scholarly journals Gendered Perceptions of Odd and Even Numbers: An Implicit Association Study From Arabic Culture

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy R. Jordan ◽  
Hajar Aman Key Yekani ◽  
Mercedes Sheen
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Gender Roles ◽  
United Arab Emirates ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Implicit Association ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Cultural Phenomenon ◽  
Agency And Communion ◽  
And Gender

Previous studies conducted in the United States indicate that people associate numbers with gender, such that odd numbers are more likely to be considered male and even numbers considered female. It has been argued that this number gendering phenomenon is acquired through social learning and conditioning, and that male-odd/female-even associations reflect a general, cross-cultural human consensus on gender roles relating to agency and communion. However, the incidence and pattern of number gendering in cultures outside the United States remains to be established. Against this background, the purpose of this study was to determine whether people from a culture and country very different from the United States (specifically, native Arabic citizens living in the Arabic culture of the United Arab Emirates) also associate numbers with gender, and, if they do, whether the pattern of these associations is the male-odd/female-even associations previously observed. To investigate this issue, we adopted the Implicit Association Test used frequently in previous research, where associations between numbers (odd and even) and gender (male and female faces) were examined using male and female Arabic participants native to, and resident in, the United Arab Emirates. The findings indicated that the association of numbers with gender does occur in Arabic culture. But while Arabic females associated odd numbers with male faces and even numbers with female faces (the pattern of previous findings in the United States), Arabic males showed the reversed pattern of gender associations, associating even numbers with male faces and odd numbers with female faces. These findings support the view that number gendering is indeed a cross-cultural phenomenon and show that the phenomenon occurs across very different countries and cultures. But the findings also suggest that the pattern with which numbers are associated with gender is not universal and, instead, reflects culture-specific views on gender roles which may change across cultures and gender. Further implications for understanding the association of numbers with gender across human societies are discussed.

The Ranking Of Terminal And Instrumental Values By Working Professionals In Thailand, Singapore And The United States: What Is Important And How Do They Impact Decision-Making?

2011 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Natcha Limthanakom ◽  
William Lauffer ◽  
Bahaudin G. Mujtaba ◽  
Edward F. Murphy, Jr.
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Research Literature ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Individual Values ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Value Differences ◽  
Instrumental Values ◽  
Western Values ◽  
The Impact

The purpose of this study is to explore gender and cross-cultural gender differences with respect to individual values. This study will fill a gap in the research literature as few studies have explored male and female value differences in Thailand and few have explored sex differences between eastern values as compared to western values in the United States and another eastern nation, Singapore. An understanding of the attitudes, cultures and values in other countries becomes particularly significant given current globalization trends. Furthermore, researchers also need to understand different demographics to better anticipate the impact of socio-demographic variation in cross-cultural investigations.

Attitudes Toward Physician-Nurse Collaboration: A Cross-Cultural Study of Male and Female Physicians and Nurses in the United States and Mexico

2001 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 123-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammadreza Hojat ◽  
Thomas J. Nasca ◽  
Mitchell J.M. Cohen ◽  
Sylvia K. Fields ◽  
Susan L. Rattner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Cultural Study ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Female Physicians ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Cross Cultural Study

Culture, Gender, and Assessment of Fear of Fatness

2008 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 81-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suman Ambwani ◽  
Cortney S. Warren ◽  
David H. Gleaves ◽  
Antonio Cepeda-Benito ◽  
Mari Carmen Fernandez
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
College Students ◽  
Psychometric Properties ◽  
Measurement Invariance ◽  
Measurement Equivalence ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
American Women ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Fear Of Fat

To understand the relevance of the fear of fatness construct across culture and gender, we translated the Goldfarb Fear of Fat Scale (GFFS) and examined its psychometric properties in English and Spanish languages in a sample of Euro-American male (n = 111) and female (n = 100), and Spanish male (n = 114) and female (n = 544) college students in the United States and Spain. Confirmatory and exploratory analyses tested the measurement equivalence of the instrument across samples by gender and culture. Eight of the 10 items appeared to demonstrate measurement invariance. Mean comparisons on the eight-item version suggested that there was a gender by country interaction, with Euro-American women scoring substantially higher than the three other groups. Overall, these results highlight the need for additional examinations of cross-cultural instrument invariance and explorations of the fear of fatness construct.

scholarly journals Hardcore Style, Queer Heteroeroticism, and After Dark

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 111-147
Author(s):  
Ryan Powell
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cultural Influence ◽  
Sex And Gender ◽  
Cultural Phenomenon ◽  
Gay Male ◽  
Performance Artists ◽  
And Performance ◽  
And Gender

