Gender Bias in the 1996 Olympic Games: Audience Perception and Effects

2004 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 8-17
Author(s):  
Karen H. Weiller ◽  
Catriona T. Higgs ◽  
Scott B. Martin
Keyword(s):  
Gender Bias ◽  
Delphi Technique ◽  
Female Athletes ◽  
Olympic Games ◽  
Factor Analyses ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Past ◽  
American Society ◽  
Gender Specific

Sports are omnipresent in American society; available for viewing 24 hours a day and can constitute much of everyday life and conversation. Researchers have indicated that men and women relate to sport differently (Gantz & Wenner, 1991). Evidence shows males outnumber females in sport viewership, and in the past much of the sport programming to which we are exposed caters specifically to men. The purpose of the present study was to explore issues related to audience perception of the 1996 Olympic Games. Participants (125 males and 92 females) ranging from 18 to 40 years of age were administered a gender specific version of the Audience Perception Questionnaires (APQ) following viewing video segments of men’s and women’s competitions (i.e., basketball, gymnastics, swimming and diving, and volleyball). The two versions of the APQ were developed from current literature, and by employing a delphi technique to validate the APQ. Factor analyses resulted in four underlying media perception dimensions: Commentary Coverage, Gender Marking and Stereotyping, Hierarchy of Naming, and Verbal Descriptors. Results revealed perceptions of male and female athletes by the public are influenced to a great degree by gender.

Deuce or advantage? Examining gender bias in online coverage of professional tennis

2016 ◽  
Vol 53 (5) ◽  
pp. 517-532 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrian Yip
Keyword(s):  
Content Analysis ◽  
Gender Bias ◽  
Media Coverage ◽  
Female Athletes ◽  
Gender Representations ◽  
Tennis Players ◽  
Gender Beliefs ◽  
Professional Tennis ◽  
Official Site ◽  
Gender Specific

Despite the increasing popularity of women’s sports, it has generally been found that female athletes receive less media coverage and are portrayed negatively with myriad gender-specific descriptors. Such biased representations warrant attention as they construct and reinforce traditional gender beliefs. This study compared the representations of female and male tennis players on the official site of the Australian Open 2015 and ESPN. A total of 357 articles were analysed using content analysis. The findings showed that gender representations on the two media outlets were quite similar as they both portrayed female players more negatively than male players by focusing on a few areas directly or indirectly: athletic weaknesses, negative skills, mental weaknesses and non-competitive roles (including appearance, attire, family and personal relationship). However, the use of certain descriptors might indicate the possibility of more gender-neutral representations of athletes in the future. It was concluded that while hegemonic masculinity was challenged at times, stereotypical beliefs about females were largely reinforced in the mediated gender representations on the two websites.

“Nothing but Words”? Chronicling and Storytelling in Robert Coover's The Public Burning

2009 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 171-186
Author(s):  
THEOPHILUS SAVVAS
Keyword(s):  
Political Culture ◽  
Atomic Bomb ◽  
Vice President ◽  
Narrative Methods ◽  
The Public ◽  
Richard Nixon ◽  
The Past ◽  
Third Person ◽  
The Media ◽  
American Society

Robert Coover's 1977 novel The Public Burning is a dramatic re-presentation of the last three days of the lives of Julius and Ethel Rosenberg. Dubbed the “atomic spies” by the media, the Rosenbergs were accused of passing on the “secret” of the atomic bomb to the Russians. The sensational trial provoked widespread attention for its seeming encapsulation of the fault lines in American society opened up by anticommunism and the emergent Cold War. Found guilty, they were the first American nationals to be executed for espionage. This paper analyses the different narrative methods that Coover employs to re-present the past. In particular I focus on Coover's juxtaposition of a third-person, seemingly omniscient, narrator with the first-person narratological voice of then Vice President Richard Nixon. I suggest that we can best understand this not simply as providing objective and subjective versions of the event, as some critics have claimed, but rather as a distinction between history as chronicle (or what I call a synchronic method of history), and history as storytelling (or diachrony). Through this The Public Burning becomes not just a satirical critique of the specific political culture of the time, I contend, but, more fundamentally, a general exploration of the difficulties of reconstituting past events into knowledge. It is here, perhaps, where the novel's continuing relevance for today lies.

