scholarly journals Embodied Heuristics

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerd Gigerenzer
Keyword(s):  
Bounded Rationality ◽  
Systematic Study ◽  
Situated Cognition ◽  
Coordination Problems ◽  
Research Framework ◽  
Motor Abilities ◽  
The Gaze ◽  
Rules Of Thumb ◽  
Rocket Technology

Intelligence evolved to cope with situations of uncertainty generated by nature, predators, and the behavior of conspecifics. To this end, humans and other animals acquired special abilities, including heuristics that allow for swift action in face of scarce information. In this article, I introduce the concept of embodied heuristics, that is, innate or learned rules of thumb that exploit evolved sensory and motor abilities in order to facilitate superior decisions. I provide a case study of the gaze heuristic, which solves coordination problems from intercepting prey to catching a fly ball. Various species have adapted this heuristic to their specific sensorimotor abilities, such as vision, echolocation, running, and flying. Humans have enlisted it for solving tasks beyond its original purpose, a process akin to exaptation. The gaze heuristic also made its way into rocket technology. I propose a systematic study of embodied heuristics as a research framework for situated cognition and embodied bounded rationality.

Understanding parallel structures in public administration

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 275-292
Author(s):  
Stefan Mann
Keyword(s):  
Content Analysis ◽  
Political Theory ◽  
Public Administration ◽  
Bounded Rationality ◽  
The Political ◽  
Parallel Structures ◽  
Objective Hermeneutics ◽  
Underlying Causes

This paper addresses the question of the underlying causes for persistent parallel structures in public administration. Frames like bounded rationality, the budget-maximizing bureaucrat and the political theory of hegemony are examined with respect to the possible provision of explanations for the persistence of parallel administrations. A combination of content analysis and objective hermeneutics is then applied for a case study of parallel administration in Switzerland. A model linking the three approaches is finally developed to show how parallel administration relies on an equilibrium in the struggle for budget and hegemony between the key actors and on ignorance among fringe actors.

scholarly journals The Role of Accelerator Designs in Mitigating Bounded Rationality in New Ventures

2018 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
pp. 810-854 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan L. Cohen ◽  
Christopher B. Bingham ◽  
Benjamin L. Hallen
Keyword(s):  
Bounded Rationality ◽  
New Ventures ◽  
Multiple Case Study ◽  
New Venture ◽  
External Information ◽  
Start Up ◽  
Multiple Case ◽  
Established Firms

Using a nested multiple-case study of participating ventures, directors, and mentors of eight of the original U.S. accelerators, we explore how accelerators’ program designs influence new ventures’ ability to access, interpret, and process the external information needed to survive and grow. Through our inductive process, we illuminate the bounded-rationality challenges that may plague all ventures and entrepreneurs—not just those in accelerators—and identify the particular organizational designs that accelerators use to help address these challenges, which left unabated can result in suboptimal performance or even venture failure. Our analysis revealed three key design choices made by accelerators—(1) whether to space out or concentrate consultations with mentors and customers, (2) whether to foster privacy or transparency between peer ventures participating in the same program, and (3) whether to tailor or standardize the program for each venture—and suggests a particular set of choices is associated with improved venture development. Collectively, our findings provide evidence that bounded rationality challenges new ventures differently than it does established firms. We find that entrepreneurs appear to systematically satisfice prematurely across many decisions and thus broadly benefit from increasing the amount of external information searched, often by reigniting search for problems that they already view as solved. Our study also contributes to research on organizational sponsors by revealing practices that help or hinder new venture development and to emerging research on the lean start-up methodology by suggesting that startups benefit from engaging in deep consultative learning prior to experimentation.

