scholarly journals Arabidopsis Seedling Lethal 1 Interacting With Plastid-Encoded RNA Polymerase Complex Proteins Is Essential for Chloroplast Development

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deyuan Jiang ◽  
Renjie Tang ◽  
Yafei Shi ◽  
Xiangsheng Ke ◽  
Yetao Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Rna Polymerase ◽  
Chloroplast Development ◽  
Insertion Mutant ◽  
Chloroplast Gene Expression ◽  
Plant Chloroplast ◽  
Dna Insertion ◽  
Chloroplast Stroma ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

Mitochondrial transcription termination factors (mTERFs) are highly conserved proteins in metazoans. Plants have many more mTERF proteins than animals. The functions and the underlying mechanisms of plants’ mTERFs remain largely unknown. In plants, mTERF family proteins are present in both mitochondria and plastids and are involved in gene expression in these organelles through different mechanisms. In this study, we screened Arabidopsis mutants with pigment-defective phenotypes and isolated a T-DNA insertion mutant exhibiting seedling-lethal and albino phenotypes [seedling lethal 1 (sl1)]. The SL1 gene encodes an mTERF protein localized in the chloroplast stroma. The sl1 mutant showed severe defects in chloroplast development, photosystem assembly, and the accumulation of photosynthetic proteins. Furthermore, the transcript levels of some plastid-encoded proteins were significantly reduced in the mutant, suggesting that SL1/mTERF3 may function in the chloroplast gene expression. Indeed, SL1/mTERF3 interacted with PAP12/PTAC7, PAP5/PTAC12, and PAP7/PTAC14 in the subgroup of DNA/RNA metabolism in the plastid-encoded RNA polymerase (PEP) complex. Taken together, the characterization of the plant chloroplast mTERF protein, SL1/mTERF3, that associated with PEP complex proteins provided new insights into RNA transcription in the chloroplast.

scholarly journals Plastid-Localized EMB2726 Is Involved in Chloroplast Biogenesis and Early Embryo Development in Arabidopsis

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chuanling Li ◽  
Jian-Xiu Shang ◽  
Chenlei Qiu ◽  
Baowen Zhang ◽  
Jinxue Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chloroplast Development ◽  
Developmental Process ◽  
Higher Plants ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Elongation Factor ◽  
Early Embryo ◽  
The Body ◽  
Insertion Mutant ◽  
Cell Stage ◽  
Dna Insertion

Embryogenesis is a critical developmental process that establishes the body organization of higher plants. During this process, the biogenesis of chloroplasts from proplastids is essential. A failure in chloroplast development during embryogenesis can cause morphologically abnormal embryos or embryonic lethality. In this study, we isolated a T-DNA insertion mutant of the Arabidopsis gene EMBRYO DEFECTIVE 2726 (EMB2726). Heterozygous emb2726 seedlings produced about 25% albino seeds with embryos that displayed defects at the 32-cell stage and that arrested development at the late globular stage. EMB2726 protein was localized in chloroplasts and was expressed at all stages of development, such as embryogenesis. Moreover, the two translation elongation factor Ts domains within the protein were critical for its function. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that the cells in emb2726 embryos contained undifferentiated proplastids and that the expression of plastid genome-encoded photosynthesis-related genes was dramatically reduced. Expression studies of DR5:GFP, pDRN:DRN-GFP, and pPIN1:PIN1-GFP reporter lines indicated normal auxin biosynthesis but altered polar auxin transport. The expression of pSHR:SHR-GFP and pSCR:SCR-GFP confirmed that procambium and ground tissue precursors were lacking in emb2726 embryos. The results suggest that EMB2726 plays a critical role during Arabidopsis embryogenesis by affecting chloroplast development, possibly by affecting the translation process in plastids.

scholarly journals Characterization of the CRM Gene Family and Elucidating the Function of OsCFM2 in Rice

Biomolecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 327 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qiang Zhang ◽  
Lan Shen ◽  
Deyong Ren ◽  
Jiang Hu ◽  
Li Zhu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Rna Splicing ◽  
Chloroplast Development ◽  
Function Analysis ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Gene Expression Patterns ◽  
Plant Growth And Development ◽  
Group I ◽  
Chloroplast Rna

The chloroplast RNA splicing and ribosome maturation (CRM) domain-containing proteins regulate the expression of chloroplast or mitochondrial genes that influence plant growth and development. Although 14 CRM domain proteins have previously been identified in rice, there are few studies of these gene expression patterns in various tissues and under abiotic stress. In our study, we found that 14 CRM domain-containing proteins have a conservative motif1. Under salt stress, the expression levels of 14 CRM genes were downregulated. However, under drought and cold stress, the expression level of some CRM genes was increased. The analysis of gene expression patterns showed that 14 CRM genes were expressed in all tissues but especially highly expressed in leaves. In addition, we analyzed the functions of OsCFM2 and found that this protein influences chloroplast development by regulating the splicing of a group I and five group II introns. Our study provides information for the function analysis of CRM domain-containing proteins in rice.

scholarly journals Plastid Deficient 1 Is Essential for the Accumulation of Plastid-Encoded RNA Polymerase Core Subunit β and Chloroplast Development in Arabidopsis

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (24) ◽  
pp. 13648
Author(s):  
Zhipan Yang ◽  
Mingxin Liu ◽  
Shunhua Ding ◽  
Yi Zhang ◽  
Huixia Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rna Polymerase ◽  
Chloroplast Development ◽  
Direct Interaction ◽  
Immunoblot Analysis ◽  
Regulation Mechanism ◽  
Plastid Development ◽  
Essential Components ◽  
Complex Regulation ◽  
Identification And Characterization

