scholarly journals Gender Bias Impacts Top-Merited Candidates

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emma Rachel Andersson ◽  
Carolina E. Hagberg ◽  
Sara Hägg
Keyword(s):  
Peer Review ◽  
Gender Bias ◽  
Assistant Professor ◽  
Gender Segregation ◽  
External Reviewer ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Fair Competition ◽  
Track Record ◽  
Mesh Terms ◽  
Senior Researcher

Expectations of fair competition underlie the assumption that academia is a meritocracy. However, bias may reinforce gender inequality in peer review processes, unfairly eliminating outstanding individuals. Here, we ask whether applicant gender biases peer review in a country top ranked for gender equality. We analyzed peer review assessments for recruitment grants at a Swedish medical university, Karolinska Institutet (KI), during four consecutive years (2014–2017) for Assistant Professor (n = 207) and Senior Researcher (n = 153). We derived a composite bibliometric score to quantify applicant productivity and compared this score with subjective external (non-KI) peer reviewer scores of applicants' merits to test their association for men and women, separately. To determine whether there was gender segregation in research fields, we analyzed publication list MeSH terms, for men and women, and analyzed their overlap. There was no gendered MeSH topic segregation, yet men and women with equal merits are scored unequally by reviewers. Men receive external reviewer scores resulting in stronger associations (steeper slopes) between computed productivity and subjective external reviewer scores, meaning that peer reviewers “reward” men's productivity with proportional merit scores. However, women applying for assistant professor or senior researcher receive only 32 or 92% of the score men receive, respectively, for each additional composite bibliometric score point. As productivity increases, the differences in merit scores between men and women increases. Accumulating gender bias is thus quantifiable and impacts the highest tier of competition, the pool from which successful candidates are ultimately chosen. Track record can be computed, and granting organizations could therefore implement a computed track record as quality control to assess whether bias affects reviewer assessments.

scholarly journals Implicit bias is strongest when assessing top candidates

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emma R Andersson ◽  
Carolina Hagberg ◽  
Sara Hägg
Keyword(s):  
Peer Review ◽  
Implicit Bias ◽  
Assistant Professor ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Fair Competition ◽  
Gender Biases ◽  
Senior Researcher ◽  
Swedish Medical ◽  
Peer Reviewers ◽  
The Difference

ABSTRACTBackgroundAcademic life is highly competitive and expectations of fair competition underlie the assumption that academia is a meritocracy. However, implicit bias reinforces gender inequality in all peer review processes, unfairly eliminating outstanding individuals and depleting academia of diversity. Here, we ask whether applicant gender biases reviewer assessments of merit in Sweden, a country that is top ranked for gender equality.MethodsWe analyzed the peer review procedure for positions awarded at a Swedish medical University, Karolinska Institutet (KI), during four consecutive years (2014-2017) for Assistant Professor (n=207) and Senior Researcher (n=153). We derived a composite bibliometric score to compute productivity, and compared this to subjective external (non-KI) peer reviewer scores on applicants’ merits to test their association for men and women, separately.ResultsMen and women with equal merits are not scored equally by reviewers. Men generally have stronger associations (steeper slopes) between computed productivity and subjective external scores, meaning that peer reviewers suitably “reward” men’s productivity with increased merit scores. However, for each additional composite bibliometric score point, women applying for Assistant Professor positions only receive 58% (79% for Senior Researcher) of the external reviewer score that men received, confirming that implicit bias affects external reviewers’ assessments. As productivity increases, the difference in merit scores between men and women increases.ConclusionsAccumulating bias impacts most strongly in the highest tier of competition, the pool from which successful candidates are ultimately chosen. Gender bias is apparent in external peer review processes of applications for academic positions in Sweden, and is likely to reinforce the unbalanced numbers of professorships in Sweden.

scholarly journals Peer review and gender bias: A study on 145 scholarly journals

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. eabd0299
Author(s):  
Flaminio Squazzoni ◽  
Giangiacomo Bravo ◽  
Mike Farjam ◽  
Ana Marusic ◽  
Bahar Mehmani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Peer Review ◽  
Gender Bias ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Gender Diversity ◽  
Scholarly Journals ◽  
Publication Rates ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Editorial Decisions ◽  
Selection Of

Scholarly journals are often blamed for a gender gap in publication rates, but it is unclear whether peer review and editorial processes contribute to it. This article examines gender bias in peer review with data for 145 journals in various fields of research, including about 1.7 million authors and 740,000 referees. We reconstructed three possible sources of bias, i.e., the editorial selection of referees, referee recommendations, and editorial decisions, and examined all their possible relationships. Results showed that manuscripts written by women as solo authors or coauthored by women were treated even more favorably by referees and editors. Although there were some differences between fields of research, our findings suggest that peer review and editorial processes do not penalize manuscripts by women. However, increasing gender diversity in editorial teams and referee pools could help journals inform potential authors about their attention to these factors and so stimulate participation by women.

