scholarly journals Childhood Memories in Eating Disorders: An Explorative Study Using Diagnostic Imagery

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara Basile ◽  
Chiara Novello ◽  
Simona Calugi ◽  
Riccardo Dalle Grave ◽  
Francesco Mancini
Keyword(s):  
Eating Disorders ◽  
Eating Disorder ◽  
Family Environment ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Childhood Memories ◽  
Image Description ◽  
Childhood Experiences ◽  
Early Parent ◽  
Childhood Memory

Together with socio-cultural components, the family environment and early parent–child interactions play a role in the development of eating disorders. The aim of this study was to explore the nature of early parent–daughter relationships in a sample of 49 female inpatients with an eating disorder. To acquire a detailed image description of the childhood experiences of the patient, we used diagnostic imagery, a schema therapy-derived experiential technique. This procedure allows exploring specific contents within the childhood memory (i.e., emotions and unmet core needs), bypassing rational control, commonly active during direct verbal questioning. Additionally, patients completed self-report measures to assess for eating disorder severity, general psychopathology, and individual and parental schemas pervasiveness. Finally, we explored possible differences in the diagnostic imagery content and self-report measures in two subgroups of patients with anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. The results showed that the most frequently reported unmet needs within the childhood memories of patients were those of safety/protection, care/nurturance, and emotional expression, referred specifically to the maternal figure. Overall, mothers were described as more abandoning, but at the same time particularly enmeshed in the relationship with their daughters. Conversely, patients perceived their fathers as more emotionally inhibited and neglecting. Imagery-based techniques might represent a powerful tool to explore the nature of early life experiences in eating disorders, allowing a more detailed case conceptualization and addressing intervention on early-life vulnerability aspects in disorder treatment.

Psychological Assessment of the Eating Disorders

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Drew A. Anderson ◽  
Joseph Donahue ◽  
Lauren E. Ehrlich ◽  
Sasha Gorrell
Keyword(s):  
Eating Disorders ◽  
Eating Disorder ◽  
Psychological Assessment ◽  
Functional Approach ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Behavioral Measures

Clinicians and researchers have several approaches with which to assess eating disorder and related symptomatology, including interviews, self-report instruments, and behavioral measures. The purpose of this chapter is to describe a process, based on a functional approach, that will help assessors to develop assessments and choose instruments for eating disorders and eating-related problems. This approach takes into account both theoretical and practical concerns and allows assessors to individualize their assessments depending on their particular needs. This process starts with broad considerations about the context in which the assessment is to be given and ends with the choice of specific instruments to be used.

Binge/Purge Symptoms and Comorbidity in Adolescents with Eating Disorders

1998 ◽  
Vol 43 (5) ◽  
pp. 507-512 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rose Geist ◽  
Ron Davis ◽  
Margus Heinmaa
Keyword(s):  
Eating Disorders ◽  
Eating Disorder ◽  
Depressive Disorders ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Diagnostic Interview ◽  
Brief Symptom Inventory ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Oppositional Defiant ◽  
Assessment Measure ◽  
Axis I

Objective: To identify the diagnostic subtypes of eating disorders (EDs), the psychiatric comorbid diagnoses, and associated specific and nonspecific psychopathology in a series of 120 adolescents undergoing standardized assessment for an ED. Method: Consecutive patients referred to our large pediatric hospital for ED assessment completed a semistructured diagnostic interview for children and adolescents. The following self-report scales were administered to assess specific and nonspecific psychopathology: the Children's Depression Inventory (CDI), the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI), the Eating Disorder Inventory 2 (EDI-2), and the Family Assessment Measure (FAM-III) of family functioning. Results: Female subjects with a mean age of 14.5 years and a mean body mass index (BMI) of 18.1 comprised 93% of the sample. The restrictive subtypes of anorexia nervosa (AN) (43%) and eating disorder not otherwise specified (EDNOS) (16%) were the most common diagnoses. Patients with restricting symptoms (R) could be grouped together because they were more similar to each other with respect to self-report symptoms of psychopathology than they were to patients with binge/purge (B/P) symptoms and vice versa. Patients with R endorsed significantly fewer subjective symptoms, both ED-specific and nonspecific, and rated their families' functioning better than did B/P patients. Comorbid, current major depressive disorders and dysthymic disorders occurred in 66% of subjects, but depressive, dysthymic, and oppositional disorders occurred in 96% of those with B/P symptoms. Severity of the CDI was the best single discriminator between R and B/P subjects. Conclusions: Adolescents with EDs in the early stage of their illness are similar to adults with EDs in the following ways: they meet the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) criteria for subtypes of EDs (excluding amenorrhea) and commonly have comorbid psychiatric disorders, especially depressive disorders. Patients with B/P symptoms can be distinguished from restricting subjects because they endorse significantly more ED-specific and nonspecific psychopathology and have a higher frequency of comorbid Axis I diagnoses (especially depressive disorders) than restricting patients. Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) occurs more commonly in adolescents with EDs associated with B/P symptoms.

