Medical Scholarships Linked to Mandatory Service: The Nepal Experience

What innovative policy tools can be introduced so that the provision of local services will mitigate inequality among residents of different localities? Based on the ‘new localism’ approach, this article examines one such tool—a mandatory national standard for services provided by local authorities (a ‘service basket’)—and suggests that the implementation process should consider local variation and autonomy. The novelty of our approach lies in including both objective and normative considerations in the methodological instrument that we developed to capture these two dimensions. This innovative methodology also enabled us to estimate existing service gaps among local authorities and the burdens some will face upon instituting a mandatory service basket.

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Experiences with the Norwegian Approval System for Small Wastewater Treatment Plants

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.1993.0200 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 28 (10) ◽

pp. 25-32 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

B. Paulsrud ◽

S. Haraldsen

Keyword(s):

Wastewater Treatment ◽

Pollution Control ◽

Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽

Real Life ◽

Test Results ◽

Life Testing ◽

Minimum Period ◽

Service Contract ◽

Control Authority ◽

Mandatory Service

The Norwegian State Pollution Control Authority introduced in 1986 a system for approval of wastewater treatment plants serving less than 35 persons. This system is based upon three approval classes and includes “real life” testing of the plants for a minimum period of six months. During the test period several factors (hydraulic capacity, sludge production, effluents concentrations etc.) are examined. The six types of plant that have been approved so far are described and the test results are presented and discussed. General experiences with the approval system are summarized, including effects of the mandatory service contract between manufacturer/supplier and the houseowner.

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From civilian service to military service: what led policy-makers to remove nursing care from field units of the Israeli defense force (IDF) and return it later?

Israel Journal of Health Policy Research ◽

10.1186/s13584-019-0360-2 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Ronen Segev

Keyword(s):

Nursing Care ◽

Military Service ◽

Ministry Of Health ◽

Military Nurses ◽

Military Hospitals ◽

Compulsory Military Service ◽

Israeli Defense Force ◽

Health Demands ◽

Mandatory Service ◽

The Military

Abstract Background From the very onset, Israeli military nurses served in supporting positions on the front lines, shoulder to shoulder with men. When the IDF was established in 1948, nurses were sent to serve near areas of conflict and were not included in compulsory military service in field units. Once the military hospitals were closed in 1949, nursing in the Medical Corps lost a clear military purpose, and its main contribution was in the civilian arena. From 1949 until 2000, most recruited military nurses operated their mandatory service mainly in a civilian framework according to the integration agreement between the ministry of defense to the ministry of health. Between 2000 to 2018, military nurses served at home front military clinics and in headquarters jobs at the Medicine Corps. In2018, the Medical Corps decided to integrate military nurses into the Israeli military service in order to cope with the shortage of military physicians, among other things, and ensure appropriate availability of medical and health services for military units.. This study examines, for the first time, the considerations that led to the closure of military hospitals and the transfer of the military service of nurses in the IDF to the Ministry of Health in 1949 and the decision in 2018 to return the military nurses to the field’s military battalions. Methods The study was based on an analysis of documents from the IDF archives, the Israeli parliament archive, the David Ben-Gurion archive, articles from periodical newspapers, and interviews with nurses and partners in the Israeli Medical Corps. Results During almost 70 years, Israeli military nursing’s main contribution was to the civilian hospitals. The return of nursing care to the IDF field units in recent years intended to supplement the medicine corps demands in field units by placing qualified academic nurses. Conclusions The removal of nursing care from the IDF field units was provided as a response to the needs of the health demands of the emerging state. Until 2018 there was no significant need for military nurses except in emergency time. This is in contrast to other military nursing units.

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Adolescent perceptions of resiliencepromoting resources: the South African Pathways to Resilience Study

South African Journal of Psychology ◽

10.1177/0081246317700757 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 48 (1) ◽

pp. 73-85 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Angelique C van Rensburg ◽

Linda C Theron ◽

Sebastiaan Rothmann

Keyword(s):

South African ◽

Relationship Building ◽

Advisory Panel ◽

Life Outcomes ◽

Service Usage ◽

Positive Adjustment ◽

Social Ecological ◽

Ecological Resources ◽

Adolescent Perceptions ◽

Mandatory Service

Resilience, or being well-adjusted despite facing adversity that predicts negative life outcomes, is a process that is scaffolded by resilience-enabling supports. How well resilience-enabling resources support positive adjustment depends, in part, on adolescents’ perceptions of the availability and usefulness of such resources. Currently, there is limited quantitative, generalisable evidence of the aforementioned. Accordingly, the purpose of this study was to document how two groups of Sesotho-speaking adolescents perceived available social-ecological resources and how significantly varied perceptions related to these adolescents’ use of formal supports. The advisory panel to the Pathways to Resilience Study clustered participating adolescents into a resilient group ( n = 221) and vulnerable, or service-using, group ( n = 186). In comparison with the service-using adolescents, resilient adolescents reported significantly higher perceptions of physical and psychological caregiving. Analyses of variance revealed that higher perceptions of caregiving were associated with higher voluntary and lower mandatory service usage. We concluded that relationship-building was a crucial resilience mechanism and would, therefore, encourage psychologists to both prioritise and facilitate caregiving.