Ideology and Sexuality among Victorian Women

1986 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 147-170
Author(s):  
Nancy S. Landale ◽  
Avery M. Guest
Keyword(s):  
Rapid Change ◽  
Sexual Relationship ◽  
Sexual Revolution ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Social Surveys ◽  
The Past ◽  
Victorian Women ◽  
Opposite Sex ◽  
Effective Contraception ◽  
American Society

In recent years, American society has engaged in what is frequently described as a “sexual revolution” involving significant changes in relationships between men and women. As a result of extensive social surveys, we know that both specific behaviors and the prevailing ideology regarding appropriate standards of behavior have been subject to rapid change. In the past two decades, rates of sexual intercourse and intimacy have increased (Hunt, 1974; Westoff, 1974), use of effective contraception has become widespread, and it is increasingly accepted that a physical and emotional attraction between members of the opposite sex might lead to a sexual relationship. In short, participation in sexual activity has come to be seen as a natural outgrowth of the enjoyment of sex.

scholarly journals Analysis of gender representation in basic level English textbooks in Ghana

2019 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 98-109
Author(s):  
F. N.K. Nunoo ◽  
D. P. Mensah ◽  
E. Adu Boahen ◽  
I. E. N. Nunoo
Keyword(s):  
Gender Bias ◽  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Gender Stereotype ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Critical Knowledge ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
English Textbooks ◽  
Stereotypical Roles ◽  
Gender Specific ◽  
Basic Level

Textbooks are known to influence the behaviours and worldview of children. Apart from imparting critical knowledge to pupils, textbooks also encourage pupils to form certain perceptions and stereotypes, including the ‘appropriate’ gender-specific roles in society. This paper examined gender stereotypes in the content and design of the Pupil’s English textbook at the Basic Level in Ghana using content analysis. The study revealed that, as teaching materials, the English Pupil’s Books 1, 2 and 3 displayed gross gender bias that reinforces the stereotypical roles of males and females in Ghanaian society. This does not reflect the development of society towards equality between men and women since there was no equality in how both genders are represented in the textbooks.Keywords: Gender; stereotype; gender stereotype; textbooks 

scholarly journals TAFSIR GENDER

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-98
Author(s):  
Tri Wahyudi Ramdhan
Keyword(s):  
Gender Equality ◽  
Gender Bias ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
The Past ◽  
Limited Role ◽  
Islamic Thought ◽  
Role Of Women ◽  
At Will

Traditional Islamic thought in general provides limited role of women as wives and mothers. Based on the view of classical Islamic texts and literature are still seen that women are still marginalized, or in other words, women are still under the domination of men. Therefore, women need to construct a discourse or text at will. It is undeniable that the interpretation of the classical scholars on the concept of equality of men and women from the perspective of today may well be judged as biased. For interpretations of the past can not be released to the socio-historical context of the time. Departing from the problems mentioned above then this article would like to see and analyze how the concepts offered and presented Islam in view of gender equality between men and women starting from the concept of gender so that the concept of gender bias by sex.Selanjutnyan followed by a discussion of the word gender mufrodat in the Qur'an and concludes with the interpretation of the discourse of gender equality. Dalama This commentary will set forth the extent where the equality between men and women

Гендерные различия в речи

2019 ◽  
pp. 36-38
Author(s):  
Е.Б. Машкова
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Social Structure ◽  
English Language ◽  
Social Problems ◽  
Scientific Work ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
The Past ◽  
American Society