scholarly journals HerStory: Narrative Journeys of Young Black Women with Eating Disorders

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
stephanie hawthorne
Keyword(s):  
Eating Disorders ◽  
Eating Disorder ◽  
Black Women ◽  
Social Criticism ◽  
Mental States ◽  
Black Girls ◽  
Self Concept ◽  
Childhood Experiences ◽  
Black Females ◽  
Young Black Women

<p></p><p>Little is known of eating disorder (ED) pathology in Black females. It has long been perceived that Black females do not struggle with EDs; yet growing research suggests the opposite in this sub-population. This study explored ED development in three young Black women and uncovered adolescent experiential factors that were significant in their ED journeys. In the form of narrative inquiry, triangulation of interviews, observations, and abstracts were used to restory their ED accounts and glean a deeper understanding of their personal journeys. Findings revealed that preadolescence was a pivotal period when body image became a prominent focus rooted in social criticism that grew more powerful than their self-images could bear, adversely affecting their self-concept as Black girls. Trauma, sociocultural and sociopolitical variables, and comorbid psychological illnesses were instrumental in their ED developments and placed unhealthy emphasis on their bodies and mental states. Conclusions include 1) childhood experiences presented salient triggers for the development of EDs; 2) cultural distinctions influenced ED practices; 3) EDs were systems of control; and 4) salient factors prevented early intervention of EDs. Black women are coming forward to share experiences of conflict and hope to help further understand ED pathology in the Black community.</p><br><p></p>

Intrusive Traumatic Childhood Memories in Depression: A Comparison Between Depressed, Recovered and Never Depressed Women

1997 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 309-318 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Spenceley ◽  
Bill Jerrom
Keyword(s):  
Major Depression ◽  
Primary Diagnosis ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Childhood Memories ◽  
Childhood Experiences ◽  
Intrusive Memories ◽  
Traumatic Memories ◽  
Treatment Of Depression ◽  
Psychological Models ◽  
Recovered Sample

The extent of intrusive traumatic memories of upsetting childhood experiences was investigated in independent samples of female subjects: out-patients with a primary diagnosis of unipolar major depression, women recovered from clinical depression, and healthy controls who had never experienced major depression. Subjects completed self-report questionnaires to measure levels of depression, and intrusive memories of traumatic childhood events. There were no differences between the groups in whether or not they experienced intrusive memories, but severity of intrusions varied significantly. The depressed sample reported significantly more intrusion and avoidance than the recovered or control groups, and the recovered sample reported normal levels of intrusion but higher levels of avoidance of traumatic memories than controls. Severely depressed subjects reported significantly higher levels of intrusion and avoidance than moderately depressed subjects. Implications for psychological models and for the treatment of depression are discussed.

Negative Self-Beliefs in Relation to Eating Disorder and Depressive Symptoms: Different Themes Are Characteristic of the Two Sets of Symptoms in Those With Eating Disorders and/or Depression

2009 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 147-159 ◽  
Author(s):  
Myra J. Cooper ◽  
Phil Cowen
Keyword(s):  
Eating Disorders ◽  
Eating Disorder ◽  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Depressive Symptomatology ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Core Beliefs ◽  
Regression Analyses ◽  
Eating Disordered ◽  
Eating Disorder Symptoms

This study aimed to identify differences in the personal themes in negative self or core beliefs that might be characteristic of high levels of eating disorder symptoms when compared to high levels of depressive symptoms in those with an eating disorder and/or depression. Differences between putative diagnostic subgroups were also examined. One hundred and ninety-three participants completed self-report measures of negative self-beliefs, eating, and depressive symptoms. Putative diagnostic subgroups were also identified, including an eating disorder group that also had high levels of depressive symptomatology and in most cases a diagnosis of depression. Six themes descriptive of the self corresponding to 6 robust factors were identified and provisionally labeled isolated, repelled by self, self-dislike, lacking in warmth, childlike, and highly organized. Multiple regression analyses indicated that, in the whole sample, eating disorder symptoms were uniquely predicted by subscales reflective of repelled by self and lacking in warmth, though depressive symptoms were uniquely predicted by subscales measuring isolation and self-dislike. Between-group analyses indicated that high scores on isolation, self-dislike, and lacking in warmth were typical of both eating-disordered and depressed-only diagnostic groups when compared to the control group, though only the eating-disordered group (also high in depressive symptoms and “diagnosis” of depression) also had high scores on repelled by self. The findings indicate that eating disorder and depressive symptoms are associated with some potentially important differences in self-beliefs. Putative diagnostic subgroups may also differ in these beliefs. The findings further indicate that psychometrically sound themes exist in the core or negative self-beliefs associated with eating disorder and depressive symptoms. Implications of the findings for cognitive therapy with eating disorders and depression are briefly considered, and the limitations and implications of the diagnostic subgroups identified here are discussed.