During the early to mid-1970s, when feature-length hardcore films became a popular cultural phenomenon in the United States, hardcore came to designate more than just a genre or an industry—it became a ubiquitous mode of performance, an ethos, and a style. This article explores how hardcore as a style was taken up by the popular gay-marketed entertainment magazine After Dark. Through a close descriptive analysis of three photo spreads from 1975–76, it illuminates how female, gay male, and otherwise non-straight-identifying performers participated in a hardcore stylistic that, paradoxically, worked to shape queer elaborations of heteroeroticism. Within these vital images of singers, dancers, models, and performance artists, created at the height of hardcore's newfound cultural influence, performances of female-male coupling and group-centered socio-sexual activity both worked with and moved to dissolve normative heterosexist configurations of sex and gender.

scholarly journals Does Happiness Launch More Businesses? Affect, Gender, and Entrepreneurial Intention

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (18) ◽  
pp. 6908
Author(s):  
Gloria Sweida ◽  
Cynthia L. Sherman
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Gender Roles ◽  
Negative Affect ◽  
Positive Affect ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Entrepreneurial Intention ◽  
The United States ◽  
Traditional Gender Roles ◽  
And Gender

In one of the first studies to examine how positive affect, negative affect, gender, and gender roles interact with entrepreneurial intention, we conducted an online survey of 849 adults from the western, midwestern, and southern regions of the United States. A higher positive affect was associated with greater intention to start a business, however, lower levels of negative affect were not. As in previous studies, women showed less entrepreneurial intention than men, however, the presence of positive affect had a larger positive impact on women’s entrepreneurial intention than men’s. Contrary to expectations, acceptance of traditional gender roles interacted with entrepreneurial intention such that women’s entrepreneurial intention increased as their support of traditional gender roles increased, and for men, entrepreneurial intention decreased slightly as acceptance of traditional gender roles increased.

scholarly journals Cross-Cultural and Gender Invariance of Five Common Symptom and Cognitive Vulnerability Measures in the United States and Singapore

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalia Van Doren ◽  
Nur Hani Zainal ◽  
Ryan Y. Hong ◽  
Michelle G. Newman
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Cognitive Vulnerability ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Common Symptom ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Gender Invariance ◽  
State Worry ◽  
And Gender

Reliable and valid measurements of anxiety, chronic worry, depressive, and obsessive-compulsive symptoms is essential when seeking to draw cross-cultural and gender comparisons. Accordingly, the current study determined the psychometric properties of five widely used symptom measures in the United States (U.S.) and Singapore (SG) and across gender: Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), Obsessive Beliefs Questionnaire (OBQ), Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory-Revised (OCI-R), and the Penn State Worry Questionnaire-Abbreviated (PSWQ-A). Participants comprised college students (U.S.: n = 292; SG: n = 144). Strict measurement invariance (equal factor loadings, item thresholds, residual variances) was observed for all measures across cultures and genders, except for the BAI, which met partial Level 1 strict cross-gender invariance. Overall, findings suggest a strong degree of cross-cultural and cross-gender construct compatibility, but also point to some notable exceptions, thereby providing ample material for theory-building and future research on transdiagnostic symptom and cognitive vulnerability measures across diverse groups.

scholarly journals Can a Pandemic Make People More Socially Conservative? Political Ideology, Gender Roles, and the Case of COVID-19

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel L. Rosenfeld ◽  
A. Janet Tomiyama
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Gender Roles ◽  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Political Ideology ◽  
The United States ◽  
Immune Systems ◽  
Traditional Gender Roles ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Over Time

The first months of 2020 rapidly threw people into a period of societal turmoil and pathogen threat with the COVID-19 pandemic. By promoting epistemic and existential motivational processes and activating people’s behavioral immune systems, this pandemic may have changed social and political attitudes. The current research specifically asked the following question: As COVID-19 became pronounced in the United States during the pandemic’s emergence, did people living there become more socially conservative? We present a repeated-measures study (N = 695) that assessed political ideology, gender role conformity, and gender stereotypes among U.S. adults before (January 25-26, 2020) versus during (March 19-April 2, 2020) the pandemic. During the pandemic, participants reported conforming more strongly to traditional gender roles and believing more strongly in traditional gender stereotypes than they did before the pandemic. Political ideology remained constant over time. These findings suggest that a pandemic may promote preference for traditional gender roles.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document