ-A markedly improved ileal inflammatory injury and pro-inflammatory macrophage infiltration and improved intestinal mucosal barrier function in diabetic KKAy mice. SZ-A also attenuated the levels of circulating endotoxin, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and chemokines in the mice sera.Conclusions: SZ-A ameliorated the overall metabolic profile including glucose and lipid metabolism in KKAy mice, which may be associated with an improvement in GLP-1 and insulin secretion, at least in part by modulating the gut microbiome and relieving the degree of ileal and systemic inflammation.

scholarly journals The Relationship between the Gut Microbiome and Metformin as a Key for Treating Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (7) ◽  
pp. 3566
Author(s):  
Chae Bin Lee ◽  
Soon Uk Chae ◽  
Seong Jun Jo ◽  
Ui Min Jerng ◽  
Soo Kyung Bae
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Glucose Metabolism ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Metabolic Disorders ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Potential Target ◽  
The Relationship

Metformin is the first-line pharmacotherapy for treating type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM); however, its mechanism of modulating glucose metabolism is elusive. Recent advances have identified the gut as a potential target of metformin. As patients with metabolic disorders exhibit dysbiosis, the gut microbiome has garnered interest as a potential target for metabolic disease. Henceforth, studies have focused on unraveling the relationship of metabolic disorders with the human gut microbiome. According to various metagenome studies, gut dysbiosis is evident in T2DM patients. Besides this, alterations in the gut microbiome were also observed in the metformin-treated T2DM patients compared to the non-treated T2DM patients. Thus, several studies on rodents have suggested potential mechanisms interacting with the gut microbiome, including regulation of glucose metabolism, an increase in short-chain fatty acids, strengthening intestinal permeability against lipopolysaccharides, modulating the immune response, and interaction with bile acids. Furthermore, human studies have demonstrated evidence substantiating the hypotheses based on rodent studies. This review discusses the current knowledge of how metformin modulates T2DM with respect to the gut microbiome and discusses the prospect of harnessing this mechanism in treating T2DM.

An alcohol-free beer enriched with isomaltulose and a resistant dextrin modulates gut microbiome in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus and overweight or obesity: a pilot study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rocío Mateo-Gallego ◽  
Isabel Moreno-Indias ◽  
Ana M. Bea ◽  
Lidia Sánchez-Alcoholado ◽  
Antonio J. Fumanal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Pilot Study ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Low Doses ◽  
Resistant Dextrin ◽  
Overweight Or Obesity

An alcohol-free beer including the substitution of regular carbohydrates for low doses of isomaltulose and maltodextrin within meals significantly impacts gut microbiota in diabetic subjects with overweight or obesity.

scholarly journals An objective in vivo diagnostic method for inflammatory bowel disease

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 180107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sophie C. Payne ◽  
Robert K. Shepherd ◽  
Alicia Sedo ◽  
James B. Fallon ◽  
John B. Furness
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Bowel Disease ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Bowel Disease ◽  
Experimental Models ◽  
Mucosal Barrier ◽  
Trinitrobenzene Sulfonic Acid ◽  
Inflammatory Damage ◽  
Mucosal Barrier Function ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel

Inflammatory damage to the bowel, as occurs in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), is debilitating to patients. In both patients and animal experimental models, histological analyses of biopsies and endoscopic examinations are used to evaluate the disease state. However, such measurements often have delays and are invasive, while endoscopy is not quantitatively objective. Therefore, a real-time quantitative method to assess compromised mucosal barrier function is advantageous. We investigated the correlation of in vivo changes in electrical transmural impedance with histological measures of inflammation. Four platinum (Pt) ball electrodes were placed in the lumen of the rat small intestine, with a return electrode under the skin. Electrodes placed within the non-inflamed intestine generated stable impedances during the 3 h testing period. Following an intraluminal injection of 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS), an established animal model of IBD, impedances in the inflamed region significantly decreased relative to a region not exposed to TNBS ( p  < 0.05). Changes in intestinal transmural impedance were correlated ( p  < 0.05) with histologically assessed damage to the mucosa and increases in neutrophil, eosinophil and T-cell populations at 3 h compared with tissue from control regions. This quantitative, real-time assay may have application in the diagnosis and clinical management of IBD.

Lactobacillus acidophilus alleviates type 2 diabetes by regulating hepatic glucose, lipid metabolism and gut microbiota in mice

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 5804-5815 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fenfen Yan ◽  
Na Li ◽  
Jialu Shi ◽  
Huizhen Li ◽  
Yingxue Yue ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Lipid Metabolism ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Lactobacillus Acidophilus ◽  
High Fat Diet ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Glucose And Lipid Metabolism ◽  
Hepatic Glucose

Lactobacillus acidophilus alleviates type 2 diabetes induced by a high fat diet and streptozotocin (STZ) injection by regulating gut microbiota, hepatic glucose and lipid metabolism in mice.

scholarly journals Modulation of the gut microbiome: a systematic review of the effect of bariatric surgery