Queer of colour hauntings in London’s arts scene: performing disidentification and decolonising the gaze. A case study of the Cocoa Butter Club

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 445-463
Author(s):  
Laurie Mompelat
Keyword(s):  
Cocoa Butter ◽  
Public Space ◽  
Gender And Sexuality ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Gaze ◽  
White Gaze

This article analyses the representational stakes of queer of colour performance, by taking the case study of the Cocoa Butter Club: queer of colour cabaret night in London. Within a British landscape that has silenced queer subjectivities of colour at the intersection of race, gender and sexuality, I explore the potential of QPOC performance to redress historical erasure. To enact their presence, I argue that the Cocoa Butter Club’s performers showcase their collective disidentification from the scripts pre-assigned to their bodies within the European imagination. By doing so, they disrupt hegemonic representations of queerness and racialised otherness, making room for a multitude of queer of colour becomings kept otherwise invisible from public view. Such disidentifications unleash ‘ghosts’ into the public space, spectres of elided subjectivities and unresolved coloniality within a city that likes to think of itself as a post-racial LGBT haven. Drawing on ethnographic material and interviews with performers, I analyse what happens when such queer of colour hauntings reach the audience’s gaze. I consider their unsettling effects in relation to the white gaze, as well as their empowering function in relation to desiring QPOC subjects, seeking reflections of themselves in spectatorship.

scholarly journals Human Cognitive and Motor Abilities in the Aging Workforce: An Information-Based Model

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (17) ◽  
pp. 5958
Author(s):  
Salvatore Digiesi ◽  
Daniela Cavallo ◽  
Andrea Lucchese ◽  
Carlotta Mummolo
Keyword(s):  
Information Content ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Cognitive Task ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Motor Task ◽  
Aging Workforce ◽  
Motor Abilities ◽  
Workforce Aging ◽  
And Performance

In the digital society, individuals are in charge of performing tasks based on the information gathered by huge amount of data and effectively use them to manifest their cognitive and motor abilities. In this paper, on the basis of experimental studies available in literature concerning lab tests on motor or cognitive abilities of differently aged subjects, an information-based theoretical model is proposed. The model allows to quantify the information content of a motor or a cognitive task and provides estimates of information processing time of individuals of different age and sex in accomplishing tasks with prevalent motor or cognitive nature, in spite of the fact that a “pure” cognitive or a “pure” motor task are rarely observed in practical cases. The model is then applied to a case study from automotive industry in which workforce aging phenomenon is experienced. Potential applications of the model go beyond the case study developed. Quantifying the information content of a general motor-cognitive task paves the way to new understanding and modelling of movements and performance time of both natural and artificial systems with applications in industrial robotics (e.g., human-robot cooperation), biomechanics, and neurorehabilitation.

An Approach to Improved Decentralized Design: The Modified Approximation-Based Decentralized Design (MADD) Framework

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashwin P. Gurnani ◽  
Kemper Lewis
Keyword(s):  
Nash Equilibrium ◽  
Bounded Rationality ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Optimization Techniques ◽  
Objective Functions ◽  
Design Problems ◽  
Decentralized Design ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Rational Reaction Set

The design of large scale complex engineering systems requires interaction and communication between multiple disciplines and decentralized subsystems. One common fundamental assumption in decentralized design is that the individual subsystems only exchange design variable information and do not share objective functions or gradients. This is because the decentralized subsystems can either not share this information due to geographical constraints or choose not to share it due to corporate secrecy issues. Game theory has been used to model the interactions between distributed design subsystems and predict convergence and equilibrium solutions. These game theoretic models assume that designers make perfectly rational decisions by selecting solutions from their Rational Reaction Set (RRS), resulting in a Nash Equilibrium solution. However, empirical studies reject the claim that decision makers always make rational choices and the concept of Bounded Rationality is used to explain such behavior. In this paper, a framework is proposed that uses the idea of bounded rationality in conjunction with set-based design, metamodeling and multiobjective optimization techniques to improve solutions for convergent decentralized design problems. Through the use of this framework, entitled Modified Approximation-based Decentralized Design (MADD) framework, convergent decentralized design problems converge to solutions that are superior to the Nash equilibrium. A two subsystem mathematical problem is used as case study and simulation techniques are used to study the impact of the framework parameters on the final solution. The discipline specific objective functions within the case study problem are unconstrained and continuous — however, the implementation of the MADD framework is not restricted to such problems.