Gender bias in reference letters for residency and academic medicine: a systematic review

2021 ◽  
pp. postgradmedj-2021-140045
Author(s):  
Shawn Khan ◽  
Abirami Kirubarajan ◽  
Tahmina Shamsheri ◽  
Adam Clayton ◽  
Geeta Mehta
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Gender Bias ◽  
Academic Medicine ◽  
Medical Faculty ◽  
Gendered Language ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Faculty Hiring ◽  
Match Rate ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Meta Analyses

Reference letters play an important role for both postgraduate residency applications and medical faculty hiring processes. This study seeks to characterise the ways in which gender bias may manifest in the language of reference letters in academic medicine. In particular, we conducted a systematic review in accordance with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. We searched Embase, MEDLINE and PsycINFO from database inception to July 2020 for original studies that assessed gendered language in medical reference letters for residency applications and medical faculty hiring. A total of 16 studies, involving 12 738 letters of recommendation written for 7074 applicants, were included. A total of 32% of applicants were women. There were significant differences in how women were described in reference letters. A total of 64% (7/11) studies found a significant difference in gendered adjectives between men and women. Among the 7 studies, a total of 86% (6/7) noted that women applicants were more likely to be described using communal adjectives, such as “delightful” or “compassionate”, while men applicants were more likely to be described using agentic adjectives, such as “leader” or “exceptional”. Several studies noted that reference letters for women applicants had more frequent use of doubt raisers and mentions of applicant personal life and/or physical appearance. Only one study assessed the outcome of gendered language on application success, noting a higher residency match rate for men applicants. Reference letters within medicine and medical education exhibit language discrepancies between men and women applicants, which may contribute to gender bias against women in medicine.

scholarly journals KESADARAN GENDER YANG ISLAMI

2016 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 253
Author(s):  
Nurdeni Dahri
Keyword(s):  
Gender Bias ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Cultural Construction ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Roles And Responsibilities ◽  
Cultural Life ◽  
Changing Times ◽  
Biological Differences

Biological differences between men and women have in the implementation of social and cultural life. There has been a gender gap due to the multiplicity of interpretations of the notion of gender itself. In-depth research is needed to determine the cause of the gap, let alone Islam declared the doctrine that leads to gender bias. Based on the discussion in this paper is declared Gender division of roles and responsibilities between women and men as a result of socio-cultural construction of society, which can be changed according to the demands of the changing times. While sex (gender: male and female) are not changed and the nature of God. In the teachings of Islam there is no difference between women and men in all its aspects, distinguishing only charity and piety

scholarly journals UNDANG-UNDANG PERKAWINAN DAN MARGINALISASI PEREMPUAN (Studi Kritis Terhadap Undang-undang Perkawinan No.1 Tahun 1974)

EGALITA ◽  
2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Abdul Hamid, MA, Nur Fadhilah, S.HI
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Human Rights ◽  
Gender Role ◽  
Gender Bias ◽  
Family Relationship ◽  
Gender Perspective ◽  
Men And Women

Gender differences which generats gender role do not need to be refused as long as they do not cause undesirable impacts. However, the problem is that gender role creates unequality structures in particular aspects such as can be found in Marital Laws. Some sections of Marital laws are considered gender bias for women. For instance, section 31  verse 3 and section 4 are categorized as irrelevant sections to build gender as well as human rights equality which been recommended by CEDAW convention (Convention on the Elimination of Discrimination Againts Women) and Act no 7/1984. Therefore, these efforts should be taken to establish the Act or the regulation based on gender perspective to achieve equality and justice for both sexes (men and women) in all aspects particularly in a family relationship.

Modeling the co-citation dependence on semantic layers of co-cited documents

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maryam Yaghtin ◽  
Hajar Sotudeh ◽  
Alireza Nikseresht ◽  
Mahdieh Mirzabeigi
Keyword(s):  
Peer Review ◽  
Language Processing ◽  
Opinion Mining ◽  
Citation Network ◽  
Test Collection ◽  
Medical Subject Headings ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Citation Frequency ◽  
Mesh Terms ◽  
Citation Measures

PurposeCo-citation frequency, defined as the number of documents co-citing two articles, is considered as a quantitative, and thus, an efficient proxy of subject relatedness or prestige of the co-cited articles. Despite its quantitative nature, it is found effective in retrieving and evaluating documents, signifying its linkage with the related documents' contents. To better understand the dynamism of the citation network, the present study aims to investigate various content features giving rise to the measure.Design/methodology/approachThe present study examined the interaction of different co-citation features in explaining the co-citation frequency. The features include the co-cited works' similarities in their full-texts, Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) terms, co-citation proximity, opinions and co-citances. A test collection is built using the CITREC dataset. The data were analyzed using natural language processing (NLP) and opinion mining techniques. A linear model was developed to regress the objective and subjective content-based co-citation measures against the natural log of the co-citation frequency.FindingsThe dimensions of co-citation similarity, either subjective or objective, play significant roles in predicting co-citation frequency. The model can predict about half of the co-citation variance. The interaction of co-opinionatedness and non-co-opinionatedness is the strongest factor in the model.Originality/valueIt is the first study in revealing that both the objective and subjective similarities could significantly predict the co-citation frequency. The findings re-confirm the citation analysis assumption claiming the connection between the cognitive layers of cited documents and citation measures in general and the co-citation frequency in particular.Peer reviewThe peer review history for this article is available at https://publons.com/publon/10.1108/OIR-04-2020-0126.

