AtPGL3 is an Arabidopsis BURP domain protein that is localized to the cell wall and promotes cell enlargement

Cell enlargement is essential for the microinjection of various substances into bacterial cells. The cell wall (peptidoglycan) inhibits cell enlargement. Thus, bacterial protoplasts/spheroplasts are used for enlargement because they lack cell wall. Though bacterial species that are capable of gene manipulation are limited, procedure for bacterial cell enlargement does not involve any gene manipulation technique. In order to prevent cell wall resynthesis during enlargement of protoplasts/spheroplasts, incubation media are supplemented with inhibitors of peptidoglycan biosynthesis such as penicillin. Moreover, metal ion composition in the incubation medium affects the properties of the plasma membrane. Therefore, in order to generate enlarged cells that are suitable for microinjection, metal ion composition in the medium should be considered. Experiment of bacterial protoplast or spheroplast enlargement is useful for studies on bacterial plasma membrane biosynthesis. In this paper, we have summarized the factors that influence bacterial cell enlargement.

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The Dynamics of the Cell Wall Proteome of Developing Alfalfa Stems

Biology ◽

10.3390/biology8030060 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 (3) ◽

pp. 60 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Sergeant ◽

Printz ◽

Guerriero ◽

Renaut ◽

Lutts ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cell Wall ◽

Apical Region ◽

Stem Segment ◽

Burp Domain ◽

Composition And Structure ◽

Striking Change ◽

Stem Development ◽

Cell Wall Proteome ◽

Beta Galactosidase

In this study, the cell-wall-enriched subproteomes at three different heights of alfalfa stems were compared. Since these three heights correspond to different states in stem development, a view on the dynamics of the cell wall proteome during cell maturation is obtained. This study of cell wall protein-enriched fractions forms the basis for a description of the development process of the cell wall and the linking cell wall localized proteins with the evolution of cell wall composition and structure. The sequential extraction of cell wall proteins with CaCl2, EGTA, and LiCl-complemented buffers was combined with a gel-based proteome approach and multivariate analysis. Although the highest similarities were observed between the apical and intermediate stem regions, the proteome patterns are characteristic for each region. Proteins that bind carbohydrates and have proteolytic activity, as well as enzymes involved in glycan remobilization, accumulate in the basal stem region. Beta-amylase and ferritin likewise accumulate more in the basal stem segment. Therefore, remobilization of nutrients appears to be an important process in the oldest stem segment. The intermediate and apical regions are sites of cell wall polymer remodeling, as suggested by the high abundance of proteins involved in the remodeling of the cell wall, such as xyloglucan endoglucosylase, beta-galactosidase, or the BURP-domain containing polygalacturonase non-catalytic subunit. However, the most striking change between the different stem parts is the strong accumulation of a DUF642-conserved domain containing protein in the apical region of the stem, which suggests a particular role of this protein during the early development of stem tissues.

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Macromolecules released into the culture medium during the vegetative cell cycle of the unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardii

Biochemical Journal ◽

10.1042/bj2260259 ◽

1985 ◽

Vol 226 (1) ◽

pp. 259-268 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

J Voigt

Keyword(s):

Cell Cycle ◽

Cell Wall ◽

Cell Growth ◽

Mother Cell ◽

Culture Medium ◽

Cell Enlargement ◽

Chlamydomonas Reinhardii ◽

Time Period ◽

Protein Components ◽

Mother Cell Wall

The culture medium of growing Chlamydomonas reinhardii cells contains hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins, which are mainly liberated during release of the zoospores from the mother-cell wall. Pulse-labelling studies with [3H]proline and [35S]methionine have been performed in order to detect the protein components released by synchronously growing cells at different stages of the cell cycle. When either [3H]proline or [35S]methionine were applied during the phase of cell growth, radioactive label appeared in the released macromolecules after a lag period of 40 min, whereas incorporation into the insoluble part of the cell wall was delayed only by 20 min. When applied at the end of the growth phase, e.g. 13 h after beginning of the illumination period, the radioactive amino acids were incorporated into the cell wall, but radioactive labelling of macromolecules released into the culture medium could not be detected before the zoospores were liberated from the mother-cell wall. Maximal incorporation of [3H]proline and [35S]methionine into the insoluble part of the cell wall was observed during cell division, but essentially no radioactively-labelled macromolecules were released into the culture medium during this time period. Analysis of the macromolecules, which were liberated during cell enlargement, by sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis revealed distinct radioactive bands, which were differentially labelled with [3H]proline and [35S]methionine. Among the macromolecules released into the culture medium during cell growth, a component of an apparent Mr 35 000 was preferentially labelled with [3H]proline. This component was also detected after labelling with [35S]methionine, but components of an apparently higher Mr were more prominent after labelling with [35S]methionine. Macromolecules released during the cell-enlargement period of synchronously growing cultures in the presence of [3H]proline contained radioactively-labelled hydroxyproline in addition to proline. These results show that, during cell-wall growth, specific protein components are released into the culture medium and that at least one of these components contains large amounts of proline and hydroxyproline. At least some of these macromolecules seem to be constituents of the cell wall, because during pulse-chase experiments radioactively-labelled macromolecules appeared in the culture medium mainly during the time period when the specific radioactivity of the insoluble inner-cell-wall layer decreased.

