scholarly journals The Impostor Phenomenon: Toward a Better Understanding of the Nomological Network and Gender Differences

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monika Fleischhauer ◽  
Josephine Wossidlo ◽  
Lars Michael ◽  
Sören Enge

The impostor phenomenon (IP) refers to the tendency to perceive oneself as intellectually incompetent and to attribute one’s own success to effort-related or external factors, such as fortunate circumstances. The present study (N=209) aimed to contribute to open questions regarding gender differences in the IP and the nomological network of the IP. The results show that the consistently found key correlates of the IP, that is, lower self-esteem and higher neuroticism, could also play a role in explaining why women report higher impostor feelings than men in many studies. Moreover, the results suggest that IP is characterized by the more maladaptive, socially prescribed perfectionism, which is related to the belief that others expect perfection from oneself, whereas self-oriented perfectionism, which is characterized by a critical view on oneself, plays a smaller role in differences in the IP. Finally, a strong association with the sandbagging construct challenges the conceptualization of the IP as a genuine doubt about one’s own competence, because similarly to IP, sandbaggers present themselves negatively to others, but do so for very strategic reasons in order to create a low expectation base in other individuals. Regression analysis was used to assess the incremental value of the personality factors in explaining variance in the IP. It was found that sandbagging and IP are highly related but not interchangeable.

2003 ◽  
Vol 33 (5) ◽  
pp. 927-931 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. A. SANATHARA ◽  
C. O. GARDNER ◽  
C. A. PRESCOTT ◽  
K. S. KENDLER

Background. Although prior research has demonstrated a strong association between interpersonal dependency (IPD) levels and risk for major depression (MD), the possible aetiological explanations of this association as well as any gender differences in the IPD–MD relationship need further clarification.Method. Population-based twin samples (N=7174) were interviewed in multiple waves to assess IPD and MD as part of a larger twin study. IPD levels were assessed using the Interpersonal Dependency Inventory while MD diagnoses were derived from the SCID. Cox proportional hazard models and multiple regression techniques were utilized.Results. IPD was strongly associated with a risk for lifetime MD. Pre-morbid IPD scores were predictive of future onsets of MD while experiencing a MD episode was also associated with a significant rise in IPD levels. While females had higher IPD scores, IPD scores were more significantly associated with risk for lifetime MD in males. Controlling for the level of IPD substantially reduced the observed association between gender and risk for MD.Conclusion. The strong association observed between IPD and risk for MD results largely from IPD being a risk factor for MD, but state effects of MD on IPD also contribute. IPD scores in males were more predictive of lifetime MD than for females. The higher levels of IPD in women than in men may contribute meaningfully to the sex differences in risk for MD.


2019 ◽  
Vol 46 (5) ◽  
pp. 631-647 ◽  
Author(s):  
Priscilla Twumasi Baffour ◽  
Ibrahim Mohammed ◽  
Wassiuw Abdul Rahaman

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate gender differences in risk aversion and determine the effect of personality traits on risk aversion from an African country context. Design/methodology/approach The study combined both descriptive and analytical designs, and employed t-test, Pearson’s χ2 and binary logistic regression as the main analytical techniques. Data for the analysis were obtained from the World Bank’s Skills toward Employment and Productivity survey on Ghana. Findings Results of the study revealed systematic differences in personality and gender and their associations with risk aversion. Specifically, women were found to be more risk averse than men. Differences in personality also showed that females reported higher levels of personality in all but one of the Big Five personality traits – extraversion. In addition to gender, age and education, the personality traits of conscientiousness and stability were the main predictors of the likelihood of being risk averse. Although personality differences existed between male and female, the interaction terms between gender and personality factors were not statistically significant. Originality/value The paper departs from the extant literature on developed countries and western cultures to add to the understanding on how individual differences account for variation in revealed risk preferences.


