Thermodynamics of graviton condensate

In this work, we present the thermodynamic study of a model that considers the black hole as a condensate of gravitons. In this model, the spacetime is not asymptotically flat because of a topological defect that introduces an angle deficit in the spacetime like in Global Monopole solutions. We have obtained a correction to the Hawking temperature plus a negative pressure associated with the black hole of mass M. In this way, the graviton condensate, which is assumed to be at the critical point defined by the condition $$\mu _{ch}=0,$$ μ ch = 0 , has well-defined thermodynamic quantities P, V, $$T_{h}$$ T h , S, and U as any other Bose–Einstein condensate (BEC). In addition, we present a formal equivalence between the Letelier spacetime and the line element that describes the graviton condensate. We also discuss the Kiselev black hole, which can parametrize the most well-known spherically symmetric black holes. Finally, we present a new metric, which we will call the BEC–Kiselev solution, that allows us to extend the graviton condensate to the case of solutions with different matter contents.

Inclusive Fitness and Hamilton’s Rule

This chapter evaluates the long and intimate association between the gene’s-eye view and the work of W.D. Hamilton. Hamilton’s key insight was that individual organisms can affect the transmission of their genes through personal reproductive success, as well as through the success of close relatives. Inclusive fitness provides a way to view this process from the perspective of individual organisms, but it can also be seen from a gene’s-eye view. Dawkins and others have repeatedly emphasized the formal equivalence of the two perspectives. Yet, this chapter shows there is an underappreciated tension between the two perspectives. It demonstrates how this tension is expressed in both the current kerfuffle over the value of inclusive fitness theory stemming from Martin Nowak and colleagues and in Alan Grafen’s ongoing Formal Darwinism Project. The chapter ends by discussing two recent attempts to resolve this tension.

Die 2020-direkte vertaling in Afrikaans: Waarom en hoe?

The 2020 direct translation into Afrikaans: Why and how? The Bible Society of South Africa’s commission that the new 2020 translation of the Bible into Afrikaans should be soundly source-text orientated and at the same time easy to understand, set a difficult task to the translators. The 2020 translators would have to dig deep to make these two almost opposing goals meet. The ways by which the translators eventually put their commission into practice, was investigated in this article. The method of investigation was to inspect the decisions of the translators’ steering committee about how they planned to execute the commission they received from the Bible Society, and to test their decisions to its execution in practical examples from the 2020 translation itself. The investigation brought to light that the translators’ success in the execution of their task, to a large extent, resulted from the fact that they, from the outset, made a clear distinction between the linguistic characteristics and the textual characteristics of both the source and the reception language. This enabled them to make a directly reflecting type of translation without giving way to either formal equivalence or dynamic equivalence. The translators decided not to translate into modern terms typical historic-cultural matters such as measures and weights, currencies and military ranks. By retaining the Hebrew and Greek terms, they tried to conserve the local colour of the source text and to provide a historical credibility to the translation. Moreover, the language and linguistic register of the translation was brought into line with a pre-identified target audience thus contributing to the dignity of the translation text and, simultaneously, making sure that it would be easily understood.Contribution: The investigation led to the conclusion that the translators rather successfully dealt with the difficult task that the Bible Society had put before them. They made every effort to present their readers with a directly reflecting type of translation in a neat, stylistically meticulous and clear Afrikaans. Therefore, readers can receive this new contribution to the treasure of Afrikaans Bible translations with gratitude, and use it freely as a welcome addition to the already existing translations.

The Semiotics of Christian Theological Translation and Interpreting

The Christian theological text, whether written or oral is a derivative of a sacred text called The Bible, thus, making the theological text a second order text. This makes it possible for the Christian theological text to adopt first of all, the semiotic forms of The Bible: signs, symbols, vestments and colours as well as those of the modern church. Semiotic translation which implies a decoding of signs and symbols, interprets textual signs and symbols in a source text (ST) to the target audience (TA). Hence, translation is an interpretative activity. The translation of Christian theological semiotics could be done in-text, in footnotes or in notes and references as a form of elucidation to the target audience. Theology is a discipline and as such, most of its signs and symbols are technical. To deal with its semiotics is part of the deverbalisation process which its translator must engage in, in order to understand the source text (ST) and to reverbalise the same. The paper aims at furnishing Christian theological translators with the meanings of selected Christian theological signs and symbols. This is a plunge into the dynamic equivalence of the signs and symbols, since formal equivalence, calque and loaning do not deliver the relevant comprehension needed by the translator for adequate reverbalisation of the source text. The paper highlights the importance of semiotic research in the translation of Christian theological texts.