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SCB1 , a BURP-domain protein gene, from developing soybean seed coats

Planta ◽

10.1007/s00425-002-0798-1 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 215 (4) ◽

pp. 523-532 ◽

Cited By ~ 29

Author(s):

Anthea Batchelor ◽

Kim Boutilier ◽

Shea Miller ◽

Jiro Hattori ◽

LuAnne Bowman ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Protein Gene ◽

Soybean Seed ◽

Burp Domain ◽

Domain Protein ◽

Seed Coats

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Photocontrol of extension growth: a biophysical approach

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B Biological Sciences ◽

10.1098/rstb.1983.0106 ◽

1983 ◽

Vol 303 (1116) ◽

pp. 453-465 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Keyword(s):

Cell Wall ◽

Hydraulic Conductivity ◽

Blue Light ◽

Stem Elongation ◽

Turgor Pressure ◽

Water Source ◽

Cell Enlargement ◽

Wall Properties ◽

Cell Wall Properties ◽

Cell Wall Expansion

The analysis of plant growth as a physical process is briefly reviewed. Growth requires the coordinated uptake of water and the irreversible expansion of the cell wall. Any agent that affects the growth rate must act on one or more of the parameters governing water absorption (e.g. the hydraulic conductivity or the difference in osmotic pressure of the cell contents and the water source) or cell wall expansion (e.g. wall extensibility or the yield threshold). When the hydraulic conductivity of the pathway for water transport is small enough to impede the rate of cell enlargement, a substantial gradient in water potential within the growing tissue will develop to sustain the absorption of water. In such a case, the analysis shows that turgor pressure is a key indicator for determining whether an agent acts predominantly on the osmotic properties of the tissue or on the cell wall properties. Furthermore, the dynamic response to a slight perturbation from steady-state conditions is shown to be a function of parameters for both the water relations and cell wall expansion of the tissue. Blue irradiation of etiolated seedlings causes a large inhibition of stem elongation with lag times as short as 30 s and half-times as short as 20 to 25 s. The biophysical mechanism of blue-light suppression of growth was studied in cucumber and sunflower seedlings by means of direct and indirect measurements of turgor pressure. The results indicate that ( a ) blue light suppresses growth by influencing the cell wall properties of the growing tissue, and ( b ) the hydraulic conductivity of the growing tissue is large enough for it not to limit the rate of cell enlargement.

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The Scw1 RNA-Binding Domain Protein Regulates Septation and Cell-Wall Structure in Fission Yeast

Genetics ◽

10.1093/genetics/162.1.45 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 162 (1) ◽

pp. 45-58 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Jim Karagiannis ◽

Rena Oulton ◽

Paul G Young

Keyword(s):

Cell Wall ◽

Fission Yeast ◽

Rna Binding ◽

Binding Domain ◽

Negative Regulator ◽

Wall Structure ◽

Cell Wall Degrading Enzymes ◽

Degrading Enzymes ◽

Domain Protein ◽

Rna Binding Domain

AbstractLoss of the nonessential RNA-binding domain protein, Scw1, increases resistance to cell-wall-degrading enzymes in fission yeast. Surprisingly, scw1 null mutations also suppress the lethality of mutations (cdc11-136, cdc7-24, cdc14-118, sid1-239, sid2-250, sid3-106, sid4-A1, and mob1-1) at all levels of the sid pathway. This pathway forms part of the septation initiation network (SIN), which regulates the onset of septum formation and ensures the proper coupling of mitosis to cytokinesis. In contrast, scw1- mutations do not suppress ts alleles of the rng genes, cdc12 or cdc15. These mutations also prevent the formation of a septum and in addition block assembly and/or function of the contractile acto-myosin ring. sid mutants exhibit a hyper-sensitivity to cell-wall-degrading enzymes that is suppressed by loss of Scw1. Furthermore, scw1--mediated rescue of sid mutants is abolished in the presence of calcofluor white, a compound that interferes with cell-wall synthesis. These data suggest that Scw1 acts in opposition to the SIN as a negative regulator of cell-wall/septum deposition. Unlike components of the SIN, Scw1 is predominantly a cytoplasmic protein and is not localized to the spindle pole body.

