scholarly journals Single stimulus color can modulate vection

2015 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yasuhiro Seya ◽  
Megumi Yamaguchi ◽  
Hiroyuki Shinoda
Keyword(s):  
Single Stimulus ◽  
Stimulus Color

scholarly journals The secreto-motor effects in the cat's foot studied by the electrometer.

1904 ◽  
Vol 73 (488-496) ◽  
pp. 92-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
Augustus Desire Waller
Keyword(s):  
Sciatic Nerve ◽  
Single Stimulus ◽  
Motor Action ◽  
Voluntary Muscle ◽  
Previous Communication ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Single Response ◽  
Motor Effects

In a previous communication it was stated that the electrical signs a of secreto-motor action by tetanisation of the sciatic nerve are a demonstrable in the pads of a cat’s foot after death, best so during; the second half-hour after death, when the action of the nerve upon muscles of the limb has ceased. The subsequent study of these effects, by means of electrometer records, has brought out with great distinctness the chief classical events with which we are familiar in the case of the contraction of voluntary muscle, viz., the latency and course of a single response to a single stimulus, the super-position of two or more responses and the composition of tetanus, summation of stimuli, fatigue and recovery, and the staircase phenomenon. The difference between the muscular and the secreto-motor series of phenomena is principally a difference of time, the former being about 100 times more rapid than the latter.

Inhibition of—But Not between—Orientation Detectors: A Theoretical Note on Illusions of Direction

1980 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 255-262 ◽  
Author(s):  
Willard L. Brigner
Keyword(s):  
Lateral Inhibition ◽  
Single Stimulus ◽  
Single Line ◽  
Collective Effects ◽  
Collective Effect ◽  
Stimulus Line ◽  
Model Based ◽  
Multiple Stimulus

In accounting for illusions of direction, many current models assume lateral inhibition among orientation detectors; however, that assumption is unnecessary. Rather, the illusions can be predicted by a model based on the pattern of inhibition and excitation across orientation detectors as caused by a single stimulus line. From the collective effects of multiple stimulus lines, a pattern of excitation and inhibition results which is perceived as an illusion of direction. This collective effect is predicted by convoluting a function representing physical orientation of stimulus lines with a function representing the pattern of inhibition and excitation elicited by a single line. Both perceived angle-expansion (repulsion) and perceived angle-contraction (attraction) are generated by the model.

Effect of Reinforcement of the Negative Discriminandum in Differential Conditioning

1964 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter J. Donovick ◽  
Leonard E. Ross
Keyword(s):  
Phase I ◽  
Discrimination Learning ◽  
Differential Conditioning ◽  
Discrimination Problem ◽  
Single Stimulus ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Learning Situation ◽  
Learning Conditions ◽  
The Difference

The present investigation was concerned with the reduction of inhibition associated with the negative discriminandum in a single stimulus discrimination learning situation. In Phase I 33 female rats were trained on a black-white discrimination problem. In the second phase Ss were divided into three groups which received: (a) 100% reinforcement to both the old positive and negative discriminanda; (b) four trials per day to the old negative, 100% reward; (c) eight trials per day to the old negative, 100% reward. As in previous studies, which employed simultaneous discrimination learning conditions, speed to the old negative remained significantly below speed to the old positive in the second phase. However, unlike the previous results, the difference decreased over trials. No differences were found between the groups that had trials to the old negative cue only, or between these groups and either speed to the old positive or the old negative in the case of the group receiving reward on both cues.

