Autophagy-Based Hypothesis on the Role of Brain Catecholamine Response During Stress

✓ Pulmonary congestion, hemorrhage, and edema, produced in the experimental animal by various methods of disturbing the central nervous system, have led to the concept that such neurogenically-initiated changes are mediated through the autonomic nervous system. Blocking the sympathetic nervous mechanisms prevents these changes. Little is found concerning the expected role of catecholamines. In this study, using a standard model of increasing intracranial pressure (ICP), intense cardiovascular changes, with blood pressure rising above 320 mm Hg and heart rate of 180 beats per minute, were noted. Within seconds, plasma catecholamine levels rose as much as 1200 times the highest normal values for epinephrine, 145 times for norepinephrine, and 35 times for dopamine. These changes occurred only when raised ICP was sustained and spatial compensation of the brain was exceeded. It is not unlikely that these events are related not only to increased ICP, but also to the effects of physical distortion of the brain stem with structural, functional, and vascular alterations within it.

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PACAP release from the canine adrenal gland in vivo: its functional role in severe hypotension

AJP Regulatory Integrative and Comparative Physiology ◽

10.1152/ajpregu.00466.2002 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 284 (2) ◽

pp. R588-R597 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Stéphane Lamouche ◽

Nobuharu Yamaguchi

Keyword(s):

Adrenal Gland ◽

Nerve Stimulation ◽

Splanchnic Nerve ◽

Dependent Manner ◽

Severe Hypotension ◽

Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase ◽

Catecholamine Response ◽

Splanchnic Nerve Stimulation

This study was to investigate if endogenous pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) can be released during direct splanchnic nerve stimulation in vivo and to determine whether PACAP in the adrenal gland can modulate the medullary response to sympathoadrenal reflex. The output of adrenal catecholamine and PACAP-38-like immunoreactivity (PACAP-38-ir) increased in a frequency-dependent manner after direct splanchnic nerve stimulation (0.2–20 Hz). Both responses were highly reproducible, and PACAP-38-ir output closely correlated with catecholamine output. Sodium nitroprusside (SNP; 0.1 mg/kg iv bolus) caused a severe hypotension resulting in marked increases in catecholamine secretion. In the presence of local PACAP-27 (125 ng), the maximum catecholamine response to SNP was significantly potentiated in a synergistic manner compared with that obtained in the group receiving SNP or PACAP-27 alone. The study indicates that endogenous PACAP-38 can be released particularly when the sympathoadrenal system is highly activated and that the local exogenous PACAP-27 enhanced the reflex-induced catecholamine release, suggesting collectively a facilitating role of PACAP as neuromodulator in the sympathoadrenal function in vivo.

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The catecholamine response to spaceflight: role of diet and gender

AJP Endocrinology and Metabolism ◽

10.1152/ajpendo.2001.281.3.e500 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 281 (3) ◽

pp. E500-E506 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

T. P. Stein ◽

C. E. Wade

Keyword(s):

Sexual Dimorphism ◽

Catecholamine Excretion ◽

Specific Effects ◽

Catecholamine Response ◽

Fluid Shifts ◽

Response To Stress ◽

And Gender ◽

Gender Specific ◽

Do So

Compared with men, women appear to have a decreased sympathetic nervous system (SNS) response to stress. The two manifestations where the sexual dimorphism has been the most pronounced involve the response of the SNS to fluid shifts and fuel metabolism during exercise. The objectives of this study were to investigate whether a similar sexual dimorphism was found in the response to spaceflight. To do so, we compared catecholamine excretion by male and female astronauts from two similar shuttle missions, Spacelab Life Sciences 1 (SLS1, 1991) and 2 (SLS2, 1993) for evidence of sexual dimorphism. To evaluate the variability of the catecholamine response in men, we compared catecholamine excretion from the two SLS missions against the 1996 Life and Microgravity Sciences Mission (LMS) and the 1973 Skylab missions. Results: No gender- or mission-dependent changes were found with epinephrine. Separating out the SLS1/2 data by gender shows that norepinephrine excretion was essentially unchanged with spaceflight in women (98 ± 10%; n = 3) and substantially decreased with the men (41 ± 9%; n= 4, P < 0.05). Data are a percentage of mean preflight value ± SE. Comparisons among males demonstrated significant mission effects on norepinephrine excretion. After flight, there was a transient increase in norepinephrine but no evidence of any gender-specific effects. We conclude that norepinephrine excretion during spaceflight is both mission and gender dependent. Men show the greater response, with at least three factors being involved, a response to microgravity, energy balance, and the ratio of carbohydrate to fat in the diet.