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Decentralized Time-Window based Real-Time Anomaly Detection Mechanism (DTRAD) in Iot

International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering - 2 ◽

10.35940/ijrte.b2350.078219 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 (2) ◽

pp. 1619-1625

Keyword(s):

Anomaly Detection ◽

High Performance ◽

Time Window ◽

Training Data ◽

Weighted Voting ◽

Detection Mechanism ◽

Benchmark Data ◽

Proposed Model ◽

Mandatory Service ◽

Training Data Selection

Detecting intrusions has become a mandatory service in IoT environments. This is due to the power and resource con-strained nature of the networks. This paper presents a Decentralized Time-Window based Anomaly Detection (DTRAD) model for cost and time effective intrusion detection in IoT environments. The proposed model is composed of time win-dow based training data selection module, which enables better detection and reduced bias. Training data are selected based on their temporal significance and the bag creation process is also temporally performed such that data with similar temporal signatures are grouped into same bags. The ensemble model is created and weighted voting is performed to ena-ble better results. The data reinforcement module enables new data to be appended to the training data, hence maintaining the recency of the data. Further, the entire process is decentralized, hence enabling data processing at appropriate nodes. This keeps the size of the training data low, hence reducing the computational complexity of the model to a large extent. Experiments were performed with benchmark data and comparisons were performed with recent models. Results indicate high performance of the proposed models.

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Colonizing Workers: Labor, Race, and U.S. Military Governance in the Southern Philippines

Modern American History ◽

10.1017/mah.2021.4 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

pp. 25-47

Author(s):

Oliver Charbonneau

Keyword(s):

State Building ◽

Public Works ◽

Modern World ◽

Military Officers ◽

Industrial Education ◽

American Military ◽

Local Actors ◽

Mandatory Service

Management of labor was central to articulating and constructing U.S. colonialism in the southern Philippines. Governed by American military officers for fifteen years (1899–1914), the major island of Mindanao and those of the Sulu Archipelago became sites of intensive race management efforts. Colonial officials identified racialized Muslim and Lumad societies as out of step with the modern world of work and developed myriad programs to address this “problem,” including mandatory service on public works projects, carceral labor, industrial education, and directed markets. Unevenly applied and frequently contested, these initiatives generated a range of responses from local actors. The drive to create disciplined laborers through incentive, coercion, and violence shaped state building in the region and linked it to preoccupations with work and racial reform in other U.S. imperial possessions and the wider colonized world.

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How Participation Affects University Students’ Perspectives Toward Mandatory Service-Learning

Journal of Experiential Education ◽

10.1177/1053825920948889 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 105382592094888

Author(s):

Stephen C. F. Chan ◽

Grace Ngai ◽

Cindy H. Y. Lam ◽

Kam-Por Kwan

Keyword(s):

Hong Kong ◽

Service Learning ◽

Qualitative Study ◽

University Students ◽

Lack Of Information ◽

Semistructured Interviews ◽

Before And After ◽

Initial Resistance ◽

Mandatory Service ◽

Academic Year

Background: Educators have divided and often strongly held views on whether service-learning should be required of all students. However, studies examining students’ view on mandatory service-learning are limited in the literature. Purpose: This article contrasts and examines students’ views toward a service-learning requirement at a Hong Kong university before and after attending a mandatory service-learning course, and any resulting changes. Methodology/Approach: This is a retrospective qualitative study using semistructured interviews. Participants were 49 students who completed a service-learning course in the 2013–2014 academic year. They were selected according to the nature of their performance in their completed course. Findings/Conclusions: Results show that students’ perspectives toward service-learning are not static but rather change dramatically as a result of their experiences. Most students, even those who recalled being initially negative or resigned, reported positive views toward service-learning after completing the course. Implications: Students’ initial resistance alone is not a reason for making service-learning optional. Some students have a negative view due to a lack of information or misinformation. Making it compulsory gives these students an opportunity to decide for themselves based on true experience, which, if implemented effectively, has the potential of nurturing initially hostile or inert students into more civic-minded citizens.

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Will student nurses be faced with mandatory service?

AORN Journal ◽

10.1016/s0001-2092(07)63374-2 ◽

1974 ◽

Vol 20 (4) ◽

pp. 561-562

Author(s):

Elinor S Schrader

Keyword(s):

Student Nurses ◽

Mandatory Service

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Public Water Supply and Sanitation Authorities for Strategic Sustainable Domestic Water Management. A Case of Iringa Region In Tanzania

J ◽

10.3390/j2040029 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2 (4) ◽

pp. 449-466

Author(s):

Mesia Lufingo

Keyword(s):

Water Management ◽

Water Quality ◽

Water Supply ◽

Local Level ◽

Management Strategies ◽

Urban Setting ◽

Domestic Water ◽

Sustainable Water Supply ◽

Mandatory Service ◽

Water Supply And Sanitation

Water supply is a mandatory service for the majority from respective legal public water utilities, and its sustainability reflects implementations of best management strategies at a local level. The objectives of this study were (i) to assess current approaches used in water quality and quantity management and (ii) propose a sustainable domestic water management strategy. This was achieved through secondary water data trends, on-site water quality assessments, visits of water supply and sanitation authorities, and assessment of their performances. It was observed that water supplied in rural-based authorities was quite different from that supplied in an urban setting as far as quality and quantity are concerned; urban-based supplies are more affordable to users than rural ones. A new strategy on water management is presented for sustainable water supply; it is based on controlling groundwater abstractions and preference of surface water in public water supplies. Rural water supply management must learn several practices realized in urban supplies for the betterment of services for the majority of the users.

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