Аннотация: Статья посвящена вопросу гендерных различий в речи, а именно различиям в речи мужчин и женщин в английском языке и в американском обществе за последние двадцать лет. Так же объясняется, чем вызваны данные особенности, собраны взгляды ученых по данной проблеме. Приводятся примеры на английском языке и их эквивалентный перевод на русский язык. Цель данной статьи - дать читателю сравнить английский язык женщин и мужчин живущих в Америке за последние двадцать лет и сравнить их социальные проблемы и социальный строй общества с сегодняшним, проследить развитие языка в аспекте гендерной лингвистики. Таким образом, здесь приводится обзор научных работ американских исследователей, посвященных гендерным различиям в речи мужчин и женщин, отмечаемым в последние двадцать лет в американском обществе. Ключевые слова: гендерная лингвистика, гендерные различия в речи, социолингвистический анализ, рефлексия, природа женщины и мужчины. Аннотация: Бул макалада эркектер менен аялдардын ортосундагы сөзүндө гендердик айырмачылыктар боюнча АКШ изилдөөчүлөрдүн илимий иштин баяндамасы болуп саналат, ал америкалык коомдогу акыркы жыйырма жылда байкалган. Атап айтканда, акыркы жыйырма жылдын ичинде англис жана америкалык коомдо эркектер менен аялдардын сөз айырмачылыктары, сөз гендердик айырмачылыктарга багытталган. Жөн гана, бул өзгөчөлүктөрдү улам бул маселе боюнча окумуштуулардын пикирлерин чогултуп, аны түшүндүрүп берет. Мисалы, англис тилинде берилет жана орус тилине барабар котормо жатат. Бул макалада акыркы жыйырма жыл аралыгында Америкада жашап англис аял менен эркек салыштырып, алардын коомдук көйгөйлөрдү жана бүгүнкү күндө коомдун коомдук түзүлүшүн, гендердик илими тармагында тилдин өнүгүшүнө байкоо салыштырып, окурманга мисал катары айтып берүү болуп саналат. Түйүндүү сөздөр: гендердик тил илими, сөз гендердик айырмачылыктар, социолингвистикалык талдоо, ой жүгүртүү, табияты аялдар менен эркектер. Annotation: The article is devoted to the issue of gender differences in speech, namely the differences in the speech of men and women in the English language and in American society over the past twenty years. It also explains what caused these features, collected the views of scientists on this issue. Examples in English and their equivalent translation into Russian are given. The purpose of this article is to allow the reader to compare the English language of women and men living in America over the past twenty years and compare their social problems and social structure of society with today's, to follow the development of the language in the aspect of gender linguistics. Thus, here is an overview of the scientific work of American researchers on gender differences in the speech of men and women, celebrated in American society over the past twenty years. Keywords: gender linguistics, gender differences in speech, sociolinguistic analysis, reflection, nature of women and men.

scholarly journals Gender bias in sentiment analysis

2018 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mike Thelwall
Keyword(s):  
Sentiment Analysis ◽  
Gender Bias ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Gender Specific ◽  
Practical Implications

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to test if there are biases in lexical sentiment analysis accuracy between reviews authored by males and females. Design/methodology/approach This paper uses data sets of TripAdvisor reviews of hotels and restaurants in the UK written by UK residents to contrast the accuracy of lexical sentiment analysis for males and females. Findings Male sentiment is harder to detect because it is less explicit. There was no evidence that this problem could be solved by gender-specific lexical sentiment analysis. Research limitations/implications Only one lexical sentiment analysis algorithm was used. Practical implications Care should be taken when drawing conclusions about gender differences from automatic sentiment analysis results. When comparing opinions for product aspects that appeal differently to men and women, female sentiments are likely to be overrepresented, biasing the results. Originality/value This is the first evidence that lexical sentiment analysis is less able to detect the opinions of one gender than another.

Protest Events and Direct Action

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne N. Costain ◽  
W. Douglas Costain
Keyword(s):  
Civil Rights ◽  
Direct Action ◽  
Women's Movements ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Third Wave ◽  
Large Role ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
The Public ◽  
Women's Participation ◽  
Gender Specific

This chapter reviews literature that asks the following: How do women protest? Are their protests successful? And which is more successful for women, protest or conventional politics? The distinction between protest and conventional politics is less straightforward than it first appears, since the public roles of American men and women have long been gender specific. To look at changes in the way women have used direct action and protest, the chapter examines the anti-slavery, suffrage, civil rights, and second and third wave women’s movements. Context appears to play a large role in shaping the tactics women use within these movements. Scholarship finds that, in general, protest is a necessary component of women’s efforts to achieve their goals. Future research on movements that examines the context of women’s participation across a range of issues should provide a clearer picture of the tactics open to them in specific eras.

scholarly journals The Development and Prediction of Athletic Performance in Freestyle Swimming

2012 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arkadiusz Stanula ◽  
Adam Maszczyk ◽  
Robert Roczniok ◽  
Przemysław Pietraszewski ◽  
Andrzej Ostrowski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Athletic Performance ◽  
Female Athletes ◽  
Olympic Games ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Significant Evidence ◽  
The Difference

The Development and Prediction of Athletic Performance in Freestyle Swimming This paper analyses the dynamics of changes between the performances of elite freestyle swimmers recorded at particular Olympic Games. It also uses a set of chronologically ordered results to predict probable times of swimmers at the 2012 Olympic Games in London. The analysis of past performances of freestyle swimmers and their prediction have revealed a number of interesting tendencies within separately examined results of men and women. Women's results improve more dynamically compared with men's. Moreover, the difference between women's and men's results is smaller, the longer the swimming distance. As both male and female athletes tend to compete more and more vigorously within their groups, the gap between the gold medallist and the last finisher in the final is constantly decreasing, which provides significant evidence that this sport discipline continues to develop.

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