scholarly journals Investigating the relationship of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and eating disorders in adults

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 01-11
Author(s):  
Mohammad Reza Khodabakhsh ◽  
Seyed Hesam Ahmadian Hoseini
Keyword(s):  
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Eating Disorders ◽  
Eating Disorder ◽  
Attention Deficit ◽  
Eating Attitudes ◽  
Self Report ◽  
World Health ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

ADHD is a neurodevelopmental disorder which starts from childhood and early juvenility and can even continue until adolescence. It is noticeable with three factors: hyperactivity, attention inability, and Impulsivity. Researches have demonstrated that the main symptoms of ADHD is also present in patients diagnosed with eating disorders. The goal of the present study is to investigate the relationship of Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and eating disorders in adults.The present study is a correlational study with a cross sectional descriptive method. The sample contains of 150 people chosen from adults using random sampling method. All of the participants answered the Eating attitudes scale (Garner and Garfinkel, 1982) and the Adult ADHD self-report scale (world health organization, 1994). The data were analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient and Spearman correlation coefficient.Considering the result of current study it can be said that ADHD and Eating disorders are related to one another, because based on the evidence gathered, these two variables have similar neurobiological properties and clinical features, and thus ADHD has the ability of eating disorder occurrence anticipation.   Keyword: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder; Diet;  Eating disorder; Impulsivity

The prevalence of sleep-related eating disorder in psychiatric and non-psychiatric populations

1999 ◽  
Vol 29 (6) ◽  
pp. 1461-1466 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. W. WINKELMAN ◽  
D. B. HERZOG ◽  
M. FAVA
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Eating Disorders ◽  
Eating Disorder ◽  
Sleep Disturbance ◽  
Sleep Disorders ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Student Sample ◽  
Nocturnal Eating ◽  
Obese Subjects ◽  
Unselected Group

Background. Sleep-related eating disorder is a little-described syndrome combining features of sleep disorders and eating disorders. The behaviour consists of partial arousals from sleep followed by rapid ingestion of food, commonly with at least partial amnesia for the episode the following day. The aim of this study was to provide an estimate of the prevalence of sleep-related eating disorder.Methods. The Inventory of Nocturnal Eating, a self-report questionnaire addressing nocturnal eating and sleep disturbance, was administered to out-patients (N=126) and in-patients (N=24) with eating disorders, obese subjects (N=126) in a trial of an anorexic agent, depressed subjects (N=207) in an antidepressant trial, and an unselected group (N=217) of college students. Sleep-related eating disorder was operationally defined as nocturnal eating with a self-reported reduced level of awareness, occurring at least once per week.Results. Almost 5·0% (33/700) of the sample described symptoms consistent with sleep-related eating disorder. The in-patient eating disorders group had nearly twice the prevalence (16·7%) of the out-patient eating disorder sample (8·7%), which had nearly twice the prevalence of the next highest group, the student sample (4·6%). Subjects with sleep-related eating disorder endorsed more symptoms consistent with sleep disorders and had higher levels of depression and dissociation than those without nocturnal eating.Conclusions. Sleep-related eating disorder is more common than is generally recognized, especially in those with a daytime eating disorder. Sleep disorder symptoms are often associated with sleep-related eating disorder, as are depression and dissociation. Evaluation of individuals with eating disorders should include assessment for sleep-related eating.

scholarly journals Targeting maladaptive overcontrol with radically open dialectical behaviour therapy in a day programme for adolescents with restrictive eating disorders: an uncontrolled case series

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Julian Baudinet ◽  
Mima Simic ◽  
Helena Griffiths ◽  
Cecily Donnelly ◽  
Catherine Stewart ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eating Disorders ◽  
Eating Disorder ◽  
Social Connectedness ◽  
Case Series ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Behaviour Therapy ◽  
Treatment Needs ◽  
Dialectical Behaviour Therapy ◽  
Restrictive Eating ◽  
Eating Disorder Symptoms

