scholarly journals Associations Between Interindividual Differences, Expectations and Placebo and Nocebo Effects in Itch

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefanie H. Meeuwis ◽  
Henriët van Middendorp ◽  
Dieuwke S. Veldhuijzen ◽  
Andrea W. M. Evers
Keyword(s):  
Behavioral Activation ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Moderated Mediation ◽  
Current Work ◽  
Affective States ◽  
Open Label ◽  
Interindividual Differences ◽  
Mediated Effects ◽  
Individual Traits ◽  
Nocebo Effects

Introduction: Placebo and nocebo effects are positive and negative health outcomes that can be elicited by the psychosocial context. They can be mediated by expectations, and may emerge in somatic symptoms even when people are aware of these effects. Interindividual differences (e.g., in personality, affective states) could impact placebo and nocebo responding, but findings are inconsistent.Methods: The current work examined expectation as a mediator of the association between verbal placebo and nocebo suggestions (VSs) and histamine-induced itch across three experimental studies. Moreover, we examined whether interindividual differences (e.g., in optimism, neuroticism, behavioral activation system (BAS), body ignorance) modulated: (1) the direct association between VSs and itch (direct moderation), and (2) the indirect, expectation-mediated association between VSs and itch (moderated mediation). Positive VSs were compared to neutral instructions (Study 1; n = 92) or negative VSs (Studies 2+3; n = 203) in an open-label (i.e., explaining placebo and nocebo effects) or closed-label (concealed) context using PROCESS. First, mediation of VSs effects on itch by expectations was tested. Next, moderation by individual traits was explored using conditional process analyses.Results: The effects of VSs on itch were significantly mediated by expectation in Study 1 and in the open-label (but not closed-label) contexts of Studies 2 and 3. Ignorance of bodily signals marginally moderated the direct effects of VSs on itch when closed-label suggestions were given: at low levels of body ignorance, effects of positive and negative VSs were stronger. Moreover, moderated mediation was observed in the open-label groups of Studies 2 and 3: The expectation-mediated effects of VSs on itch were stronger when BAS drive was lower.Conclusion: Overall, the effects of VSs on itch were mediated by expectations in the open-label, but not the closed-label context. Moreover, the current work suggests that placebo and nocebo effects may be moderated by ignorance of bodily signals and the BAS. There was limited evidence that other interindividual differences modulated placebo and nocebo responding in itch.

Experimental Studies of Affective States in Children

1981 ◽  
pp. 91-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
John C. Masters ◽  
Elyse Schwartz Felleman ◽  
R. Christopher Barden
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Affective States

Predictors of affect following discharge from partial hospitalization: a two-week ecological momentary assessment study

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Marie Forgeard ◽  
Courtney Beard ◽  
Danielle Shayani ◽  
Alexandra L. Silverman ◽  
Eli Tsukayama ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ecological Momentary Assessment ◽  
Close Relationships ◽  
Behavioral Activation ◽  
Social Contact ◽  
Stressful Events ◽  
Partial Hospitalization ◽  
Affective States ◽  
Daily Experiences ◽  
Ecological Momentary ◽  
Momentary Assessment

Abstract Background Little is known about the everyday experiences of individuals transitioning from acute to outpatient psychiatric care, an important period of risk for mood symptom relapse. This study used ecological momentary assessment (EMA) to examine whether specific daily experiences were related to momentary affective states following discharge from a partial hospitalization program (PHP). Methods A sample of 114 adults (Mage = 36 years old, 52% female, 83% White) completed four brief EMA surveys every day for 2 weeks assessing intensity/type of stressful events and social contact, as well as positive/negative affect (PA/NA). Half of participants reported therapeutic skills use. Results Stress severity ratings prospectively predicted increased NA. NA predicted spending less time with close relationships. However, interacting with close relationships predicted increased positive affect (PA). Finally, PA predicted spending time with more people. The use of two skills (behavioral activation and interpersonal effectiveness) was concurrently, but not prospectively, associated with improved affect. Conclusions Examining daily experiences of individuals discharging from partial hospitalization provides important information about factors that may influence affective states during the transition from acute to outpatient care. Findings from this study can be used to help prepare patients for discharge and develop interventions for the post-acute period.

scholarly journals Confiding Secrets and Well-Being

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Slepian ◽  
Edythe Moulton-Tetlock
Keyword(s):  
Social Support ◽  
Real World ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Mind Wandering ◽  
Current Work ◽  
Coping Efficacy ◽  
Empirical Examination ◽  
The Way