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Cocaine and exercise: alteration in carbohydrate metabolism in adrenodemedullated rats

Journal of Applied Physiology ◽

10.1152/jappl.1996.80.1.124 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 80 (1) ◽

pp. 124-132 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

E. O. Ojuka ◽

J. D. Bell ◽

G. W. Fellingham ◽

R. K. Conlee

Keyword(s):

Lactic Acid ◽

Carbohydrate Metabolism ◽

Adrenal Medulla ◽

Muscle Glycogen ◽

Combined Treatment ◽

The Other ◽

Plasma Lactate ◽

Catecholamine Response ◽

Lactate Levels

The combined treatment of cocaine-exercise (CE) causes an exaggerated catecholamine response, a rapid depletion of muscle glycogen, and accumulation of lactic acid. To assess the contribution of the adrenal medulla in the catecholamine response and to determine the role of epinephrine (Epi) on carbohydrate metabolism, cocaine (20 mg/kg ip) or saline was injected into sham-operated (Sham) or adrenodemedullated (AdM) rats, which then ran for 5 min at 56 m/min, 0% grade. In Sham rats, CE caused plasma Epi values (means +/- SE) to rise to 27.7 +/- 6.9 nM compared with 13.3 +/- 1.5 nM in saline-exercise (SE) and 0.8 +/- 0.2 nM in both AdM-CE and AdM-SE animals (P < 0.05). With minimal Epi in AdM, CE still caused glycogen to fall to lower levels (25.4 +/- 3.0 mumol/g vs. 40.5 +/- 2.4 mumol/g) and lactate to rise to higher levels (17 +/- 3 vs. 9 +/- 1 mumol/kg) in white vastus muscle than in SE group (P < 0.05). CE had no significant effect on soleus and red vastus glycogenolysis but it did cause lactate accumulation in red vastus. As a result, plasma lactate levels were also higher after CE compared with SE in AdM (17.9 +/- 2.0 vs. 8.5 +/- 0.5 mM, P < 0.05). We conclude that during CE 1) Epi is not essential to the alteration in carbohydrate metabolism; 2) the latter may be related to the other catecholamines; 3) the adrenal medulla is the only source of Epi; and 4) the adrenal medulla is not the source of the increased levels of norepinephrine or dopamine.

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Potential Role of Catecholamine Response to Acute Hypoxia in the Modification of the Effects of Radioprotectors

Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine ◽

10.1007/s10517-015-3022-6 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 159 (5) ◽

pp. 597-600 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

M. V. Vasin ◽

I. B. Ushakov ◽

V. V. Antipov

Keyword(s):

Potential Role ◽

Acute Hypoxia ◽

Catecholamine Response

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Role of dactinomycin in the improved survival of children with Wilms' tumor

JAMA ◽

10.1001/jama.195.12.1005 ◽

1966 ◽

Vol 195 (12) ◽

pp. 1005-1009 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

D. J. Fernbach

Keyword(s):

Wilms Tumor

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Role of the allergist in diagnosis and management of patients with uveitis

JAMA ◽

10.1001/jama.195.3.167 ◽

1966 ◽

Vol 195 (3) ◽

pp. 167-172 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

T. E. Van Metre

Keyword(s):

Diagnosis And Management

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The power of norms to sway fused group members

Behavioral and Brain Sciences ◽

10.1017/s0140525x18001644 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 41 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Winnifred R. Louis ◽

Craig McGarty ◽

Emma F. Thomas ◽

Catherine E. Amiot ◽

Fathali M. Moghaddam

Keyword(s):

Evolutionary Anthropology ◽

Normative Systems ◽

Violent Extremism ◽

Identity Fusion ◽

Group Members

AbstractWhitehouse adapts insights from evolutionary anthropology to interpret extreme self-sacrifice through the concept of identity fusion. The model neglects the role of normative systems in shaping behaviors, especially in relation to violent extremism. In peaceful groups, increasing fusion will actually decrease extremism. Groups collectively appraise threats and opportunities, actively debate action options, and rarely choose violence toward self or others.

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Elaborating the role of reflection and individual differences in the study of folk-economic beliefs

Behavioral and Brain Sciences ◽

10.1017/s0140525x18000274 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 41 ◽

Author(s):

Kevin Arceneaux

Keyword(s):

Decision Making ◽

Individual Differences ◽

Cognitive Processes ◽

Evolutionary History ◽

Behavioral Responses ◽

History Of ◽

Economic Beliefs

AbstractIntuitions guide decision-making, and looking to the evolutionary history of humans illuminates why some behavioral responses are more intuitive than others. Yet a place remains for cognitive processes to second-guess intuitive responses – that is, to be reflective – and individual differences abound in automatic, intuitive processing as well.

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The role of affect in feelings of obligation

Behavioral and Brain Sciences ◽

10.1017/s0140525x19002449 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 43 ◽

Author(s):

Stefen Beeler-Duden ◽

Meltem Yucel ◽

Amrisha Vaish

Keyword(s):

Positive Emotions ◽

The Creation ◽

Sense Of Obligation

Abstract Tomasello offers a compelling account of the emergence of humans’ sense of obligation. We suggest that more needs to be said about the role of affect in the creation of obligations. We also argue that positive emotions such as gratitude evolved to encourage individuals to fulfill cooperative obligations without the negative quality that Tomasello proposes is inherent in obligations.

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