scholarly journals Demonstratives in Spatial Language and Social Interaction: An Interdisciplinary Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Holger Diessel ◽  
Kenny R. Coventry

This paper offers a review of research on demonstratives from an interdisciplinary perspective. In particular, we consider the role of demonstratives in current research on language universals, language evolution, language acquisition, multimodal communication, signed language, language and perception, language in interaction, spatial imagery, and discourse processing. Traditionally, demonstratives are analyzed as a particular class of spatial deictics. Yet, a number of recent studies have argued that space is largely irrelevant to deixis and that demonstratives are primarily used for social and interactive purposes. Synthesizing findings in the literature, we conclude that demonstratives are a very special class of linguistic items that are foundational to both spatial and social aspects of language and cognition.

Babel ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 51 (4) ◽  
pp. 308-322
Author(s):  
Jae Jung Song

Abstract Linguistic typologists (e.g. Ramat 1987, Seiler 1995) tend to assume that there is a close connection between translatability and language universals (research) but this assumption has recently been called into question by Comrie (1986, 1989, 1998), who claims that such a connection should be ignored in the practical enterprise of doing linguistics or will have a debilitating effect on the progress of linguistics as a discipline. This paper will demonstrate that translation is not only possible in principle but also has much relevance to language universals (research). First, to argue that translation is, in principle, not possible is to deny the basic relation between cognitive-conceptual content and language, mediated by translation. Moreover, the question of translatability is no longer looked upon as something either possible or impossible but translation is recognized as a process in which optimal solutions to translation are sought. Comrie’s argument for the impossibility of translation is based on formal equivalence, a concept which is highly debatable, particularly within Translation Studies. Second, translation has much relevance to language universals (research), because universal constraints (for example, on relative clause formation) are formulated or defined in terms of grammatical context, which will only come to light through translation. This does not come as a surprise because the mediation between language and cognition is also done through translation. The role of translation in language universals (research) is, pace Comrie (1986, 1989, 1998), much more than a mere heuristic. Translation is crucial to language universals (research), as recognized by Ramat (1987) and Seiler (1995). Résumé Les typologistes linguistiques (par exemple Ramat 1987, Seiler 1995) ont tendance à supposer qu’il y a un rapport étroit entre la traduisibilité et les universaux de la langue (recherche), mais cette supposition a été récemment remise en question par Comrie (1986, 1989, 1998). Celui-ci prétend qu’un tel rapport doit être ignoré quand on s’engage concrétement dans la pratique de la linguistique ou qu’il aura un effet débilitant sur le progrés de la linguistique en tant que discipline. Cet article démontrera que la traduction est non seulement possible en principe, mais qu’elle présente aussi beaucoup d’intérêt pour la recherche des universaux de la langue. Primo, prétendre que la traduction est en principe impossible revient à rejeter la relation fondamentale entre le contenu cognitif et conceptuel et la langue, « modérée » par la traduction. En outre, on ne considère plus la question de la traduisibilité comme quelque chose de possible ou d’impossible, mais on admet que la traduction est un processus dans lequel on cherche des solutions de traduction optimales. L’argument de Comrie en faveur de l’impossibilité de la traduction repose sur une équivalence formelle, un concept qui est hautement discutable, en particulier en traductologie. Secundo, la traduction présente beaucoup d’intérêt pour la recherche des universaux de la langue, parce que des contraintes universelles (par exemple, sur la formation des propositions relatives) sont formulées ou définies en termes de contexte grammatical, qui ne sera mis en lumière que par la traduction. Cela n’a rien de surprenant, parce que la médiation entre la langue et la connaissance se fait aussi par la traduction. Le rôle de la traduction dans la recherche des universaux de la langue est, pace Comrie (1986, 1989, 1998), bien plus qu’une simple heuristique. La traduction est cruciale pour la recherche des universaux de la langue, comme le reconnaissent Ramat (1987) et Seiler (1995).


2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 216-238 ◽  
Author(s):  
Virginia Volterra ◽  
Olga Capirci ◽  
Pasquale Rinaldi ◽  
Laura Sparaci

Abstract We review major developmental evidence on the continuity from action to gesture to word and sign in human children, highlighting the important role of caregivers in the development of multimodal communication. In particular, the basic issues considered here and contributing to the current debate on the origins and development of the language-ready brain are: (1) links between early actions, gestures and words and similarities in representational strategies; (2) importance of multimodal communication and the interplay between gestures and spoken words; (3) interconnections between early actions, gestures and signs. The innovation of this report is in connecting these themes together to relevant findings from studies on children between 6 and 36 months of age and highlighting interesting parallels in studies on ape communicative behavior.


Author(s):  
Nikolas Gisborne ◽  
Andrew Hippisley

The notion of default and override can serve linguistic analysis in different ways. In the lexicon defaults are used for the resolution of rule competition, to capture lexical blocking, to select the right stem where there are choices, and when used in inheritance systems to provide for instances that do not meet every characteristic of their class allowing exceptionality to be expressed as semi-regularity. Defaults in syntax and semantics play a more organizational, ontological role, expressing markedness in lists of features and their possible values and resolving conflicts that may arise when two sub-systems intersect. The chapters discuss how defaults and overrides can address specific linguistic phenomena, suggest an architecture of the grammar, and assess the role of morphology in language and cognition.