Author(s):  
Gustavo Artur Monzeli ◽  
Elisa Cardoso Kobi

Este texto é um dos resultados de uma pesquisa desenvolvida com escolas de Ensino Médio na cidade de Vitória (ES). Esta proposta de investigação surgiu da necessidade de compreensão das manifestações de preconceito e diferentes tipos de violência que historicamente acontecem em nosso contexto social e, mais especificamente, no contexto de instituições formais de ensino. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi identificar quais são as principais formas de preconceito e violência contra diferenças e diversidades étnicas, sexuais, religiosas, de classe social e de gênero que acontecem dentro do contexto de instituições de ensino médio na cidade de Vitória (ES). Ao aceitarem participar da pesquisa, foram entregues, aos estudantes e professores, questionários com perguntas semiabertas sobre diversos temas que abordavam os preconceitos e violências ocorridas dentro do contexto escolar, sendo sempre informada a participação voluntária e confidencial da pesquisa. Os resultados foram divididos entre a identificação dos professores e estudantes, além de suas vivências em relação às violências no contexto escolar. Diante dos dados apresentados e da discussão, é possível perceber que apesar da escola estar repleta de diversidades em seu contexto e cotidiano, há ainda muitos casos de preconceito, discriminação e outros tipos de violência que ocorrem nesse espaço. É preciso compreender que toda e qualquer ação no contexto escolar é repleta de sentido e está vinculada a distintas concepções de sociedade e de possibilidade de existências. Quando a escola se posiciona ou não no enfrentamento às violências este posicionamento se reflete em concepções mais autoritárias ou democráticas de sociedade. Abstract  This article is one of the results of a research carried out with high schools in the city of Vitória (ES). This research proposal arose from the need to understand the manifestations of prejudice and different types of violence that historically happen in our social context and, more specifically, in the context of formal educational institutions. The aim of this research was to identify the main forms of prejudice and violence against ethnic, sexual, religious, and gender differences and diversities that occur within the context of high school institutions in the city of Vitória (ES). Upon accepting to participate in the research, questionnaires with semi-open questions about various topics that dealt with the prejudices and violence occurring within the school context were given to students and teachers, and the voluntary and confidential participation of the research was always informed. The results were divided between the identification of teachers and students, as well as their experiences regarding violence in the school context. Given the data presented and the discussion, it is possible to perceive that although the school is full of diversity present in its daily context, there are still many cases of prejudice, discrimination and other types of violence occurring in this space. It must be understood that any action in the school context is full of meaning and is linked to different conceptions of society and possibility of existence. When the school is positioned or not in the face of violence, this position is reflected in more authoritarian or democratic conceptions of society.Keywords: Education, Occupational Therapy, Violence.


2012 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 181 ◽  
Author(s):  
Azar Hosseini Fatemi ◽  
Arezoo Asghari

This study was designed to determine whether there is any association between learners' personality traits and their sets of attributions in learning English as a foreign language, regarding their gender differences. To this aim, 216 lower intermediate English language learners, 111 male and 105 female, studying in Shokouh English language institutes in Mashhad took part in the study. They completed NEO-Five Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI) and Attribution questionnaire (ATFLL). The results of the correlational study in male and female groups indicated significant relationships between some of personality traits and sub-scales of attribution theory. The result of t-test showed that the difference between means was not significant in any of the attribution sub-constructs between male and female learners. Regarding personality factors, results showed that the difference between the means was significant only for Agreeableness and Conscientiousness.


2000 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 147-149 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Grann

Summary: Hare's Psychopathy Checklist - Revised (PCL-R; Hare, 1991 ) was originally constructed for use among males in correctional and forensic settings. In this study, the PCL-R protocols of 36 matched pairs of female and male violent offenders were examined with respect to gender differences. The results indicated a few significant differences. By means of discriminant analysis, male Ss were distinguished from their female counterparts through their relatively higher scores on “callous/lack of empathy” (item 8) and “juvenile delinquency” (item 18), whereas the female Ss scored relatively higher on “promiscuous sexual behavior” (item 11). Some sources of bias and possible implications are discussed.


Author(s):  
Tereza Soukupova ◽  
Petr Goldmann

Abstract. The Thematic Apperception Test is one of the most frequently administered apperceptive techniques. Formal scoring systems are helpful in evaluating story responses. TAT stories, made by 20 males and 20 females in the situation of legal divorce proceedings, were coded for detection and comparison of their personal problem solving ability. The evaluating instrument utilized was the Personal Problem Solving System-Revised (PPSS-R) as developed by G. F. Ronan. The results indicate that in relation to card 1, men more often than women saw the cause of the problem as removable. With card 6GF, women were more motivated to resolve the given problem than were men, women had a higher personal control and their stories contained more optimism compared to men’s stories. In relation to card 6BM women, more often than men, used emotions generated from the problem to orient themselves within the problem. With card 13MF, the men’s level of stress was less compared to that of the women, and men were more able to plan within the context of problem-solving. Significant differences in the examined groups were found in those cards which depicted significant gender and parental potentials. The TAT can be used to help identify personality characteristics and gender differences.


2012 ◽  
Vol 220 (2) ◽  
pp. 57-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
Markus Hausmann ◽  
Barbara Schober

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document