P300 habituation from auditory single-stimulus and oddball paradigms

2000 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 149-153 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jingbo Pan ◽  
Tatsuya Takeshita ◽  
Kanehisa Morimoto
Keyword(s):  
Single Stimulus

scholarly journals “Yay! Yuck!” Toddlers use incongruent emotions to reason about hidden objects

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexis Sierra Smith-Flores ◽  
Lisa Feigenson
Keyword(s):  
Early Development ◽  
Present Experiment ◽  
Single Agent ◽  
Emotional Responses ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Single Stimulus ◽  
Developmental Trajectory ◽  
Infants And Toddlers ◽  
The World ◽  
Do So

Infants show impressive sensitivity to others’ emotions from early on, attending to and discriminating different facial emotions, using emotions to decide what to approach or avoid, and recognizing that certain objects and events are likely to produce certain emotional responses. But do infants and toddlers also recognize more abstract features of emotions—features that are not tied to any one emotion in particular? Here we examined the development of the higher order expectation that emotions are more or less mutually exclusive, asking whether young children recognize that people generally do not express two conflicting emotions towards a single stimulus. We first asked whether 26-month old toddlers can use an agent’s incongruent versus congruent emotional responses (“Yay! Yuck!” versus “Yay! Wow!”) to reason about how many objects were hidden in a box. We found that toddlers inferred that incongruent emotions signaled the presence of two numerically distinct objects (Experiment 1). This inference relied on the incongruent emotions being produced by a single agent; when two different agents gave two incongruent emotional responses, toddlers did not assume that two objects must be present (Experiment 2). Finally, we examined the developmental trajectory of this ability. We found that younger, 20-month olds failed to use incongruent emotions to individuate objects (Experiment 3), although they readily used incongruent novel labels to do so (Experiment 4). Our results suggest that by 2-years of age, children use higher order knowledge of emotions to make inferences about the world around them, and that this ability undergoes early development.

scholarly journals Dynamic changes of mental stress indicated by a single stimulus measurement of eventrelated potentials

1995 ◽  
Vol 31 (Supplement) ◽  
pp. 498-499
Author(s):  
Mariko FUNADA(Fujikake) ◽  
Kazuyuki Naoi ◽  
Satoshi Suzuki ◽  
Satoki P. Ninomija
Keyword(s):  
Mental Stress ◽  
Single Stimulus ◽  
Dynamic Changes

Facilitation in Sea Anemones

1952 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 235-254
Author(s):  
D. M. ROSS
Keyword(s):  
Bile Salt ◽  
Standardized Tests ◽  
Single Stimulus ◽  
Living Animal ◽  
Sea Anemones ◽  
Nerve Net ◽  
Reported Effect ◽  
High Doses ◽  
Electrical Stimuli ◽  
Very High

1. The previously reported effect of anemone extracts, the occurrence of quick closing responses to single electrical stimuli in Metridium, has been re-investigated. In standardized tests it was found that whereas hundreds of stimuli are required for each response to a single stimulus in untreated animals, after anemone extract the incidence of such responses is one per nine stimuli. 2. The incidence of these responses falls off with decreasing doses of extract and the effect disappears when less than 1/500th of the material from a single large Metridium is administered. There is no evidence that extracts from ‘stimulated’ and ‘unstimulated’ (i.e. anaesthetized or quick-frozen) anemones differ in potency. Extracts from divided animals show greater activity in the ‘sphincter-disk’ fraction. 3. The incidence of the responses also falls off in time and is highest from 15 to 30 sec. after beginning the treatment. The effect is sporadic and short-lived and responses to two or more successive stimuli are exceptional. 4. A number of treatments, such as drastic changes in pH, KCl(K+ x 8), tetramethylammonium hydroxide (1 : 100), NH4C1 (1 : 340) and especially bile salt and saponin, have similar effects. Drugs with neuro-muscular effects elsewhere (acetylcholine, adrenaline, tyramine, histamine, etc.) were generally ineffective except at very high doses. Food stimulants too were ineffective. 5. From the time relations and other aspects of the responses to single stimuli it is concluded that the effect should not be attributed to a substance with the function of a ‘facilitator’ in the living animal. 6. While the effects are consistent with the passage of occasional adventitious impulses in the nerve net, there is a singular absence of spontaneous or post-stimulus contractions. Certain implications of this feature of the results are discussed.

scholarly journals Myothermic apparatus

1928 ◽  
Vol 103 (723) ◽  
pp. 117-137 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Production ◽  
Present Author ◽  
Single Stimulus ◽  
Relative Accuracy ◽  
Strictly Anaerobic ◽  
Anaerobic Conditions ◽  
Essential Condition ◽  
Energy Exchanges