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Bacterial Cell Enlargement Requires Control of Cell Wall Stiffness Mediated by Peptidoglycan Hydrolases

mBio ◽

10.1128/mbio.00660-15 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 6 (4) ◽

Cited By ~ 43

Author(s):

Richard Wheeler ◽

Robert D. Turner ◽

Richard G. Bailey ◽

Bartłomiej Salamaga ◽

Stéphane Mesnage ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Cell Wall ◽

Fundamental Problem ◽

Biochemical Properties ◽

Major Advance ◽

Bacterial Cells ◽

Cell Enlargement ◽

Content Type ◽

Wall Stiffness ◽

Peptidoglycan Hydrolases

ABSTRACTMost bacterial cells are enclosed in a single macromolecule of the cell wall polymer, peptidoglycan, which is required for shape determination and maintenance of viability, while peptidoglycan biosynthesis is an important antibiotic target. It is hypothesized that cellular enlargement requires regional expansion of the cell wall through coordinated insertion and hydrolysis of peptidoglycan. Here, a group of (apparent glucosaminidase) peptidoglycan hydrolases are identified that are together required for cell enlargement and correct cellular morphology ofStaphylococcus aureus, demonstrating the overall importance of this enzyme activity. These are Atl, SagA, ScaH, and SagB. The major advance here is the explanation of the observed morphological defects in terms of the mechanical and biochemical properties of peptidoglycan. It was shown that cells lacking groups of these hydrolases have increased surface stiffness and, in the absence of SagB, substantially increased glycan chain length. This indicates that, beyond their established roles (for example in cell separation), some hydrolases enable cellular enlargement by making peptidoglycan easier to stretch, providing the first direct evidence demonstrating that cellular enlargement occurs via modulation of the mechanical properties of peptidoglycan.IMPORTANCEUnderstanding bacterial growth and division is a fundamental problem, and knowledge in this area underlies the treatment of many infectious diseases. Almost all bacteria are surrounded by a macromolecule of peptidoglycan that encloses the cell and maintains shape, and bacterial cells must increase the size of this molecule in order to enlarge themselves. This requires not only the insertion of new peptidoglycan monomers, a process targeted by antibiotics, including penicillin, but also breakage of existing bonds, a potentially hazardous activity for the cell. UsingStaphylococcus aureus, we have identified a set of enzymes that are critical for cellular enlargement. We show that these enzymes are required for normal growth and define the mechanism through which cellular enlargement is accomplished, i.e., by breaking bonds in the peptidoglycan, which reduces the stiffness of the cell wall, enabling it to stretch and expand, a process that is likely to be fundamental to many bacteria.

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Biosynthesis and Turnover of Cell Wall Glycoproteins during the Vegetative Cell Cycle of Chlamydomonas reinhardii

Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C ◽

10.1515/znc-1986-9-1015 ◽

1986 ◽

Vol 41 (9-10) ◽

pp. 885-896 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Jürgen Voigt

Keyword(s):

Cell Cycle ◽

Cell Wall ◽

Vegetative Cell ◽

Wall Material ◽

Cell Wall Material ◽

Cell Enlargement ◽

Chlamydomonas Reinhardii ◽

Soluble Cell ◽

Time Period ◽

Wall Components

Abstract Biosynthesis and turnover of the different cell wall components have been studied during the vegetative cell cycle of Chlamydomonas reinhardii by pulse-labelling with [3H]proline and [35S]methionine and by pulse-chase experiments. Two phases of biosynthesis of insoluble cell wall material could be distinguished: 1. de novo synthesis of the daughter cell walls during cytokinesis and 2. cell wall enlargement during cell growth. During the cell enlargement period, a turnover of the insoluble wall component was observed. The released fragments were found to be accumulated in the culture medium. The LiCl-soluble cell wall glycoproteins were found to be precursors of the insoluble cell wall layer. Biosynthesis of the LiCl-soluble cell wall glycoproteins was observed mainly during the time period between cytokinesis and the end of the following cell enlargement period. Labelling of all the cell wall components was found to be strongly reduced during the time period between the end of the growth phase and cytokinesis. During cytokinesis, labelling of the insoluble cell wall material preceded the incorporation of radioactive precursors into the LiCl-soluble wall fraction.

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Novel Cellulose-Binding-Domain Protein in Phytophthora Is Cell Wall Localized

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0023555 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 6 (8) ◽

pp. e23555 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Richard W. Jones ◽

Manuel Ospina-Giraldo

Keyword(s):

Cell Wall ◽

Binding Domain ◽

Cellulose Binding Domain ◽

Domain Protein ◽

Cellulose Binding

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