Plastid-encoded RNA polymerase (PEP)-dependent transcription is an essential process for chloroplast development and plant growth. It is a complex event that is regulated by numerous nuclear-encoded proteins. In order to elucidate the complex regulation mechanism of PEP activity, identification and characterization of PEP activity regulation factors are needed. Here, we characterize Plastid Deficient 1 (PD1) as a novel regulator for PEP-dependent gene expression and chloroplast development in Arabidopsis. The PD1 gene encodes a protein that is conserved in photoautotrophic organisms. The Arabidopsis pd1 mutant showed albino and seedling-lethal phenotypes. The plastid development in the pd1 mutant was arrested. The PD1 protein localized in the chloroplasts, and it colocalized with nucleoid protein TRXz. RT-quantitative real-time PCR, northern blot, and run-on analyses indicated that the PEP-dependent transcription in the pd1 mutant was dramatically impaired, whereas the nuclear-encoded RNA polymerase-dependent transcription was up-regulated. The yeast two-hybrid assays and coimmunoprecipitation experiments showed that the PD1 protein interacts with PEP core subunit β (PEP-β), which has been verified to be essential for chloroplast development. The immunoblot analysis indicated that the accumulation of PEP-β was barely detected in the pd1 mutant, whereas the accumulation of the other essential components of the PEP complex, such as core subunits α and β′, were not affected in the pd1 mutant. These observations suggested that the PD1 protein is essential for the accumulation of PEP-β and chloroplast development in Arabidopsis, potentially by direct interaction with PEP-β.

Characterization of a T-DNA insertion mutant for the protein import receptor atToc33 from chloroplasts

2004 ◽  
Vol 272 (4) ◽  
pp. 379-396 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Gutensohn ◽  
S. Pahnke ◽  
Ü. Kolukisaoglu ◽  
B. Schulz ◽  
A. Schierhorn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Import ◽  
Insertion Mutant ◽  
Dna Insertion ◽  
Import Receptor

Darkness Affects Differentially the Expression of Plastid-Encoded Genes and Delays the Senescence-Induced Down-Regulation of Chloroplast Transcription in Cotyledons of Cucurbita pepo L. (Zucchini)

2011 ◽  
Vol 66 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 159-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kiril Mishev ◽  
Anna Dimitrova ◽  
Evguéni D. Ananiev
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Rna Polymerase ◽  
Rna Polymerase Ii ◽  
Transcription Rate ◽  
Dot Blot ◽  
Chloroplast Gene Expression ◽  
Chloroplast Transcription ◽  
Nuclear Rna ◽  
Dark Stress ◽  
Nuclear Rna Polymerase

In contrast to differentiated leaves, the regulatory mechanisms of chloroplast gene expression in darkened cotyledons have not been elucidated. Although some results have been reported indicating accelerated senescence in Arabidopsis upon reillumination, the capacity of cotyledons to recover after dark stress remains unclear. We analysed the effect of twodays dark stress, applied locally or at the whole-plant level, on plastid gene expression in zucchini cotyledons. Our results showed that in the dark the overall chloroplast transcription rate was much more inhibited than the nuclear run-on transcription. While the activities of the plastid-encoded RNA polymerase (PEP) and nuclear RNA polymerase II were strongly reduced, the activities of the nuclear-encoded plastid RNA polymerase (NEP) and nuclear RNA polymerase I were less affected. During recovery upon reillumination, chloroplast transcription in the cotyledons was strongly stimulated (3-fold) compared with the naturally senescing controls, suggesting delayed senescence. Northern blot and dot blot analyses of the expression of key chloroplast-encoded photosynthetic genes showed that in contrast to psbA, which remained almost unaffected, both the transcription rate and mRNA content of psaB and rbcL were substantially decreased

scholarly journals An isoform of the plastid RNA polymerase-associated protein FSD3 negatively regulates chloroplast development

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sangyool Lee ◽  
Young Hee Joung ◽  
Ju-Kon Kim ◽  
Yang Do Choi ◽  
Geupil Jang
Keyword(s):  
Rna Polymerase ◽  
Photosynthetic Activity ◽  
Chloroplast Development ◽  
Transmembrane Domain ◽  
Developmental Defects ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Associated Proteins ◽  
Plastid Rna Polymerase ◽  
Chloroplast Nucleoid

Abstract Background Plastid-encoded RNA polymerase (PEP) plays an essential role in chloroplast development by governing the expression of genes involved in photosynthesis. At least 12 PEP-associated proteins (PAPs), including FSD3/PAP4, regulate PEP activity and chloroplast development by modulating formation of the PEP complex. Results In this study, we identified FSD3S, a splicing variant of FSD3; the FSD3 and FSD3S transcripts encode proteins with identical N-termini, but different C-termini. Characterization of FSD3 and FSD3S proteins showed that the C-terminal region of FSD3S contains a transmembrane domain, which promotes FSD3S localization to the chloroplast membrane but not to nucleoids, in contrast to FSD3, which localizes to the chloroplast nucleoid. We also found that overexpression of FSD3S negatively affects photosynthetic activity and chloroplast development by reducing expression of genes involved in photosynthesis. In addition, FSD3S failed to complement the chloroplast developmental defects in the fsd3 mutant. Conclusion These results suggest FSD3 and FSD3S, with their distinct localization patterns, have different functions in chloroplast development, and FSD3S negatively regulates expression of PEP-dependent chloroplast genes, and development of chloroplasts.

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