How does confiding secrets relate to well-being? The current work presents the first empirical examination of mechanisms by which confiding diverse real-world secrets to known others predicts well-being. We examined over 800 participants with more than 10,000 secrets in total, finding that confiding a secret does not predict reduced instances of concealment. Rather, confiding a secret predicts higher well-being through perceived coping efficacy. Correlational and experimental studies find that through confiding a secret, people feel they obtain social support and are more capable in coping with the secret. Additionally, through perceived coping efficacy, confiding a secret predicts less frequent mind wandering to the secret. Confiding predicts higher well-being through changing the way and how often people think about their secret.

scholarly journals Efficacy of open-label counterconditioning for reducing nocebo effects on pressure pain

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simone Meijer ◽  
Merve Karacaoglu ◽  
Henriët van Middendorp ◽  
Dieuwke S. Veldhuijzen ◽  
Karin Jensen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Musculoskeletal Disorders ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Physical Symptoms ◽  
Conditioning Group ◽  
Nocebo Effect ◽  
Open Label ◽  
Pressure Pain ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
Healthy Female ◽  
Nocebo Effects

Nocebo effects can adversely affect the experience of physical symptoms, such as pain and itch. Nocebo effects on itch and pain have shown to be induced by conditioning with thermal heat stimuli and reduced by counterconditioning. However, open-label counterconditioning, in which participants are informed about the placebo content of the treatment, has not been investigated, while this can be highly relevant for clinical practice. Furthermore, (open-label) conditioning and counterconditioning has not been investigated for pain modalities relevant to musculoskeletal disorders, such as pressure pain. In a randomized controlled trial, we investigated in 110 healthy female participants whether nocebo effects on pressure pain combined with open-label verbal suggestions can be 1) induced via conditioning and 2) reduced via counterconditioning. Participants were allocated to either a nocebo or sham conditioning group. Next, the nocebo group was allocated to either counterconditioning, extinction, or continued nocebo conditioning; sham conditioning was followed by placebo conditioning. Nocebo effects were significantly larger after nocebo conditioning than sham conditioning (d = 1.27). Subsequently, a larger reduction of the nocebo effect was found after counterconditioning than after extinction (d = .99) and continued nocebo conditioning (d = 1.63), with effects similar to placebo conditioning (following sham conditioning). These results show that (counter)conditioning combined with open-label suggestions can modulate nocebo effects on pressure pain, which provides promise in designing learning-based treatments to reduce nocebo effects in patients with chronic pain disorders, particularly for musculoskeletal disorders.

Evaluation of analgesic activity of levofloxacin in human experimental pain model

2015 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rohita Shetty ◽  
Sameer Chaudhari ◽  
Pradeep Jadhav ◽  
Ipseeta Ray ◽  
Yeshwant Deshmukh
Keyword(s):  
Analgesic Activity ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Pain Threshold ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Experimental Pain ◽  
Open Label ◽  
Healthy Human ◽  
Pain Model ◽  
Institutional Ethics

Abstract: Levofloxacin, an optically active isomer of ofloxacin, exerts broad spectrum antibacterial activity. Apart from its antibacterial action, experimental studies have documented antinociceptive properties in animal pain models suggesting an analgesic effect. This study was conducted with the aim to evaluate the analgesic activity of levofloxacin in healthy human volunteers.: This was an open label, prospective, non-randomized, interventional study conducted on 12 apparently healthy volunteers at a tertiary care teaching hospital in India. Permission from the Institutional Ethics Committee was obtained. After obtaining informed consent, volunteers fulfilling the inclusion criteria were enrolled. Analgesic activity was assessed by Cola cap and sphygmomanometer, a human experimental pain model. Observation of pain threshold and tolerance was recorded at baseline and at an interval of 2 h and 4 h after administration of levofloxacin (500 mg oral) in all 12 subjects. The results were analysed using repeated measures one way analysis of variance.: The mean age of the volunteers was 27.5±3.26 years. A statistically significant increase in the pain threshold and tolerance was found at 2 h and 4 h when compared to baseline.: Levofloxacin exhibited significant analgesic activity in a human pain model and can be used in infections associated with pain or for pre-operative prophylaxis. Further investigations are required to understand the precise mechanism and pathway of antinociception exhibited by levofloxacin.

scholarly journals Distinguishing simple and residual consistency in functionally equivalent and non- equivalent situations: Evidence from experimental and observational longitudinal data

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kai Tobias Horstmann ◽  
John F. Rauthmann ◽  
Ryne A. Sherman ◽  
Matthias Ziegler
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Longitudinal Data ◽  
Longitudinal Studies ◽  
Personality Trait ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
Current Work ◽  
Functional Equivalence ◽  
General Factor ◽  
Total N ◽  
Interindividual Differences