scholarly journals Men and women differ in their perception of gender bias in research institutions

PLoS ONE ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (12) ◽  
pp. e0225763 ◽  
Author(s):  
Judit García-González ◽  
Patricia Forcén ◽  
Maria Jimenez-Sanchez
Keyword(s):  
Gender Bias ◽  
Research Institutions ◽  
Men And Women

scholarly journals “Brave Men” and “Emotional Women”: A Theory-Guided Literature Review on Gender Bias in Health Care and Gendered Norms towards Patients with Chronic Pain

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anke Samulowitz ◽  
Ida Gremyr ◽  
Erik Eriksson ◽  
Gunnel Hensing
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Gender Bias ◽  
Health Care Professionals ◽  
Pain Treatment ◽  
Hegemonic Masculinity ◽  
Large Body ◽  
Review Literature ◽  
Integrative Approach ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Theoretical Concepts

Background. Despite the large body of research on sex differences in pain, there is a lack of knowledge about the influence of gender in the patient-provider encounter. The purpose of this study was to review literature on gendered norms about men and women with pain and gender bias in the treatment of pain. The second aim was to analyze the results guided by the theoretical concepts of hegemonic masculinity and andronormativity. Methods. A literature search of databases was conducted. A total of 77 articles met the inclusion criteria. The included articles were analyzed qualitatively, with an integrative approach. Results. The included studies demonstrated a variety of gendered norms about men’s and women’s experience and expression of pain, their identity, lifestyle, and coping style. Gender bias in pain treatment was identified, as part of the patient-provider encounter and the professional’s treatment decisions. It was discussed how gendered norms are consolidated by hegemonic masculinity and andronormativity. Conclusions. Awareness about gendered norms is important, both in research and clinical practice, in order to counteract gender bias in health care and to support health-care professionals in providing more equitable care that is more capable to meet the need of all patients, men and women.

The vertical glass ceiling: Explaining female politicians’ underrepresentation in television news

2013 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Debby Vos
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Gender Bias ◽  
Women Politicians ◽  
Television News ◽  
News Coverage ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Political Status ◽  
Female Politicians ◽  
Vertical Glass ◽  
Political Differences

AbstractThis study analyses television news coverage of female politicians in Flanders (Belgium). Women politicians receive less coverage than their male colleagues do. We investigate whether this gender bias can be explained by political differences between men and women or whether a real media bias exists. We examine ten possible explanations, which can be divided into two groups: characteristics of female politicians, such as their function, and of news features, such as the theme of the item. Overall, the lower level functions of female politicians largely determine their limited television news coverage. Nevertheless, female politicians still get less speaking time, even when controlling for all ten variables. Thus, in addition to political gender differences, a real gender bias exists in Flemish television news: Female politicians receive less news coverage compared to male politicians with a similar political status.

Gender Bias in the 1996 Olympic Games: Audience Perception and Effects

2004 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 8-17
Author(s):  
Karen H. Weiller ◽  
Catriona T. Higgs ◽  
Scott B. Martin
Keyword(s):  
Gender Bias ◽  
Delphi Technique ◽  
Female Athletes ◽  
Olympic Games ◽  
Factor Analyses ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Past ◽  
American Society ◽  
Gender Specific

Sports are omnipresent in American society; available for viewing 24 hours a day and can constitute much of everyday life and conversation. Researchers have indicated that men and women relate to sport differently (Gantz & Wenner, 1991). Evidence shows males outnumber females in sport viewership, and in the past much of the sport programming to which we are exposed caters specifically to men. The purpose of the present study was to explore issues related to audience perception of the 1996 Olympic Games. Participants (125 males and 92 females) ranging from 18 to 40 years of age were administered a gender specific version of the Audience Perception Questionnaires (APQ) following viewing video segments of men’s and women’s competitions (i.e., basketball, gymnastics, swimming and diving, and volleyball). The two versions of the APQ were developed from current literature, and by employing a delphi technique to validate the APQ. Factor analyses resulted in four underlying media perception dimensions: Commentary Coverage, Gender Marking and Stereotyping, Hierarchy of Naming, and Verbal Descriptors. Results revealed perceptions of male and female athletes by the public are influenced to a great degree by gender.

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