2018 ◽  
Vol 178 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yan Guo ◽  
Zhi-Ping Huang ◽  
Chao-Qian Liu ◽  
Lin Qi ◽  
Yuan Sheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Bariatric Surgery ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Strong Evidence ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Animal Experiments ◽  
Human Metabolism ◽  
Microbial Groups ◽  
Host Metabolism

Objective Bariatric surgery is recommended for patients with obesity and type 2 diabetes. Recent evidence suggested a strong connection between gut microbiota and bariatric surgery. Design Systematic review. Methods The PubMed and OVID EMBASE were used, and articles concerning bariatric surgery and gut microbiota were screened. The main outcome measures were alterations of gut microbiota after bariatric surgery and correlations between gut microbiota and host metabolism. We applied the system of evidence level to evaluate the alteration of microbiota. Modulation of short-chain fatty acid and gut genetic content was also investigated. Results Totally 12 animal experiments and 9 clinical studies were included. Based on strong evidence, 4 phyla (Bacteroidetes, Fusobacteria, Verrucomicrobia and Proteobacteria) increased after surgery; within the phylum Firmicutes, Lactobacillales and Enterococcus increased; and within the phylum Proteobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria, Enterobacteriales Enterobacteriaceae and several genera and species increased. Decreased microbial groups were Firmicutes, Clostridiales, Clostridiaceae, Blautia and Dorea. However, the change in microbial diversity is still under debate. Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Lactobacillus and Coprococcus comes are implicated in many of the outcomes, including body composition and glucose homeostasis. Conclusions There is strong evidence to support a considerable alteration of the gut microbiome after bariatric surgery. Deeper investigations are required to confirm the mechanisms that link the gut microbiome and metabolic alterations in human metabolism.

scholarly journals Slimy partners: the mucus barrier and gut microbiome in ulcerative colitis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jian Fang ◽  
Hui Wang ◽  
Yuping Zhou ◽  
Hui Zhang ◽  
Huiting Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ulcerative Colitis ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Onset Age ◽  
Intestinal Microbes ◽  
Inflammatory Damage ◽  
Bidirectional Communication ◽  
High Incidence ◽  
Mucus Barrier ◽  
Intestinal Inflammatory Disease

AbstractUlcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic recurrent intestinal inflammatory disease characterized by high incidence and young onset age. Recently, there have been some interesting findings in the pathogenesis of UC. The mucus barrier, which is composed of a mucin complex rich in O-glycosylation, not only provides nutrients and habitat for intestinal microbes but also orchestrates the taming of germs. In turn, the gut microbiota modulates the production and secretion of mucins and stratification of the mucus layers. Active bidirectional communication between the microbiota and its ‘slimy’ partner, the mucus barrier, seems to be a continually performed concerto, maintaining homeostasis of the gut ecological microenvironment. Any abnormalities may induce a disorder in the gut community, thereby causing inflammatory damage. Our review mainly focuses on the complicated communication between the mucus barrier and gut microbiome to explore a promising new avenue for UC therapy.

scholarly journals Modulation of gut microbiota dysbioses in type 2 diabetic patients by macrobiotic Ma-Pi 2 diet

2016 ◽  
Vol 116 (1) ◽  
pp. 80-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Candela ◽  
Elena Biagi ◽  
Matteo Soverini ◽  
Clarissa Consolandi ◽  
Sara Quercia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Metabolic Control ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Open Label ◽  
Type 2 Diabetic Patients ◽  
Before And After

AbstractThe gut microbiota exerts a role in type 2 diabetes (T2D), and deviations from a mutualistic ecosystem layout are considered a key environmental factor contributing to the disease. Thus, the possibility of improving metabolic control in T2D by correcting gut microbiome dysbioses through diet has been evaluated. Here, we explore the potential of two different energy-restricted dietary approaches – the fibre-rich macrobiotic Ma-Pi 2 diet or a control diet recommended by Italian professional societies for T2D treatment – to correct gut microbiota dysbioses in T2D patients. In a previous 21-d open-label MADIAB trial, fifty-six overweight T2D patients were randomised to the Ma-Pi 2 or the control diet. For the present study, stools were collected before and after intervention from a subset of forty MADIAB participants, allowing us to characterise the gut microbiota by 16S rRNA sequencing and imputed metagenomics. To highlight microbiota dysbioses in T2D, the gut microbiota of thirteen normal-weight healthy controls were characterised. According to our findings, both diets were effective in modulating gut microbiome dysbioses in T2D, resulting in an increase of the ecosystem diversity and supporting the recovery of a balanced community of health-promoting SCFA producers, such asFaecalibacterium,Roseburia,Lachnospira,BacteroidesandAkkermansia. The Ma-Pi 2 diet, but not the control diet, was also effective in counteracting the increase of possible pro-inflammatory groups, such asCollinsellaandStreptococcus, in the gut ecosystem, showing the potential to reverse pro-inflammatory dysbioses in T2D, and possibly explaining the greater efficacy in improving the metabolic control.

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