The current work examines consistencies of personality state scores across functionally equivalent and non-equivalent situations. We argue that simple consistency, defined as the correlation between state scores without taking people’s straits into account, needs to be distinguished from residual consistency that does account for traits. The existence of residual consistency reflects systematic interindividual differences in how people respond to situations, above and beyond what is expected from their traits. We examine the level and individual differences in all of these forms of consistency. In four micro-longitudinal studies (total N = 671), participants first provided trait self-ratings and then state ratings, either in response to two situation vignettes presented at separate testing occasions (Studies 1 and 2) or during experience sampling in daily life (Studies 3 and 4). In all studies, simple consistency was substantial, and the level of residual consistency varied with the level of functional equivalence of the situations. Further, individual differences in both simple and residual consistencies were only weakly correlated, suggesting no underlying general factor but only trait-specific consistencies. We conclude that there are consistent individual differences in how people respond to equivalent situations, even when their personality trait scores have been taken into account.

scholarly journals CIBER-CLAP (CIBERCV Cardioprotection Large Animal Platform): A multicenter preclinical network for testing reproducibility in cardiovascular interventions

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xavier Rossello ◽  
Antonio Rodriguez-Sinovas ◽  
Gemma Vilahur ◽  
Verónica Crisóstomo ◽  
Inmaculada Jorge ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ischemia Reperfusion Injury ◽  
Ischemia Reperfusion ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Large Animal ◽  
Open Label ◽  
C Protein ◽  
Need To Evaluate ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Cardiovascular Interventions

AbstractDespite many cardioprotective interventions have shown to protect the heart against ischemia/reperfusion injury in the experimental setting, only few of them have succeeded in translating their findings into positive proof-of-concept clinical trials. Controversial and inconsistent experimental and clinical evidence supports the urgency of a disruptive paradigm shift for testing cardioprotective therapies. There is a need to evaluate experimental reproducibility before stepping into the clinical arena. The CIBERCV (acronym for Spanish network-center for cardiovascular biomedical research) has set up the “Cardioprotection Large Animal Platform” (CIBER-CLAP) to perform experimental studies testing the efficacy and reproducibility of promising cardioprotective interventions based on a pre-specified design and protocols, randomization, blinding assessment and other robust methodological features. Our first randomized, control-group, open-label blinded endpoint experimental trial assessing local ischemic preconditioning (IPC) in a pig model of acute myocardial infarction (n = 87) will be carried out in three separate sets of experiments performed in parallel by three laboratories. Each set aims to assess: (A) CMR-based outcomes; (B) histopathological-based outcomes; and (C) protein-based outcomes. Three core labs will assess outcomes in a blinded fashion (CMR imaging, histopathology and proteomics) and 2 methodological core labs will conduct the randomization and statistical analysis.

scholarly journals Effects of power on negotiations: a comparison of collaborative versus competitive approach

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyriaki Fousiani ◽  
Wolfgang Steinel ◽  
Pieter A. Minnigh
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Moderated Mediation ◽  
Perceived Threat ◽  
Collaborative Approach ◽  
Competitive Strategies ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Negotiation Strategies ◽  
Mediation Hypothesis ◽  
Moderating Role

Purpose The purpose of this study is to examine two opposing approaches to the effects of power on negotiation: a “collaborative approach” of power and a “competitive approach” of power. Accordingly, the authors state oppositional hypotheses based on each approach. This study further investigates the mediating role of the perceived threat of the negotiation and the moderating role of negotiation topic (i.e. topics that touch on one’s power position versus topics that are related to the tasks one needs to perform) in this relationship. Finally, the authors state a moderated mediation hypothesis where they expected that the negotiation topic would moderate the indirect effect of power on negotiation strategies. Design/methodology/approach A vignette study (N = 279) and a negotiation game (N = 138) were conducted where the power within dyads was manipulated. Findings Study 1 showed that powerholders prefer collaborative strategies, whereas powerless negotiators prefer competitive strategies. Perceived threat of the negotiation mediated this effect. Furthermore, both Studies 1 and 2 showed that the negotiation topic moderates the effect of power on negotiation strategies providing further support for the collaborative approach of power. Finally, Study 1 provided partial support for the moderated mediation hypothesis. Research limitations/implications Both Studies 1 and 2 are experimental studies. A field study should try to replicate these results in the future. Practical implications This study illuminates the effects of power on negotiation and addresses inconsistent findings in the negotiation literature. The results might be of great importance to large organizations where power asymmetries constitute an integral part of the employee/manager interactions. Originality/value To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study to show the moderating role of negotiation topic in the relationship between power and negotiation.

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