Unit Shift Dalam Novel The Sea Of Monsters

The objectives of the research are to know the translation shift and the translation equivalence in The Sea of Monsters novel which is translated into “Laut Para Monster”. This research uses qualitative method through content analysis approach. The writers compared the source text (ST) and the target text (TT) then, did the analysis by using theories proposed by (Catford,1965) and (Nida,1982). The results show that the most shifting is unit shift, 65% and it reaches 77% formal equivalence. Those results show that TSu is well transferred into TSa in term of form and content. It can be seen from the translation shift which only happen at the word level, it seems that the translator is faithful to source text, while seen by the translation equivalence, seems that the writer is also faithful to target text.

Megillot (Ruth, Song of Songs, Ecclesiastes, Lamentations, Esther)

This chapter discusses the primary ancient Greek versions of a group of five books in the Hebrew canon that are called the Megillot or Scrolls. Each book in this collection—which consists of Ruth, Song of Songs, Ecclesiastes, Lamentations, and Esther—is associated with the commemoration of a different event in the Jewish liturgical calendar. In the Septuagint, as transmitted by the Church, these books are not grouped together and there is no specific linkage to that liturgical practice. There are, however, some commonalities among the Greek versions, particularly with respect to certain aspects of the translation and transmission histories of most of them, that create some sense of connection, despite the diversity of their content. This has to do specifically with the so-called Kaige tradition, which features a translation approach marked by a significant degree of formal equivalence to the Semitic source text and distinctive translation equivalents.

KESEPADANAN TERJEMAHAN TRANSKRIP VIDEO DARI BAHASA INGGRIS KE BAHASA INDONESIA PADA MATA KULIAH MOVIE TRANSLATION (SUBTITLING)

Nowadays, people can easily access everything with one-click away. For example, when you want to read an article in foreign language which you are not familiar with, then you just need to open Google Translate and within seconds, you will get the translation of it. To deal with that reality, a translator has to differentiate himself from machine translation which is increasingly used by the public. Therefore, the translator is required to produce an equivalent and natural translation in the Target Language. This research aims to provide understanding of translation equivalence on video transcripts conducted by students in Movie Translation (Subtitling) course. This study uses qualitative approach, content analysis method, and purposive sampling to collect data. In short, there are two types of translation equivalence used by students, formal and dynamic. Formal equivalence focuses on the similarity of the form and meaning of the message from Source Language to Target Language, while dynamic one focuses on the naturalness of expression in the Target Language.

Application of Class Shift in Translation from English to Chinese

Translation from English to Chinese aimed to enhance students’ comprehensive language skills is one of the most widely used teaching tasks applied to college English learning classroom. However, due to lack of theoretical studies and practical guidelines, students pay too much attention to formal equivalence in the light of English grammatical rules, thus resulting in some translated sentences with strong “translationese”. Originated from translation transfer theory put forward by Catford, class shift is deeply rooted in Systemic Functional Linguistics depicting and analyzing two dimensions of level shift and category shift. The paper showcases how to translate English sentences into Chinese by relying on class shift with some classified and well sorted-out examples primarily taken from course books, attempts to render the deeper-level reasons behind the class shift, and tentatively makes analysis based on that. The paper exemplifies eight types of class shift in the process of translation from English to Chinese. Study shows that by relying on class shift, students focus more on functional equivalence rather than on formal equivalence and get rid of rigid scaffoldings involving in English grammar rules. As a result, “translationese” in the translated sentences can be effectively avoided and the target texts are more in the habit of Chinese way of expressions.