2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 583-600
Author(s):  
Lindsay Ferrara ◽  
Torill Ringsø

AbstractPrevious studies on perspective in spatial signed language descriptions suggest a basic dichotomy between either a route or a survey perspective, which entails either the signer being conceptualized as a mobile agent within a life-sized scene or the signer in a fixed position as an external observer of a scaled-down scene. We challenge this dichotomy by investigating the particular couplings of vantage point position and mobility engaged during various types of spatial language produced across eight naturalistic conversations in Norwegian Sign Language. Spatial language was annotated for the purpose of the segment, the size of the environment described, the signs produced, and the location and mobility of vantage points. Analysis revealed that survey and route perspectives, as characterized in the literature, do not adequately account for the range of vantage point combinations observed in conversations (e.g., external, but mobile, vantage points). There is also some preliminary evidence that the purpose of the spatial language and the size of the environments described may also play a role in how signers engage vantage points. Finally, the study underscores the importance of investigating spatial language within naturalistic conversational contexts.


Author(s):  
Ketil Slagstad

AbstractThis article analyzes how trans health was negotiated on the margins of psychiatry from the late 1970s and early 1980s. In this period, a new model of medical transition was established for trans people in Norway. Psychiatrists and other medical doctors as well as psychologists and social workers with a special interest and training in social medicine created a new diagnostic and therapeutic regime in which the social aspects of transitioning took center stage. The article situates this regime in a long Norwegian tradition of social medicine, including the important political role of social medicine in the creation of the postwar welfare state and its scope of addressing and changing the societal structures involved in disease. By using archival material, medical records and oral history interviews with former patients and health professionals, I demonstrate how social aspects not only underpinned diagnostic evaluations but were an integral component of the entire therapeutic regime. Sex reassignment became an integrative way of imagining and practicing psychiatry as social medicine. The article specifically unpacks the social element of these diagnostic and therapeutic approaches in trans medicine. Because the locus of intervention and treatment remained the individual, an approach with subversive potential ended up reproducing the norms that caused illness in the first place: “the social” became a conformist tool to help the patient integrate, adjust to and transform the pathology-producing forces of society.


2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 3858
Author(s):  
Francesca Abastante ◽  
Isabella M. Lami ◽  
Marika Gaballo

This paper is built on the following research questions: (i) What are the direct/indirect relationships between Sustainable Development Goal 11 (SDG11) and sustainability protocols? (ii) Could the sustainability protocols constitute a solution towards the achievement of SDG11? We underline that, on the one hand, the SDGs are guidelines to support the development of sustainable policies and thus address all elements that may affect them, and on the other hand, sustainability protocols are assessment tools to promote sustainability-conscious design while remaining focused on the built environment. In the Italian regulatory context, the paper highlights how this difference in terms of focus and scale means that they only overlap and mutually reinforce each other with regard to certain aspects, more related to energy and air pollution issues and less to the social aspects of sustainability. Even if there is not always a direct relationship between the evaluation criteria of the protocols and the indicators of SDG11, it is possible to conclude that the sustainability protocols can facilitate the achievement of the SDG11 targets, acting as a key for the implementation of sustainable cities and helping in structuring the process leading to sustainability in a broader framework.


2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 49
Author(s):  
Mahmoud Safy Mahmoud ◽  
Hoda Mitkees

Malaysia has adopted several developmental plans since 1969 starting with the New Economic Policy (NEP), passing by the National Development Plan (NDP) and ending with the Vision 2020 adopted in 1991 under the rule of Mahathir Mohammed (1981-2003), whereby Malaysia has aimed to become a developed country by 2020. Looking for the future, Malaysia 2020 should build upon the older developmental plans; however there are some new elements that need to be considered if Malaysia is to continue on its successful developmental path. This paper aims at focusing on the issues that still need to be considered in Vision 2020 from an outsider point of view. This paper addresses the questions of what Malaysia’s economic plans adopted in the past which were able to achieve high economic growth rates while preserving at the same time the social aspects. And the paper focuses on trade policy in Malaysia under Mahathir rule, identifying how was it shaped and how likely it will continue in 2020. The paper identifies the challenges likely to be faced by Malaysia in the coming period and how such issues should be tackled in Vision 2020.


2009 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tao Gong ◽  
James W. Minett ◽  
William S.-Y. Wang

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. e12304
Author(s):  
Daniel L. Everett

Author(s):  
Steven Moran ◽  
Nicholas A. Lester ◽  
Eitan Grossman

In this paper, we investigate evolutionarily recent changes in the distributions of speech sounds in the world's languages. In particular, we explore the impact of language contact in the past two millennia on today's distributions. Based on three extensive databases of phonological inventories, we analyse the discrepancies between the distribution of speech sounds of ancient and reconstructed languages, on the one hand, and those in present-day languages, on the other. Furthermore, we analyse the degree to which the diffusion of speech sounds via language contact played a role in these discrepancies. We find evidence for substantive differences between ancient and present-day distributions, as well as for the important role of language contact in shaping these distributions over time. Moreover, our findings suggest that the distributions of speech sounds across geographic macro-areas were homogenized to an observable extent in recent millennia. Our findings suggest that what we call the Implicit Uniformitarian Hypothesis, at least with respect to the composition of phonological inventories, cannot be held uncritically. Linguists who would like to draw inferences about human language based on present-day cross-linguistic distributions must consider their theories in light of even short-term language evolution. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Reconstructing prehistoric languages’.


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