Contemporary Dilemmas in Personality Assessment Illustrated in a Diagnostic Case Study

1977 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 967-973 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert S. Greene
Keyword(s):  
Sex Offenders ◽  
Systematic Study ◽  
Personality Assessment ◽  
Inventory Data ◽  
Large Samples ◽  
Hand Test ◽  
Measurement And Evaluation ◽  
Psychological Inventory ◽  
Study Format

Hand Test and California Psychological Inventory data produced by two nonviolent sex offenders are presented in case study format. Marked similarities in personality of these subjects are noted and discussed in relation to difficulties which plague the field of measurement and evaluation. Social relevancy is noted and the need for systematic study of large samples is emphasized.

scholarly journals Social and Physical Entrapments of Women in Bapsi Sidhwa’s Ice-Candy Man and Arundhati Roy’s The God of Small Things

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 57
Author(s):  
Muhammad Arfan Lodhi ◽  
Faiza Khalid ◽  
Iqbal Mehmood ◽  
Faiz Rasool ◽  
Farhan Akbar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Content Analysis ◽  
Exploratory Research ◽  
Arundhati Roy ◽  
Research Framework ◽  
Bapsi Sidhwa ◽  
Male Characters ◽  
The Social ◽  
Small Things ◽  
Different Cultures

The study highlights the social and physical entrapments of women in two novels: Bapsi Sidhwa’s Ice-Candy Man and Arundhati Roy’s The God of Small Things. Both writers belong to two different cultures. Bapsi Sidhwa is a Punjabi, Parsi, Pakistani novelist while Arundhati Roy is an Indian Author. Regardless of their different cultures, they have discussed similar issues faced by women of their contemporary societies. This case study adopted exploratory research framework to gather data and undergo its content analysis from the text of two selected novels. The findings explicate that woman exploitation can be observed evidently among different societies irrespective of any culture, religion, caste or creed. In both novels, women are represented as shallow creatures and they are utterly victimized physically as well as emotionally. They are raped and beaten brutally by males being their unbidden masters. Sidhwa and Roy enlighten the plight of women in their novels, though slight elements of unjust maltreatment of the male characters can also be seen at many places.

scholarly journals Identifying and Mapping the Responses of Ecosystem Services to Land Use Change in Rapidly Urbanizing Regions: A Case Study in Foshan City, China

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (21) ◽  
pp. 4374
Author(s):  
Zhuo Wu ◽  
Rubo Zhou ◽  
Ziyao Zeng
Keyword(s):  
Ecosystem Services ◽  
Habitat Quality ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Water Yield ◽  
Rapid Urbanization ◽  
Research Framework ◽  
Response Index ◽  
Spatial Response ◽  
Foshan City

Rapid urbanization has degraded some important ecosystem services and threatens socioeconomic sustainability. Although many studies have focused on the effect of urbanization on ecosystem services, the effect and its threshold have not been well-identified spatially. In this study, we propose a research framework by integrating nighttime light data, the InVEST (Integrated Valuation of Environmental Service and Tradeoffs) model, and a spatial response index to characterize the response of ecosystem services to rapid urbanization. We considered Foshan City as a case study to explore the effect of rapid urbanization on ecosystem services during 2000–2018. Our results showed that rapid urbanization resulted in a 49.13% reduction in agricultural production and a 10.13% reduction in habitat quality. The spatial response index of agricultural production, habitat quality, soil retention, water yield, and carbon sequestration were 14.25%, 2.94%, 0.04%, 0.78%, and 0.07%, respectively. We found that developing urban areas had the highest spatial response index, indicating that this area was the crucial area for future land management. We consider that our research framework can help identify the key areas affected by rapid urbanization. Visualizing the spatial response index and extracting the threshold for different levels of urbanization will be conducive to sustainable urban management and planning.

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