Abstract Background Radically Open Dialectical Behaviour Therapy (RO-DBT) was developed to target maladaptive overcontrol, a proposed core difficulty of restrictive eating disorders. RO-DBT is now the main group treatment model at the Intensive day Treatment Programme (ITP), Maudsley Hospital. This ITP case series aimed to investigate whether overcontrol is associated with restrictive eating disorder symptoms in adolescents and to evaluate ITP outcomes since RO-DBT skills classes were introduced. Method Self-report measures of eating disorder symptoms and temperament, personality and social characteristics linked to overcontrol were collected at assessment and discharge from ITP for all consecutive adolescents who attended between February 2015 and January 2019 (N = 131). Weight change, global outcomes and treatment needs post-ITP were also recorded. Results Eating disorder symptoms at assessment were significantly correlated with overcontrol factors, including social connectedness (r = −.67), reward responsivity (r = −.54), and cognitive inflexibility (r = .52). Adolescents stayed in ITP on average 13.40 weeks. 70.8% had a Good-Intermediate outcome on Morgan-Russell scale. 4.6% did not respond and were referred to inpatient treatment from ITP. Significant improvements in drive for thinness (d = .33), depressive mood (d = .41), social connectedness (d = .48), and emotional expressiveness (d = .97) were reported at discharge. No changes were observed in perfectionism or negative temperament. Conclusions This study offers preliminary evidence that eating disorder symptoms are associated with overcontrol factors in adolescence and that they can improve with RO-DBT informed day programme treatment. RO-DBT is a promising treatment that offers a new way of conceptualising treatment targets and recovery for adolescent restrictive eating disorders.

The Spanish Validation of Level of Expressed Emotion Scale for Relatives of People with Eating Disorders

2012 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 825-839 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana R. Sepúlveda ◽  
Dimitra Anastasiadou ◽  
Ana María del Río ◽  
Montserrat Graell
Keyword(s):  
Eating Disorders ◽  
Eating Disorder ◽  
Psychometric Properties ◽  
Discriminant Validity ◽  
Expressed Emotion ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Spanish Version ◽  
Emotional Climate ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Spanish Validation

Expressed emotion (EE) is considered a general predictor of poor outcome across a range of conditions, including eating disorders, and is valuable in measuring the effect of family interventions. There are no self-report questionnaires validated in Spanish to measure EE among relatives of patients with a psychiatric condition. The aim of this study was to examine the psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the Level of Expressed Emotion scale (LEE) among relatives of eating disorder patients. A cross-sectional study of 270 relatives of patients with an eating disorder was conducted to examine the factor structure, reliability and validity of the LEE scale. Results indicated that the LEE-S (Spanish version) did not correspond to the a priori subscales described in the original version. The refined 45-item LEE-S scale consisted of four factors which explained 25.5% of variance in EE for relatives. Reliability was acceptable (α ranged from .73 to .86). The discriminant validity of the subscales was moderately supported by correlations with psychological distress (GHQ-12; rho = .34) and specific caregiving experience (EDSIS; rho = .39). The LEE-S instrument has adequate psychometric properties and may be of value to assess families at risk of a negative emotional climate at home.

scholarly journals Physiological, emotional and neural responses to visual stimuli in eating disorders: a review

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Victoria Burmester ◽  
Esme Graham ◽  
Dasha Nicholls
Keyword(s):  
Eating Disorders ◽  
Eating Disorder ◽  
Physiological Effect ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Main Body ◽  
Neural Responses ◽  
Physiological Reaction ◽  
Self Reports ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Selection Of

Abstract Background Overconcern with food and shape/weight stimuli are central to eating disorder maintenance with attentional biases seen towards these images not present in healthy controls. These stimuli trigger changes in the physiological, emotional, and neural responses in people with eating disorders, and are regularly used in research and clinical practice. However, selection of stimuli for these treatments is frequently based on self-reported emotional ratings alone, and whether self-reports reflect objective responses is unknown. Main body This review assessed the associations across emotional self-report, physiological, and neural responses to both food and body-shape/weight stimuli in people with anorexia nervosa (AN), bulimia nervosa (BN) and binge eating disorder (BED). For food stimuli, either an aversive or lack of physiological effect was generated in people with AN, together with a negative emotional response on neuroimaging, and high subjective anxiety ratings. People with BN showed a positive self-rating, an aversive physiological reaction, and a motivational neural response. In BED, an aversive physiological reaction was found in contrast to motivational/appetitive neural responses, with food images rated as pleasant. The results for shape/weight stimuli showed aversive responses in some physiological modalities, which was reflected in both the emotional and neural responses, but this aversive response was not consistent across physiological studies. Conclusions Shape/weight stimuli are more reliable for use in therapy or research than food stimuli as the impact of these images is more consistent across subjective and objective responses. Care should be taken when using food stimuli due to the disconnect reported in this review.

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