The investigation to be described in subsequent papers represent an attempt to clear up, with the greatest accuracy possible, a number of outstanding or controversial points in connection with the energy exchanges of muscle. During the course of them a new and striking phenomenon has been encountered, in respect of the resting heat-production of muscles kept under strictly anaerobic conditions. It has been necessary, moreover, for various purposes, to follow the heat-production of stimulated or recovering muscles for long periods, sometimes for an hour or more. The apparatus available proved inadequate for these new purposes, and had to be designed and constructed afresh. The present paper is a description of the methods finally adopted; the results obtained are given separately. In almost every respect the apparatus now employed will yield more reliable results, and is simpler to use, than any previously described, at any rate by the present author. The essential condition which it fulfils is that it will read, with relative accuracy, not only the heat suddenly produced by a single stimulus, but that liberated over long intervals at rest, or in recovery, or by prolonged discontinuous stimulation.

scholarly journals Humans incorporate trial-to-trial working memory uncertainty into rewarded decisions

2020 ◽  
Vol 117 (15) ◽  
pp. 8391-8397 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maija Honig ◽  
Wei Ji Ma ◽  
Daryl Fougnie
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Working Memory ◽  
Action Planning ◽  
Informational Content ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
Prior Beliefs ◽  
Stimulus Color ◽  
Uncertainty Information ◽  
Best Fit ◽  
With Memory

Working memory (WM) plays an important role in action planning and decision making; however, both the informational content of memory and how that information is used in decisions remain poorly understood. To investigate this, we used a color WM task in which subjects viewed colored stimuli and reported both an estimate of a stimulus color and a measure of memory uncertainty, obtained through a rewarded decision. Reported memory uncertainty is correlated with memory error, showing that people incorporate their trial-to-trial memory quality into rewarded decisions. Moreover, memory uncertainty can be combined with other sources of information; after inducing expectations (prior beliefs) about stimuli probabilities, we found that estimates became shifted toward expected colors, with the shift increasing with reported uncertainty. The data are best fit by models in which people incorporate their trial-to-trial memory uncertainty with potential rewards and prior beliefs. Our results suggest that WM represents uncertainty information, and that this can be combined with prior beliefs. This highlights the potential complexity of WM representations and shows that rewarded decision can be a powerful tool for examining WM and informing and constraining theoretical, computational, and neurobiological models of memory.

Epinephrine and dopamine beta-hydroxylase secretion from bovine adrenal.

1978 ◽  
Vol 234 (6) ◽  
pp. E600
Author(s):  
T P Jacobs ◽  
D P Henry ◽  
D G Johnson ◽  
R H Williams
Keyword(s):  
Activity Analysis ◽  
Single Stimulus ◽  
Repetitive Stimulation ◽  
Initial Value ◽  
Gradual Decline ◽  
Dopamine Beta Hydroxylase

The perfusate of the isolated, acetylcholine-stimulated bovine adrenal was studied for epinephrine (E) concentration and dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH) activity. Analysis of single stimuli showed that DBH disappeared from the perfusate with a t1/2 of 19.1-29.0 min. whereas E disappeared with a t1/2 of 0.78-1.0 min. Stimulation every 5 min over 105 min caused a gradual decline in E concentration to 36% of its initial value, whereas DBH activity reached a plateau after the second stimulus and thereafter remained unchanged. The decline in E was not influenced by addition of catecholamine precursors and biosynthetic cofactors to the medium and was not accompanied by a shift in the ratios of E and norepinephrine (NE) in the perfusate. Inhibitors of DBH activity were not detected in the perfusate and nonexocytotic leakage of DBH into the perfusate did not occur. These results document the temporal dissociation of the appearance and disappearance of DBH and E after a single stimulus and the progressive dissociation of DBH and E secretion under conditions of prolonged perfusion with rapid and repetitive stimulation. Possible explanations of these observations are offered.

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